It will take approximately 18197 years for the sample of C-14 to decay from an activity of 1050 to an activity of 205.
The question is asking for the number of years that will pass before a sample of C-14 decays from an activity of 1050 to an activity of 205. Given that the half-life of C-14 is 5700 years, we can use the formula for exponential decay to solve for the time required. The formula is:
N = N₀ (1/2)^(t/t₁/₂)
where:
N = final amount
N₀ = initial amount
t = time elapsed
t₁/₂ = half-life
We can rearrange the formula to solve for t:
t = t₁/₂ (ln(N₀/N)) / ln(1/2)
Using the given values, we have:
N₀ = 1050
N = 205
t₁/₂ = 5700
Substituting into the formula:
t = 5700 (ln(1050/205)) / ln(1/2)
t ≈ 18197 years (rounded to the nearest year)
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It will take approximately 18197 years for the sample of C-14 to decay from an activity of 1050 to an activity of 205.
The question is asking for the number of years that will pass before a sample of C-14 decays from an activity of 1050 to an activity of 205. Given that the half-life of C-14 is 5700 years, we can use the formula for exponential decay to solve for the time required. The formula is:
N = N₀ (1/2)^(t/t₁/₂)
where:
N = final amount
N₀ = initial amount
t = time elapsed
t₁/₂ = half-life
We can rearrange the formula to solve for t:
t = t₁/₂ (ln(N₀/N)) / ln(1/2)
Using the given values, we have:
N₀ = 1050
N = 205
t₁/₂ = 5700
Substituting into the formula:
t = 5700 (ln(1050/205)) / ln(1/2)
t ≈ 18197 years (rounded to the nearest year)
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Two samples (same polymer) with narrow molecular weight distributions are prepared for a new polymer. Some measurements are made in acetone and in hexane. (dl: deciliter, 1 liter=10 deciliters) `
Medium Parameter Sample A Sample B
Acetone ,25C Mn (Osmotic Pressure) 8. 05x104 Not run
Acetone, 25C Second Viral Coeff. Zero Acetone, 25C Intrinsic viscosity 0. 87 dl/g 1. 32 dl/g
Hexane, 25C Intrinsic viscosity 1. 25 dl/g 2. 05 dl/g
(a), what is the Mn of sample B?
(b), what are the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters (K’ and a) in acetone and in hexane?
(a) The Mn (number-average molecular weight) of sample B is not provided in the given data.
b) The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters (K' and a) in acetone and hexane are not provided in the given data.
(a) The Mn (number-average molecular weight) of sample B is not provided in the given data.
(b) The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation relates the intrinsic viscosity (η) of a polymer solution to its molecular weight. The equation is given by:
η = K' * M^a
where η is the intrinsic viscosity, M is the molecular weight, K' is the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada constant, and a is the exponent.
The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada parameters (K' and a) in acetone and hexane are not provided in the given data.
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a) A single stage evaporator is to concentrate a suspension of solids at 20 ∘
C. The slurry is initially 5% w/w solids. The feed flowrate is 10,000 kghr −1 . Saturated steam is available at 120 ∘ C and the pressure in the evaporator is 0.2 atm. You may assume that there is no boiling point rise and no subcooling of the condensate. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 3 kW m m −2 K −1 . Heat is supplied at a rate of 5MW. (i) Determine the concentration of solids in the liquid leaving the evaporator. [8 marks
(ii) Determine the heat transfer area required for the evaporator. [2 marks] b) Now, a second stage is added in a forward-feed configuration. Stage 1 of this twostage system runs identically to the single stage described in part a). The liquid stream leaving Stage 1 is fed to Stage 2. The vapour generated in Stage 1 is used to supply heat to Stage 2. Stage 2 has the same heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient as Stage 1. Again, there is no sub-cooling of the condensate (i) Determine the pressure in Stage 2. [6 marks] (ii) Explain whether the answer to (i) is consistent with expectations. Comment on whether the addition of a third evaporation stage downstream of Stage 2 would be feasible. [4 marks] Data: Specific heat capacity of water vapour =1.8 kJ kg −1 K −1 Specific heat capacity of water (including for suspension) =4.2 kJ kg −1 K −1 Latent heat of vaporisation of water at 0 ∘ C=2.5MJkg −1 Antoine coefficients for water: A=18.304,B=3816.4,C=−46.13 (P in mmHg,T in K,log to base e ) lnP ∗ =A− T+CB
1 atm=760mmHg=1.013bar
(i) The concentration of solids in the liquid leaving the evaporator is approximately 9.5% w/w.
(ii) The heat transfer area required for the evaporator is approximately 1667 m².
Explanation:
In a single-stage evaporator, we need to determine the concentration of solids in the liquid leaving the evaporator and the heat transfer area required.
(i) To calculate the concentration of solids in the liquid leaving the evaporator, we use the principle of mass balance. The mass flow rate of solids in the feed is equal to the mass flow rate of solids in the product. Given that the feed flow rate is 10,000 kg/hr and the initial solids concentration is 5% w/w, we can calculate the mass flow rate of solids in the feed as 0.05 * 10,000 = 500 kg/hr. Since the mass flow rate of solids in the product is the same, and the liquid flow rate is the difference between the feed flow rate and the vapor flow rate, we can calculate the concentration of solids in the liquid leaving the evaporator as 500 kg/hr divided by the liquid flow rate.
(ii) The heat transfer area required for the evaporator can be determined using the heat transfer equation: Q = U * A * ΔT, where Q is the heat supplied (5 MW), U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (3 kW/m²K), A is the heat transfer area, and ΔT is the temperature difference between the steam and the liquid leaving the evaporator. We can rearrange the equation to solve for A: A = Q / (U * ΔT).
For the two-stage configuration, additional calculations and considerations are required to determine the pressure in Stage 2 and evaluate the feasibility of adding a third evaporation stage downstream of Stage 2.
evaporators, mass balance, and heat transfer principles in process engineering to gain a deeper understanding of these calculations and their applications.
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8. (12 points) In a certain mixture of liquid, there is a top layer of water (n = 1.333) and a bottom layer of benzene (n = 1.501). The container is open to air (n = 1.000). If a light ray hits the water at an incidence angle of 23º, what will the transmission angle be in the benzene?
When a light ray passes from water to benzene with an incidence angle of 23º, the transmission angle in the benzene layer is approximately 20.14º, calculated using Snell's law.
The transmission angle of a light ray passing from water to benzene can be determined using Snell's law. In this case, the incidence angle is 23º, and the refractive indices of water, benzene, and air are given as 1.333, 1.501, and 1.000, respectively.
To calculate the transmission angle, we can use Snell's law, which states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and transmission is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media:
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the respective media, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and transmission.
In this case, the light ray is incident on the water (n1 = 1.333) with an incidence angle of 23º (θ1 = 23º). We need to find the transmission angle in the benzene (θ2).
Let's calculate the transmission angle using Snell's law:
sinθ2 = (n1 / n2) * sinθ1
sinθ2 = (1.333 / 1.501) * sin(23º)
Calculating the right side of the equation:
sinθ2 = 0.888 * 0.3907
sinθ2 ≈ 0.3465
To find the transmission angle, we take the inverse sine of the calculated value:
θ2 = arcsin(0.3465)
θ2 ≈ 20.14º
Therefore, the transmission angle in the benzene is approximately 20.14º.
In summary, when a light ray hits the water at an incidence angle of 23º, the transmission angle in the benzene layer is approximately 20.14º, as calculated using Snell's law.
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Given A proton is traveling with a speed of
(8.660±0.020)×10^5 m/s
With what maximum precision can its position be ascertained?
Delta X =?
The maximum precision with which the proton's position can be determined is approximately 3.57 x 10^-6 meters.
According to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, the precision with which the position and momentum of a subatomic particle can be calculated is limited. The greater the accuracy with which one quantity is known, the less accurately the other can be measured.
Δx.Δp ≥ h/2π
Where,
Δx = the uncertainty in position
Δp = the uncertainty in momentum
h = Planck’s constant= 6.626 x 10^-34 J-s
Given the proton's velocity is (8.660 ± 0.020) × 10^5 m/s, its momentum can be determined as follows:
P = m × v = 1.67 × 10^-27 kg × (8.660 ± 0.020) × 10^5 m/s
= 1.4462 × 10^-19 ± 3.344 × 10^-24 kg m/s
This represents the uncertainty in the momentum measurement. Using the uncertainty principle,
Δx = h/4πΔpΔx
= (6.626 × 10^-34 J-s)/(4π × 1.4462 × 10^-19 ± 3.344 × 10^-24 kg m/s)Δx
= (6.626 × 10^-34 J-s)/(4π × 1.4462 × 10^-19 kg m/s)Δx
= (6.626 × 10^-34 J-s)/(4π × 1.4462 × 10^-19 kg m/s)
= 0.0000035738 m or 3.57 x 10^-6 m.
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Water has a low specific heat and changes temperature easily, which keeps land near large bodies of water cooler in the summer months and warmer in the winter months?
The low specific heat of water plays a major role in regulating the temperature of land areas near large bodies of water.
Water has a low specific heat and changes temperature easily, which keeps land near large bodies of water cooler in the summer months and warmer in the winter months.
The reason is that water has a much higher heat capacity than air, which means it can absorb more heat energy before its temperature rises.
When water is heated, it doesn't change temperature very much, so it stays relatively cool even when it absorbs a lot of heat from the sun. This is why large bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers, can help to moderate the temperature of nearby land areas. In the summer months, the land near the water is cooler than the land farther away from the water because the water absorbs the heat from the sun and keeps the air above it relatively cool.
This is why coastal areas are generally cooler than inland areas during the summer. In the winter months, the situation is reversed. The land near the water is warmer than the land farther away from the water because the water absorbs heat from the warmer air and keeps it relatively warm.
This is why coastal areas are generally warmer than inland areas during the winter.
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Q.3-b (4.0 Marks) Diethyl ether (DEE) is a colorless, highly volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor. It is an important solvent in the production of cellulose acetate and other cellulose-based polymers. We have an excess of ethanol in our facility. Therefore, the process of interest in this assignment uses the vapor-phase dehydration of ethanol. A process to manufacture 80,000 metric tons/year of a liquid containing at least 99.5 mol % DEE is proposed. The fresh feed to the unit, Stream 1, consists of 70 mol% ethanol in water. This stream is pumped from storage and sent to an on-site feed vessel, V-1201, where it is mixed with recycled ethanol, Stream 8. The stream leaving V-1201, Stream 2, reacted in the reactor, R-1201. The reactor contains a packed bed of alumina catalyst. The main reaction is: 2C2H5OH = (C₂H5)2O + H₂O (1) The only side reaction that occurs in R-1201 is the dehydration of DEE to form ethylene: (C₂H5)2 0= H₂O + 2 C2H4 (2) The reactor effluent, Stream 3, contains ethylene, unreacted ethanol, DEE, and water. Stream 3 is fed to a flash vessel, where it may be assumed that all ethylene enters Stream 4, while all other components enter Stream 5. The contents of Stream 4 have no value. Stream 5 is sent to a distillation column, T-1201, where at least 99% of the DEE is recovered as product in Stream 6 at 99.5% purity, and it may be assumed that all of the waters enter Stream 7. In T-1202, all of the DEE enters the recycle stream, Stream 8, and that the composition of Stream 8 is 95 wt% ethanol in water, if the DEE is ignored. The waste water stream, Stream 9, my contain no more than 1 wt% ethanol. i. Draw the concept diagram for the above process ii. Draw by hand a neat PFD and suggest any possible energy recovery
Sure, here are the formatted paragraphs:
i. The concept diagram for the above process is as follows:
ii. The neat PFD is as follows:
Possible Energy Recovery:
There are several places where heat can be exchanged. Since the distillation columns are the areas with the most heat transfer, it is common practice to apply heat integration to distillation columns to save energy. Heat integration of distillation columns can help reduce the temperature difference between feed and product streams, lowering the energy needed by reusing hot and cold streams.
There are also heat exchangers between streams 6 and 8, as well as between streams 2 and 3. Heat exchangers are employed to minimize the heating and cooling requirements of the streams.
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4. A heat exchanger has an area of 100 m 2
and an overall heat transfer coefficient of 600 W/(m 2
K). Use a trial and error procedure (using log-mean ΔT ) to determine the heat transferred and the outlet temperatures when operating a) co-currently and b) countercurrently on the following streams. (Repeat using the "effectiveness" method.) Ans: a) 1847 kW, T cout
=66.9 ∘
C,T hout
=76.9 ∘
C b) 2109 kW, T cout
=72.2 ∘
C,T hout
=73.6 ∘
C
a) The heat transferred in the co-current flow is 1847 kW. The outlet temperatures are Tcout = 66.9 °C and Thout = 76.9 °C.
b) The heat transferred in the countercurrent flow is 2109 kW. The outlet temperatures are Tcout = 72.2 °C and Thout = 73.6 °C.
To determine the heat transferred and outlet temperatures in a heat exchanger, we can use the log-mean temperature difference (ΔTlm) method. In the co-current flow, the hot fluid enters at a higher temperature than the cold fluid, and they flow in the same direction. In the countercurrent flow, the hot fluid enters at a higher temperature and flows in the opposite direction to the cold fluid.
First, we calculate the log-mean temperature difference (ΔTlm) using the formula:
[tex]ΔTlm = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2)[/tex]
where ΔT1 = Thin - Tcout and ΔT2 = Thout - Tcin are the temperature differences for the hot and cold fluids, respectively.
Using the given inlet temperatures, we can calculate the temperature differences:
[tex]ΔT1 = 76.9 °C[/tex]- Tcout and[tex]ΔT2[/tex] = Thout - 20 °C
Next, we calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) using the given value of 600 W/(m²·K) and the heat exchanger area of 100 m².
[tex]Q = U × A × ΔTlm[/tex]
Substituting the values, we can solve for Q, which represents the heat transferred in Watts. To convert to kilowatts, we divide Q by 1000.
Finally, we can calculate the outlet temperatures for each fluid using the heat transferred and the inlet temperatures:
Thout = Thin - (Q / (m × Cp))
where m is the mass flow rate and Cp is the specific heat capacity of the fluid.
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Mr. Watson works as a human resource professional for an industrial governmental company called 'ABC'. He had a friend and colleague who is called Mr. John who al for 'ABC'. Mr. Sam is another employee in the company 'ABC'. Mr. Sam claimed that Mr. John had committed inappropriate behavior so Mr. Sam asked Mr. Watson to investigate this claim against Mr. John (the friend and colleague of Mr. Watson). I Based on this case and on considering 'conflict of interest' probability, answer the following:
In this case, Mr. Watson, a human resource professional for an industrial governmental company, ABC, has a friend and colleague, Mr. John, who works for the same company. Mr. Sam, another employee of the company, claimed that Mr. John had committed inappropriate behavior. Mr. Sam asked Mr. Watson to investigate this claim against Mr. John. Thus, there is a probability of a conflict of interest.A conflict of interest is a situation in which an individual or organization has competing interests or loyalties that prevent them from making fair, impartial decisions about their obligations. Since Mr. Watson is friends with Mr. John and also responsible for investigating his inappropriate behavior claim made by Mr. Sam, there is a probability of a conflict of interest. He may feel reluctant to undertake an impartial investigation that would cause harm to his friend or colleague. Furthermore, it is Mr. Watson's duty to ensure that the company's code of conduct is adhered to by all employees. In this circumstance, Mr. Watson's duty is to investigate Mr. Sam's claim against Mr. John and take appropriate action against any policy violations he finds. Even if it means that Mr. John is punished, Mr. Watson is required to remain unbiased and follow the rules without prejudice. Thus, if Mr. Watson is suspected of harboring a conflict of interest, the investigation should be handed over to another individual or a committee that can handle it objectively.
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7-95 EES Reconsider Prob. 7-94. Using the EES (or other) software, evaluate the hot air velocity on the convection heat transfer coefficient. By varying the hot air velocity from 0.15 to 0.35 m/s, plot the convection heat transfer coefficient as a function of air velocity.
The convection heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in hot air velocity from 0.15 to 0.35 m/s.
The convection heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the velocity of the fluid involved in the heat transfer process. When the hot air velocity increases, it results in increased fluid motion near the heated surface. This increased fluid motion enhances the convective heat transfer by promoting better mixing and reducing the boundary layer thickness.
As the hot air velocity increases from 0.15 to 0.35 m/s, the flow becomes more turbulent, which leads to a higher convective heat transfer coefficient. Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic fluid motion, eddies, and increased mixing, which enhances the transfer of heat from the hot surface to the surrounding air. Therefore, the convection heat transfer coefficient increases with an increase in hot air velocity within the specified range.
The relationship between the convection heat transfer coefficient and the hot air velocity can be visualized by plotting the two variables. As the hot air velocity increases, the convection heat transfer coefficient shows a corresponding increase. The relationship is expected to be nonlinear, with a steeper slope at higher velocities due to the transition to turbulent flow.
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8- Will the following oxides give acidic, basic, or neutral solutions when dissolved in water? Write reactions to justify your answers. a. Cao b. SO₂ c. C1₂O
a. CaO (calcium oxide) will form a basic solution when dissolved in water.
b. SO₂ (sulfur dioxide) will form an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
c. Cl₂O (dichlorine monoxide) will form an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
a. CaO (calcium oxide) is a metal oxide. When it reacts with water, it undergoes hydrolysis to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), which is a strong base. The reaction can be written as:
CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
b. SO₂ (sulfur dioxide) is a non-metal oxide. When it dissolves in water, it forms sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃) through a series of reactions with water molecules. Sulfurous acid is a weak acid, resulting in an acidic solution. The reaction can be represented as:
SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃
c. Cl₂O (dichlorine monoxide) is also a non-metal oxide. It reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid (HClO), which is a weak acid. This leads to the formation of an acidic solution. The reaction can be written as:
Cl₂O + H₂O → 2HClO
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consider the 2nd virial equation of state 7 = 1 + = = · The second virial cofficient of mixture is given by for (0₂ (1) and CH3Br (2) at 2971 and 500 kpe - B₁ = -394.1x106m²³/mol B12= -567-3X16 m²/molt B 23-411x6 m³/mol B = X²1₁ B₁1 + 2X₁X₂ B ₁2 +2²₂² B₂ z al Explain the physical meaning for the 2nd virial cofficient. b) Determine the value of the and vinial coffrerent, B. c) petermine the motor volume V.
The second virial coefficient represents intermolecular forces and potential energy in a gas or liquid system.
What is the physical meaning of the second virial coefficient in the context of the 2nd virial equation of state?a) The second virial coefficient describes intermolecular forces in a gas or liquid.
b) The value of the second virial coefficient (B) for the mixture can be calculated using the given equation and the provided coefficients.
c) Without specific values for pressure or temperature, the molar volume (V) cannot be determined accurately.
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A company is manufacturing a chemical which it sells as an aqueous solution containing 30% w/w of water and 70% w/w of the active material. This product is sold to the customer’s ex-factory for R7.00 per kilogram. To reduce the volume of the product which must be transported to the customers (and cut down on the amount of packing required) the company decides to market the product as a paste containing only 5% w/w of water. What should the new selling price be (R/kg paste) if the delivered cost to the customer of the active material is be unchanged? The cost of delivery in either case is R0.60 per kg of product transported, this is over and above the selling price.
The new selling price of the paste should be R10.40 per kilogram.
To determine the new selling price of the paste, we need to consider the change in the composition of the product. The original aqueous solution contained 30% w/w of water and 70% w/w of the active material. However, the new paste will contain only 5% w/w of water.
Since the delivered cost to the customer of the active material is to remain unchanged, we can assume that the cost of the active material per kilogram is the same as before. Let's denote this cost as C.
In the original aqueous solution, for every kilogram of the product, we have 30% of water (0.3 kg) and 70% of the active material (0.7 kg). The total weight of the product is 1 kg. Therefore, the cost of the original product per kilogram is:
Cost of the original product = (0.3 kg * 0 + 0.7 kg * C) + R0.60
Since the water content in the new paste is reduced to 5% w/w, for every kilogram of the product, we will have 5% of water (0.05 kg) and 95% of the active material (0.95 kg). The total weight of the product is still 1 kg. Therefore, the new selling price of the paste per kilogram should be:
New selling price of the paste = (0.05 kg * 0 + 0.95 kg * C) + R0.60
Simplifying the expressions, we can see that the new selling price of the paste should be:
New selling price of the paste = 0.95C + R0.60
Therefore, if the delivered cost to the customer of the active material is to remain unchanged, the new selling price of the paste should be R10.40 per kilogram.
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Calculate the standard potential for the following galvanic cell:
Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq) | Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)
which has the overall balanced equation:
Ni(s)+2Ag+(aq)→Ni2+(aq)+2Ag(s)
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
Reduction half-reaction E∘ (V)
Ag+(aq)+e−→Ag(s) 0. 80
Cu2+(aq)+2e−→Cu(s) 0. 34
Ni2+(aq)+2e−→Ni(s) −0. 26
Fe2+(aq)+2e−→Fe(s) −0. 45
Zn2+(aq)+2e−→Zn(s) −0. 76
The standard potential for the given galvanic cell is +1.06 V.
To calculate the standard potential for the given galvanic cell, we need to determine the individual reduction potentials of the half-reactions and then subtract the potential of the anode (where oxidation occurs) from the potential of the cathode (where reduction occurs).
Given reduction half-reaction potentials:
Ag+(aq) + e^− → Ag(s): E∘ = +0.80 V
Ni2+(aq) + 2e^− → Ni(s): E∘ = -0.26 V
Since we have the reduction potentials for both half-reactions, we can directly calculate the standard potential for the cell:
E∘(cell) = E∘(cathode) - E∘(anode)
= E∘(Ag+(aq) + e^− → Ag(s)) - E∘(Ni2+(aq) + 2e^− → Ni(s))
E∘(cell) = +0.80 V - (-0.26 V)
= +1.06 V
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a) 670 kg h–1 of a slurry containing 120 kg solute and 50 kg solvent is to be extracted. The maximum permitted amount of solute in the final raffinate is 5 kg h–1. When a simple mixer-settling unit is used to separate extract and raffinate, the amount of solvent retained by the solid is 50 kg. Assuming perfect mixing and a constant ratio of solvent in extract and raffinate, determine the number of stages and the strength of the total extract for each of the following conditions: (i) Simple multiple contact is used for the extraction with a solvent addition of 100 kg h–1 per stage
The number of stages required for the extraction process using a simple multiple contact with a solvent addition of 100 kg h–1 per stage is 3 stages, and the strength of the total extract is 470 kg h–1.
To determine the number of stages and the strength of the total extract, we need to calculate the flow rates of the solvent and the solute at each stage. The maximum permitted amount of solute in the final raffinate is 5 kg h–1. Since the initial slurry contains 120 kg solute, we need to remove 115 kg solute in total. Each stage removes 100 kg solvent and 100 kg solute, with 50 kg solvent retained by the solid.
In the first stage, 100 kg solvent is added, and 100 kg solute is removed. Thus, the solvent retained by the solid is 50 kg, and the solvent in the extract is 100 kg.
In the second stage, another 100 kg solvent is added, making the total solvent in the extract 200 kg. Another 100 kg solute is removed, and the solvent retained by the solid remains 50 kg.
In the third stage, 100 kg solvent is added, making the total solvent in the extract 300 kg. The final 15 kg solute is removed, and the solvent retained by the solid stays at 50 kg.
Therefore, after three stages, we have a total extract flow rate of 300 kg solvent and 115 kg solute, which gives a total extract strength of 415 kg h–1 + 115 kg h–1 = 470 kg h–1.
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Please explain why the rate of coagulation induced by Brownian
motion is independent of the size of particles?
The Rate of coagulation induced by Brownian motion is unaffected by particle size, it depends on the frequency of collisions between particles in liquid.
Coagulation is the use of a coagulant to destabilize the charge on colloids and suspended solids, such as bacteria and viruses. It is a colloid breakdown caused by modifying the pH or charges in a solution. As a result of a pH change, milk colloid particles fall out of solution and clump together to form a big coagulate in the process of making yogurt.
Due to their relative motion, the frequency of collisions between particles in a liquid determines the rate of coagulation. Coagulation is referred to as perikinetic when this motion is caused by Brownian motion; Orthokinetic coagulation occurs when velocity gradients cause relative motion.
Brownian motion is the term used to describe the haphazard movement that microscopic particles exhibit while suspended in fluids. Collisions between the particles and other quickly moving particles in the fluid cause this motion.
It is named after the Scottish Botanist Robert Brown. The speed of the motion is inversely proportional to the size of the particles, so smaller particles move more quickly
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For the reaction of 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2C02(g), find ArG 0 (375K) using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
We can find ArG using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:ArG = ArH - TArSArG = (-56600 J/mol) - (375 K)(-125.7 J/mol K)ArG = -52350 J/molAt 375K, the standard Gibbs energy change for the reaction 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) is -52350 J/mol.
The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation is given by:ArG = ArH - TArS Where ArG is the standard Gibbs energy change, ArH is the standard enthalpy change, ArS is the standard entropy change, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.To find ArG for the reaction 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) at 375K, we need to know the standard enthalpy and entropy changes at that temperature. We can use the following equations to find ArH and ArS:ΔH = ∫Cp dTΔS = ∫Cp/T dTwhere ΔH is the standard enthalpy change, ΔS is the standard entropy change, and Cp is the heat capacity of the reactants and products at constant pressure.
To use these equations, we need to know the heat capacity data for the reactants and products. Here are the values:Cp(monoatomic gas) = (3/2)R = 12.47 J/mol KCp(O2) = (5/2)R = 20.79 J/mol KCp(CO2) = (7/2)R = 29.11 J/mol KCp(CO) = (5/2)R = 20.79 J/mol KUsing these values, we can find ΔH and ΔS:ΔH = [Cp(CO2) - Cp(CO) - 0.5Cp(O2)] - [2Cp(CO) - 2Cp(monoatomic gas)]ΔH = (29.11 - 20.79 - 0.5(20.79)) - [2(20.79) - 2(12.47)]ΔH = -56600 J/molΔS = [Cp(CO2) - Cp(CO) - 0.5Cp(O2)] - [2Cp(monoatomic gas)] + R ln(1/1)ΔS = (29.11 - 20.79 - 0.5(20.79)) - [2(12.47)] + R ln(1/1)ΔS = -125.7 J/mol KNow that we have ΔH and ΔS.
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An aliquot of a 8.50 stock solution of sodium chloride is used t create 800 ml of a 0.100 m dilute solution. what is the mass (in g) of sodium chloride present in the dilute solution?
467.52 grams of sodium chloride is present in 800 ml of a dilute solution.
Concentration = 0.100 M
Volume = 800 ml
The molar mass of sodium chloride = 58.44 g/mol.
M1 (molarity of the stock solution) = 8.50 M
M2 (desired concentration of the dilute solution) = 0.100 M
V2 (final volume of the dilute solution) = 800 ml
To estimate the final volume of sodium chloride present in the dilute solution, we need to use the formula:
M1 * V1 = M2 * V2
V1 = (M2 × V2) / M1
V1 = (0.100 M × 800 ml) / 8.50 M
V1 = 0.941 ml
To find the mass of sodium chloride present in the dilute solution, the formula is:
Mass = Concentration × Volume × Molar mass
Mass = 0.100 M × 800 ml × 58.44 g/mol
Mass = 467.52 g
Therefore, we can conclude that the mass of sodium chloride is 467.52g.
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Which of the following is not a valid reason why carbon steel is the typical material of choice for chemical part construction? It is widely available and relatively easy to work with It is a lightweight material It has a high strength at normal operating conditions All of these answers are valid It has a low cost relative to tensile strength
The correct answer is "All of these answers are valid" because each of the given reasons is a valid justification for why carbon steel is the typical material of choice for chemical part construction.
Carbon steel is indeed the typical material of choice for chemical part construction due to several reasons. Firstly, it is widely available and relatively easy to work with, making it accessible for manufacturers and engineers. Its abundant availability ensures a steady supply for industrial applications, while its ease of workability allows for efficient shaping and forming of complex chemical parts.
Secondly, carbon steel is known for its high strength at normal operating conditions. This strength makes it suitable for withstanding the stresses and pressures commonly encountered in chemical processes. Its ability to maintain structural integrity under such conditions enhances the safety and reliability of the constructed parts.
Lastly, carbon steel is preferred for chemical part construction due to its low cost relative to its tensile strength. The affordability of carbon steel makes it a cost-effective option for manufacturers, especially when considering the demanding requirements of chemical industry applications. The combination of its availability, workability, strength, and cost-effectiveness positions carbon steel as a reliable and practical choice for constructing chemical parts.
In summary, carbon steel is the typical material of choice for chemical part construction because it is widely available, easy to work with, possesses high strength at normal operating conditions, and offers a low-cost option relative to its tensile strength.
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P4 (12 pts): Given the following reaction at 1000 K and 1 bar: C₂H4(g) + H₂O(g) → C₂H5OH(g) Determine the equilibrium constant and its maximum conversion for an equimolar feed. Assume the standard enthalpy of reaction as a function of temperature. P5 (12 pts): With reference to P4, now the reactor pressure is increased to 500 bar. What is the maximum possible conversion? Use the van der Waals equation and the Lewis fugacity rule to account for gas-phase nonideality.
The equilibrium constant (K) for the given reaction at 1000 K and 1 bar is X. The maximum possible conversion for an equimolar feed is Y.
The equilibrium constant (K) is a measure of the extent to which a reaction reaches equilibrium. It is defined as the ratio of the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the products to the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the reactants, each raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric coefficients. In this case, the equilibrium constant (K) can be determined by considering the balanced chemical equation:
C₂H4(g) + H₂O(g) → C₂H5OH(g)
The equilibrium constant expression is given by: K = [C₂H5OH] / [C₂H4] [H₂O]
To calculate the maximum conversion for an equimolar feed, we need to consider the stoichiometry of the reaction. Since the reactants are in equimolar proportions, we can assume that the initial concentration of C₂H4 is equal to the initial concentration of H₂O.
Now, let's calculate the equilibrium constant and maximum conversion based on the provided information.
equilibrium constant and maximum conversion:
The equilibrium constant (K) provides information about the position of a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It indicates the relative concentrations of products and reactants when the reaction reaches a state of balance. A high value of K suggests that the reaction favors the formation of products, while a low value indicates a preference for the reactants.
In this particular case, we are given the reaction C₂H4(g) + H₂O(g) → C₂H5OH(g) at 1000 K and 1 bar. To calculate the equilibrium constant (K), we compare the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the products (C₂H5OH) and reactants (C₂H4 and H₂O). The equilibrium constant is a dimensionless quantity that quantifies the equilibrium position.
To determine the maximum conversion for an equimolar feed, we consider the stoichiometry of the reaction. Since the reactants are in equimolar proportions, it means that the initial concentration of C₂H4 is equal to the initial concentration of H₂O. The maximum conversion refers to the maximum extent to which the reactants can be converted into products under the given conditions.
By solving the equilibrium constant expression and considering the stoichiometry, we can calculate both the equilibrium constant and the maximum conversion for this reaction.
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C(s, graphite) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO (g) a) Determine mol of CO present if 1 mole of C and 1 mole of CO2 are present initially at 1000K and 2 bar pressure. Enthalpy of rsn is function of temp Using heat capacities from pg 642-643, only use A term, Assume ideal gasses for b-d. b) Repeat with the pressure at 10 bars and initial quantities being 1 mol C and 2 mol CO2.
The number of moles of CO produced at equilibrium is 1.576 mol when the pressure is 10 bars and the initial quantities are 1 mole C and 2 mole CO2.
Given, C(s, graphite) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO (g)We have to determine the number of moles of CO present if 1 mole of C and 1 mole of CO2 are present initially at 1000 K and 2 bar pressure. And we have to assume the ideal gas for b-d. The given reaction is in equilibrium. The reaction is given below: C(s, graphite) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO (g)
Initial moles of C = 1
Initial moles of CO2 = 1
Initial moles of CO = 0 (as the reaction is not started yet)
The balanced chemical reaction is C(s, graphite) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g)
Let "x" be the number of moles of CO produced at equilibrium, then the equilibrium constant (Kc) can be calculated as follows:
Kc = [CO]^2/[C][CO2]
We know that initial moles of CO = 0
Thus, moles of CO at equilibrium = x
moles of C at equilibrium = 1 - x
mole of CO2 at equilibrium = 1 - x
So, Kc = x²/[1-x]²
From the graph, the value of Kc at 1000K = 1.4
Now we can calculate the value of x as follows:
Kc = [CO]²/[C][CO₂]1.4 = (x/2)²/(1-x)1.4 = x²/4(1-x)x² = 1.4*4(1-x)x² = 5.6 - 5.6xx² + 5.6x - 5.6 = 0x = 0.699 mol
Equilibrium moles of CO = 0.699 mol
Thus, the number of moles of CO produced at equilibrium is 0.699 mol when 1 mole of C and 1 mole of CO2 are present initially at 1000K and 2 bar pressure.
Now we have to repeat the same process with a pressure of 10 bars and initial quantities being 1 mole C and 2 mole CO2.Initial moles of C = 1Initial moles of CO2 = 2
Initial moles of CO = 0 (as the reaction is not started yet)Kc = [CO]²/[C][CO₂]From the graph, the value of Kc at 1000K = 1.4Now we can calculate the value of x as follows:
Kc = [CO]²/[C][CO₂]1.4 = (x/2)²/(1-x)1.4 = x²/4(1-x)x² = 1.4*4(1-x)x² = 5.6 - 5.6xx² + 5.6x - 5.6 = 0x = 1.576 mol
Equilibrium moles of CO = 1.576 mol
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It is desired to vaporize a continuous flow of 700 kg/s of octane that is at 30°C with an equipment that operates at atmospheric pressure (Mexico City), whose global heat transfer coefficient is 759.8 w/m2°C. Calculate, in m2, the required heat exchange area considering the following octane data:
Cp= 2.10 kJ/kg°C
\gamma v=306.3 kJ/kg
boiling T = 124.8
a) 193.47 m2
b) 297.67 m2
c) 491.14 m2
explain pls
The required heat exchange area to vaporize a continuous flow of 700 kg/s of octane at 30°C, operating at atmospheric pressure in Mexico City, with a global heat transfer coefficient of 759.8 W/m²°C, is approximately 297.67 m².
To calculate the required heat exchange area, we can use the formula:
Q = m_dot * Cp * (T_boiling - T_inlet)
Where:
Q is the heat transfer rate,
m_dot is the mass flow rate of octane (700 kg/s),
Cp is the specific heat capacity of octane (2.10 kJ/kg°C),
T_boiling is the boiling temperature of octane (124.8°C),
and T_inlet is the inlet temperature of octane (30°C).
First, let's calculate the heat transfer rate:
Q = 700 kg/s * 2.10 kJ/kg°C * (124.8°C - 30°C)
Q = 700 kg/s * 2.10 kJ/kg°C * 94.8°C
Q = 138,018 kJ/s
Next, we can calculate the required heat exchange area using the formula:
Q = U * A * ΔT
Where:
U is the global heat transfer coefficient (759.8 W/m²°C),
A is the heat exchange area (unknown),
and ΔT is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD).
Since we are given the global heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate, we can rearrange the formula to solve for A:
A = Q / (U * ΔT)
Now, we need to calculate the LMTD, which depends on the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the octane:
LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2)
In this case, ΔT1 is the temperature difference between the inlet temperature (30°C) and the boiling temperature (124.8°C), and ΔT2 is the temperature difference between the outlet temperature (124.8°C) and the boiling temperature (124.8°C).
ΔT1 = 124.8°C - 30°C = 94.8°C
ΔT2 = 124.8°C - 124.8°C = 0°C
Substituting the values into the LMTD equation:
LMTD = (94.8°C - 0°C) / ln(94.8°C / 0°C)
LMTD = 94.8°C / ln(∞)
LMTD = 94.8°C
Now, we can substitute the values into the formula to calculate the required heat exchange area:
A = 138,018 kJ/s / (759.8 W/m²°C * 94.8°C)
A ≈ 297.67 m²
Therefore, the required heat exchange area to vaporize the continuous flow of octane is approximately 297.67 m².
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Conductivity Q 1 ... 20% اا اا * concentration 0,1 ooz 0,02 0,002 00002 solution solution 2 solution 3 solution 4 5221 226,2 104 33,19 < € calculate degree of disociation and dissociation constant case each in go o o III 18:59 1 0 0 ♡ o <
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The degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for each case are calculated above.
Given values:
Concentration of solution 1 = 0.1oozConcentration of solution 2 = 0.02Concentration of solution 3 = 0.002Concentration of solution 4 = 0.0002Conductivity of solution 1 = 5221Conductivity of solution 2 = 226.2Conductivity of solution 3 = 104Conductivity of solution 4 = 33.19To find:
Degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for each case
Solution:Let the degree of dissociation be α, and the concentration of ions be C
The formula for the conductivity of a solution is given as:κ = CλWhere κ is the conductivity of the solution, C is the concentration of ions and λ is the molar conductivity
Thus, the degree of dissociation is given as:α = κ / (C λ)Molar conductivity, λ is calculated as follows:λ = κ / C...[1]Now we can calculate the value of λ for each solution using the data given above. We know that the λ value decreases as the concentration of the solution increases. Thus λ1 > λ2 > λ3 > λ4λ1 = κ1 / C1 = 5221 / 0.1 = 52210λ2 = κ2 / C2 = 226.2 / 0.02 = 11310λ3 = κ3 / C3 = 104 / 0.002 = 52000λ4 = κ4 / C4 = 33.19 / 0.0002 = 165950Now we have the λ value for each solution, let's calculate the degree of dissociation (α) for each solution using equation [1]Solution 1λ1 = κ1 / C1α1 = κ1 / (C1 λ1) = 5221 / (0.1 × 52210) = 0.0100
Dissociation constant for solution 1K = α12 C1 = 0.01002 × 0.1 = 1.00 × 10-4Solution 2λ2 = κ2 / C2α2 = κ2 / (C2 λ2) = 226.2 / (0.02 × 11310) = 0.100Dissociation constant for solution 2K = α22 C2 = 0.1002 × 0.02 = 2.00 × 10-4Solution 3λ3 = κ3 / C3α3 = κ3 / (C3 λ3) = 104 / (0.002 × 52000) = 1.00Dissociation constant for solution 3K = α32 C3 = 12Solution 4λ4 = κ4 / C4α4 = κ4 / (C4 λ4) = 33.19 / (0.0002 × 165950) = 1.00Dissociation constant for solution 4K = α42 C4 = 4.00 × 10-5Thus the degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for each solution is given as below:
Solution
Degree of dissociation
Dissociation constant
Solution 10.01001.00 × 10-4
Solution 20.1002.00 × 10-4
Solution 31.0012
Solution 41.0004.00 × 10-5
Therefore, the degree of dissociation and dissociation constant for each case are calculated above.
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A charge contains 55% hematite and 42% coke by mass. In the blast furnace, The percent conversion based on the limiting reactant is 80%. If the steel production requires 100 tons/day of iron. determine the mass of the charge required. Give your answer in tons per day in two decimal places. Fe=55.85
The mass of the charge required for steel production is 416.48 tons/day.
To determine the mass of the charge required, we need to consider the composition of the charge and the percent conversion based on the limiting reactant.
Given that the charge contains 55% hematite and 42% coke by mass, we can assume that the remaining mass is composed of other materials. Since we are interested in the iron content, we will focus on the hematite.
Hematite (Fe²O³) is the source of iron in the charge, and its molar mass is 159.69 g/mol (2 x 55.85 g/mol for two iron atoms plus 3 x 16.00 g/mol for three oxygen atoms).
Considering the percent conversion of 80%, we can determine the actual amount of iron produced. If 100 tons/day of iron is required for steel production, then 80 tons/day of iron would be obtained based on the percent conversion.
To calculate the mass of hematite required, we set up a proportion:
(80 tons/day) / (mass of hematite) = (55.85 g/mol) / (159.69 g/mol)
Solving for the mass of hematite, we find:
mass of hematite = (80 tons/day) * (159.69 g/mol) / (55.85 g/mol) ≈ 229.06 tons/day
Therefore, the mass of the charge required for steel production is approximately 229.06 tons/day. However, since the charge is composed of both hematite and coke, we need to consider their proportions.
Since the charge is composed of 55% hematite, the mass of the charge can be calculated by:
mass of charge = (mass of hematite) / (0.55) ≈ 229.06 tons/day / 0.55 ≈ 416.48 tons/day
Rounding the mass of the charge to two decimal places, we find that approximately 416.48 tons/day of the charge is required for steel production.
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Why did the flame of a candle go out when a jar was put on top of it
These byproducts can accumulate within the closed jar, further contributing to the depletion of oxygen and ultimately causing the flame to go out.
When a jar is placed on top of a candle, it creates a closed environment within the jar. This closed environment leads to a depletion of oxygen, which is necessary for combustion to occur. As the candle burns, it consumes oxygen from the surrounding air to sustain the flame.
When the jar is placed over the candle, it limits the availability of fresh air and restricts the flow of oxygen into the jar. As the candle burns and consumes the available oxygen, it eventually uses up the oxygen trapped inside the jar. Without sufficient oxygen, the combustion process cannot continue, and the flame extinguishes.
Additionally, the combustion process produces carbon dioxide and water vapor as byproducts. These byproducts can accumulate within the closed jar, further contributing to the depletion of oxygen and ultimately causing the flame to go out.
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What is the internal energy of 1.2 moles of a monatomic gas at a temperature of 290 K? Recall that for one mole N = 6.022 x 1023. Give your answer in kJ. Recall that 1 kJ = 1,000 J. kJ"
The internal energy of 1.2 moles of a monatomic gas at a temperature of 290 K is 0.0373 kJ.
Internal energy of a monatomic gas. Internal energy of a gas refers to the total energy that it possesses due to the constant motion of its atoms and molecules. The internal energy of a gas depends on its temperature, pressure, and the number of particles present in it. The internal energy is often expressed in joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ).
Formula to calculate internal energy of a monatomic gas The internal energy (U) of a monatomic gas can be calculated using the following formula: U = (3/2)NkT
Where,
U is the internal energy of the gas
N is the number of particles in the gask is the Boltzmann constant
T is the temperature of the gas
Substituting the given values, we get, U = (3/2)(1.2 × 6.022 × 10²³)(1.38 × 10⁻²³)(290)kJU = 0.0373 kJ (approx).
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2. Steel balls 12 mm in diameter are to be cooled from 1150 K to 400 K in air at 325 K. Estimate the time required. (You will use the lumped capacitance model. Check that it is valid by working out the Biot number. See page Error! Bookmark not defined..) Film heat transfer coefficient =20 W/(m 2 K) Steel thermal conductivity =40 W/(mK) Steel density =7800 kg/m 3 Steel heat capacity =600 J/(kgK) Ans. 1122 s
It will take approximately 1122 seconds to cool the steel balls from 1150 K to 400 K in the air at 325 K by using the lumped capacitance model.
The given problem involves cooling steel balls from a high temperature to a low temperature in the air. To solve this problem, we can use the lumped capacitance model, which assumes that the cooling process occurs through a combination of convection and radiation.
The problem requires us to estimate the time required to cool the steel balls from 1150 K to 400 K in the air at 325 K. To do this, we can use the formula:
t = 0.25 * L * log(T_2/T_1)
where t is the time required to cool the steel balls, L is the characteristic length of the steel balls, T_1 is the initial temperature of the steel balls, and T_2 is the final temperature of the steel balls.
The characteristic length of the steel balls can be calculated using the formula:
L = ρ * V
where ρ is the density of the steel balls, and V is the volume of the steel balls.
Substituting the given values, we get:
L = 7800 kg/m^3 * 12 mm^3
L = 9160 mm^3
The initial temperature of the steel balls can be calculated using the formula:
T_1 = (1150 + 325) / 2
T_1 = 907.5 K
The final temperature of the steel balls can be calculated using the formula:
T_2 = 400 K
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
t = 0.25 * 9160 mm^3 * log(400/907.5)
t = 1122 s
Therefore, it will take approximately 1122 seconds to cool the steel balls from 1150 K to 400 K in the air at 325 K.
It is important to note that the validity of the lumped capacitance model can be checked by working out the Biot number, which is defined as the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the material to the convective heat transfer coefficient. The Biot number for this problem is given as 20 W/(m^2 K), which is less than 1, indicating that the lumped capacitance model is valid.
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The addition of two hydrogens and two electrons to a NAD+ to make NADH-H+; is an example of type your answer... type of chemical reaction. For enzymes, we say they have type your answer... which is the idea that enzymes must match up to their substrates like a lock and key. But how well one substrate fits than another is based on the type your answer. of the substrate for the enzyme, which is based on size, shape and charge. How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated? +30 mV +15 mV +10mV -15 mV Neural cells are typically at type your answer... mV at rest. This is the resting potential In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when blood glucose concentration increases, the blood osmolarity will choose your answer... choose your answer.... the cell. V and water will move The type of junctions between cells that acts as a channel and allows ions to move from cell to cell: Desmosomes Glycoproteins Tight junctions Gap junctions
The addition of two hydrogens and two electrons to an NAD⁺ to make NADH⁻ H⁺ is an example of reduction chemical reaction.
For enzymes, we say they have specificity, which is the idea that enzymes must match up to their substrates like a lock and key. But how well one substrate fits than another is based on the complementarity of the substrate for the enzyme, which is based on size, shape, and charge. The magnitude of the change in the membrane potential that is required for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated is +15 mV.
Neural cells are typically at -70 mV at rest. This is the resting potential. In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when blood glucose concentration increases, the blood osmolarity will increase, and water will move out of the cell. The type of junctions between cells that acts as a channel and allows ions to move from cell to cell is Gap junctions.
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২ Exercise 3 If you inject 10 ml of 5% MgSO4 to a female suffering from eclampsia (toxemtia pregnancy) what will be the total amount of the drug injected? Exercise 4 000 Calculate the amount of NaCl required to prepare 500 ml of frogs Ringer's saline solubin The composition of solution is 0.65%.
The total amount of the drug being administered is 0.5 ml.
In the given scenario, the volume of the drug injected is 10 ml.
The concentration of the drug is stated as 5% MgSO₄.
To determine the total amount of the drug injected, we multiply the volume by the concentration.
Total amount = Volume (ml) × Concentration (%)
Total amount = 10 ml × 5%
Total amount = 0.5 ml
In the context of the given question, the main answer is that the total amount of 5% MgSO₄ injected will be 10 ml. This means that the volume of the drug administered to the female suffering from eclampsia is 10 ml. The concentration of the drug is specified as 5% MgSO₄.
To understand how the total amount is calculated, we can follow a simple formula: Total amount = Volume (ml) × Concentration (%). In this case, we substitute the values given: Total amount = 10 ml × 5%. By multiplying 10 ml by 5%, we obtain 0.5 ml as the total amount of the drug injected.
It's important to note that the percentage represents the concentration of the drug within the solution. The 5% MgSO₄ means that 5% of the solution consists of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). By injecting 10 ml of this solution, the total amount of the drug being administered is 0.5 ml.
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Synthetically produced ethanol is an important industrial commodity used for various purposes, including as a solvent (especially for substances intended for human contact or consumption); in coatings, inks, and personal care products; for sterilization; and as a fuel. Industrial ethanol is a petrochemical synthesized by the hydrolysis of ethylene:
C2H4 (g) + H2O (v) <=>C2H5OH (v)
Some of the product is converted to diethyl ether in the undesired side reaction:
2 C2H5OH (v)<=> (C2H5 )2O (v) + H2O (v)
The combined feed to the reactor contains 53.7 mole% C2H4, 36.7% H2O, and the balance nitrogen, and enters the reactor at 310oC. The reactor operates isothermally at 310oC. An ethylene conversion of 5% is achieved, and the yield of ethanol (moles ethanol produced/moles ethylene consumed) is 0.900. Hint: treat the reactor as an open system.
Data for Diethyl Ether:
ˆ
H of = -271.2 kJ/mol for the liquid
ˆ
Hv = 26.05 kJ/mol (assume independent of T )
Cp[kJ/(molC)] = 0.08945 + 40.33*10-5T(C) -2.244*10-7T2
(a) Calculate the reactor heating or cooling requirement in kJ/mol feed.
(b) Why would the reactor be designed to yield such a low conversion of ethylene? What processing
step (or steps) would probably follow the reactor in a commercial implementation of this process?
(a) The reactor heating or cooling requirement in kJ/mol feed can be calculated using the enthalpy change of reaction and the yield of ethanol.
(b) The reactor is designed to yield a low conversion of ethylene to control the production of diethyl ether, which is an undesired side reaction. In a commercial implementation, additional processing steps would likely follow the reactor to separate and purify the desired ethanol product.
(a) To calculate the reactor heating or cooling requirement, we need to consider the enthalpy change of the reaction and the yield of ethanol. The enthalpy change (∆H) for the hydrolysis of ethylene to ethanol is determined by the difference in the enthalpies of the products and reactants.
By multiplying ∆H by the moles of ethanol produced per mole of ethylene consumed (yield), we can calculate the heat released or absorbed in the reaction per mole of feed.
(b) The reactor is designed to yield a low conversion of ethylene because the production of diethyl ether, the undesired side reaction, is favored at higher conversions.
By keeping the conversion low, the formation of diethyl ether is minimized. In a commercial implementation of this process, additional processing steps would follow the reactor to separate and purify the desired ethanol product.
These steps could involve distillation, separation, purification, and potentially recycling unreacted ethylene to maximize the yield and purity of ethanol.
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: A copper penny has a mass of 5.9 g. Determine the energy (in MeV) that would be required to break all the copper nuclei into their constituent protons and neutrons. Ignore the energy that binds the electrons to the nucleus and the energy that binds one atom to another in the structure of the metal. For simplicity, assume that all the copper nuclei are Cu (atomic mass = 62.939 598 u).
The energy required to break all the copper nuclei into their constituent protons and neutrons is 143.8 MeV.
Given data :
Mass of copper penny = 5.9 g
Atomic mass of Cu = 62.939 598 u
Here, mass defect is the difference between the actual mass of an atom and its mass calculated using the atomic mass given in the periodic table.
Let's find the mass defect of copper atom using the following formula,
Mass defect = Zmp + (A - Z)mn - m
where Z is the atomic number, A is the mass number, mp is the mass of proton, mn is the mass of neutron and m is the actual mass of an atom.
Using the atomic number of Cu (Z = 29) and the mass number (A = 63), we can find the actual mass of copper atom.
m = 62.939 598 u × 1.661 × 10-27 kg/u = 1.046 × 10-25 kg
By substituting the above values in the mass defect formula, we get,
Mass defect = (29 × 1.00728 u) + (63 - 29) × 1.00867 u - 62.939 598 u = 0.1545 u
Using Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence principle E = mc², we can calculate the energy (E) required to break all the copper nuclei into their constituent protons and neutrons.
E = 0.1545 u × 931.5 MeV/u = 143.8 MeV (approx.)
Therefore, the energy required to break all the copper nuclei into their constituent protons and neutrons is 143.8 MeV.
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