The first glycolysis in history might have happened with the help of exergonic chemical reactions.
Exergonic reactions release energy and this energy can be utilized by an endergonic reaction. The endergonic reaction in the case of the first glycolysis would be the production of ATP.
In the past, such an endergonic reaction could have been a simple and inefficient form of photophosphorylation, which was used to produce the required ATP for glycolysis.
Since the first glycolysis would have been very slow and inefficient, it is possible that other energy-producing mechanisms such as fermentation or respiration arose as the result of evolution, gradually optimizing glycolysis for maximum energy efficiency.
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if the left ophthalmic artery demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer while the right demonstrates flow moving away from the transducer, what could be causing the flow reversal?
If the left ophthalmic artery demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer while the right demonstrates flow moving away from the transducer, the flow reversal in the left ophthalmic artery could be caused by a condition called ocular ischemic syndrome.
Ocular ischemic syndrome occurs when there is a blockage or narrowing in the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain and the eyes. As a result, blood flow to the eyes is reduced, causing a reversal of flow in the ophthalmic artery. This can lead to symptoms such as blurry vision, pain, and even vision loss. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, as ocular ischemic syndrome can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as atherosclerosis or carotid artery disease.
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From 1 glucose how many f atp would be produced?
for 1 glucose how many h atp would be produced?
For 1 glucose how many c atp would be produced ?
The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. It consists of three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.
In glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. The 2 pyruvate molecules then enter the citric acid cycle, where they are further broken down, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain produces a net gain of 32 ATP.
So, for 1 glucose molecule, a total of 36 ATP are produced:
2 ATP from glycolysis
+ 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle
+ 32 ATP from the electron transport chain
= 36 ATP
Therefore, the answer to your question is:
- 36 f ATP (from 1 glucose)
- 36 h ATP (from 1 glucose)
- 36 c ATP (from 1 glucose)
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This S-shaped graph is an example of which type of population growth?
A.Logistic
B.Emigration
C.Immigration
D.Exponential
In logistic growth, a citizenry's rate of per capita growth declines as it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's limited resources ( K).
The correct statement is A.
What does logistic growth mean in practice?Sheep & harbor seals are a couple of examples from wild populations (Figure 19.6b). Both instances show a population size that briefly exceeds the carrying limit before falling below it.
What does logistic growth mean exactly?Logistic is derived from greek Greek logistikos (computational). The terms "logarithmic" and "logistic" were interchangeable in the 1700s. Logistics is now also utilized for the movement & supply of troops because computation is required to determine the supplies an army needs.
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Calculate the frac!on of the pep!de that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5. Please report your answer as a percent of protonated C- terminal species rela!ve to all (protonated and deprotonated) C-terminal species. Please use the pKa listed on slide 14 of Lecture 2. Round to 2 decimal points. Please show your work.
The pKa of the C-terminal carboxyl group is 3.6 (as listed on slide 14 of Lecture 2). To calculate the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Rearranging the equation to solve for the fraction of protonated species [tex]([HA]/([HA] + [A-])):[/tex]
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{(pKa - pH)} >[/tex]
Plugging in the values for pKa and pH:
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{(3.6-2.5)} > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{1.1} > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 12.59 >[/tex]
To convert this fraction to a percentage, we multiply by 100:
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) * 100 = 12.59 * 100 > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) * 100 = 1259 >[/tex]
Therefore, the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5 is 1259%.
To round to 2 decimal points, we can use the following formula:
Therefore, the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5 is 1259.00%.
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The third reaction in PDH Complex 1 point is needed for A. Thiol group formation B. Restoration of E3 C. Restoration of E1 D. Restoration of E2
The third reaction in PDH Complex 1 point is needed for the restoration of E3.
So, the correct answer is B.
This reaction involves the transfer of the electrons from the reduced lipoamide to the oxidized FAD cofactor in the E3 component of the PDH complex, which results in the restoration of the E3 component back to its oxidized state. This is an important step in the overall function of the PDH complex, as it is necessary for the continued oxidation of pyruvate and the production of acetyl-CoA.
FAD is a coenzyme in cellular respiration. Enzymes are biocatalysts produced by cells. Enzymes are composed of apoenzymes and prosthetic groups (cofactors).
Answer: B. Restoration of E3.
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all cell types except ___ ___ generate only graded, local potentials, affecting each other through the graded release of neurotransmitters.
All cell types except neurons and muscle cells generate only graded, local potentials, affecting each other through the graded release of neurotransmitters.
Neurons and muscle cells are unique in that they are able to generate action potentials, which are all-or-nothing responses that can travel long distances along the cell membrane. This allows for rapid communication between cells and is essential for processes such as muscle contraction and neural signaling.
Information is transmitted via neurons. They communicate between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system through electrical impulses and chemical signals. The neuron, a specialised cell created to send information to other nerve cells, muscle cells, or gland cells, is the basic functional unit of the brain. Neurons are nervous system cells that communicate information to other nerve, muscle, and gland cells. Axons, dendrites, and a cell body make up the majority of neurons.
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Please write brief small summary, thanks.
imagine you are a cytogeneticist preparing a karyotype, but you forgot to add the Giemsa stain in the middle part of the protocol. you are not aware of the mistake, until you look at the slides, as you are getting ready to photograph the metaphase spreads. what would you see on the slides, that would tell you that you made a mistake earlier in the karyotype protocol.
The lack of clear banding patterns on the chromosomes would indicate that you made a mistake earlier in the by not adding the Giemsa stain.
About the karyotype protocolIf you forgot to add the Giemsa stain in the middle part of the karyotype protocol, you would see that the chromosomes on the slides are not clearly visible or distinguishable from one another.
This is because the Giemsa stain is used to create a banding pattern on the chromosomes, which helps to identify and differentiate between the different chromosomes. Without the stain, the chromosomes would appear as a homogenous mass, making it difficult to analyze and prepare a karyotype.
Therefore, the lack of clear banding patterns on the chromosomes would indicate that you made a mistake earlier in the protocol by not adding the Giemsa stain.
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How did Chargaff’s experiment slime affect the understanding of dna structure?
Chargaff’s experiment slime affect the understanding of dna structure as they led to discovery that purine form base pairs with pyrimidines.
DNA Chargaff He discovered that the amounts of adenine and guanine were not equal to each other, but that adenine and guanine were equivalent to thymine and cytosine, respectively. A=T=30% and G=C=20% are the approximate percentages.James Watson and Francis Crick's base pair model for the double helix structure was developed using an essential hint from Chargaff's first parity rule, as it is now known. According to a rule discovered by biologists, all double stranded DNA follows this pattern: A binds with T, G binds with C, and so on to form a double helix.Further research by Chargaff revealed that most single-stranded DNA, but not all of it, follows a rough approximation of his rule.For more information on Discovery of structure of DNA kindly visit to
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What are some credible sources of drug information Kaylyn can use to complete her task?
Kaylyn can finish her assignment by using a number of reliable sources of drug information. NIDA: National Institute on Drug Abuse, SAMHSA, ASAM, MedlinePlus, and CDC are some resources.
Kaylyn can finish her assignment by using a number of reliable sources of drug information. These sources comprise, among others:
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a federally funded research organisation that offers in-depth knowledge about drug abuse and addiction.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is a federal organisation that focuses on the prevention and treatment of drug misuse.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal organisation that disseminates knowledge about wellness and illness prevention.
MedlinePlus - The National Library of Medicine offers MedlinePlus as a consumer health information service.
A professional society with a focus on addiction medicine is the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM).
Before deciding on any course of drug use or therapy, Kaylyn should speak with a licenced healthcare expert.
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A patient who is unable to constrict their pupil & whose medial sclera is exposed most likely has an issue with which CN?
The patient's issue is likely related to Cranial Nerve III (oculomotor nerve). This nerve is responsible for pupil constriction and movement of the eye muscles.
The oculomotor nerve, often referred to as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates extraocular muscles, which are responsible for most eye movements and eyelid adduction. The nerve also has fibres that innervate the muscles in the intrinsic eye, allowing for pupillary constriction and accommodation (ability to focus on near objects as in reading). The embryonic midbrain's basal plate is the source of the oculomotor nerve. The control of eye movement is likewise mediated by cranial nerves IV.
The oculomotor nerve arises from the third nerve nucleus at the level of the superior colliculus in the midbrain. The third nerve nucleus is placed ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, on the pre-aqueductal grey matter. Then, the red nucleus receives the fibres from the two third nerve nuclei that are laterally situated on either side of the cerebral aqueduct. The oculomotor sulcus, a groove on the lateral wall of the interpeduncular fossa, is where fibres from the red nucleus exit the brainstem and emerge from the brainstem material. At this point, the nerve is covered in a pia mater sheath and contained in an extension from the arachnoid. It travels between the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar regions (below).
the anterior and lateral dura mater to the posterior clinoid process, travelling between the free and connected boundaries of the tentorium cerebelli. and posterior cerebral arteries (above).
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What is the application of mammalian cell expression system?
The mammalian cell expression system is a method used in biotechnology to produce recombinant proteins.
The system involves the use of mammalian cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, to produce a specific protein of interest. The protein is typically encoded by a gene that is introduced into the mammalian cells using a plasmid or viral vector.
The application of mammalian cell expression system includes:
1. Production of therapeutic proteins: Mammalian cell expression systems are widely used for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and hormones. These proteins are used for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.
2. Drug discovery and development: Mammalian cell expression systems are also used in drug discovery and development. They are used to produce proteins that are used in high-throughput screening assays to identify potential drug candidates.
3. Basic research: Mammalian cell expression systems are used in basic research to study the structure and function of proteins. They are also used to study protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and other aspects of cellular biology.
Overall, the mammalian cell expression system is a valuable tool for the production of recombinant proteins and is widely used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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What aspects of the experimental design were used to help rule out potentially confounding variables? select all that apply. View available hint(s)for part c the authors designed a field experiment to test the hypothesis that competitive interactions between the closely related a. Segrei (an introduced species) and a. Carolinensis (a native species) would cause a change in the perch height of a. Carolinensis. What aspects of the experimental design were used to help rule out potentially confounding variables? select all that apply. Before a. Segrei was introduced on three islands, perch height data of undisturbed a. Carolinensis on those islands was collected. The perch height of both species was measured multiple times over the three years that scientists conducted the experiment. The non-native species a. Segrei was introduced on three islands by the scientists to observe its effect on a. Carolinensis. Islands of three different sizes were selected (2 large, 2 medium, and 2 small) and the same experiment was run on each pair of islands. Six islands were studied. A. Sagrei was introduced on three of the islands, and the other three islands were used for comparison
Prior to introducing a. Segrei, data on the perch height of untouched A. Carolinensis were gathered on the three islands.
What was done to account for temporal change?In order to account for temporal change, the perch height of both species was measured repeatedly over the course of the experiment's three years. By choosing three different-sized islands—two large, two medium, and two small—and doing the identical experiment on each pair of islands, we can take into account any potential effects of island size.
How many island?Just three of the six islands received the introduction of a. Segrei; the other three served as comparison islands to eliminate any possible island-specific impacts.
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What would expect to find on C-fern culture that had a high
density of germinating Wild type (WT) spores, compared to a C-fern
culture which had a low-density of germinating Wild type (WT)
spores?
By asymmetric cell division, fern spore germination creates a rhizoid and protonemal cell, which later evolve into a gametophyte.
What benefit does the life cycle of the C fern offer?The fern life cycle has the benefit of integrating an indeterminate and complicated diploid sporophyte with a sizeable free-living haploid gametophyte, which is more amenable to developmental research than the smaller seed plant gametophyte.
What is the title of the structure that the nephrolepis spore develops into?These spores generate a new structure known as the protothallus upon germination.A small, discrete, multicellular gametocytes structure that is separate from the main plant body is known as a protothallus.
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Please explain and cite sources if possible. Thank you!
1. What are the 3 major groups of helminths? Explain and give 1
example for each group.
Helminths are parasitic worms that live in the intestines and other parts of the body. They are categorized into three major groups: 1) Nematodes (roundworms), 2) Trematodes (flukes), and 3) Cestodes (tapeworms).
1) Nematodes (roundworms): These are unsegmented worms with cylindrical bodies. They live in the intestines, lungs, and other tissues. An example of a nematode is Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a roundworm that causes ascariasis, a common intestinal infection in humans.
2) Trematodes (flukes): These are flat, leaf-shaped worms that live in the intestines, liver, and other organs. An example of a trematode is Schistosoma, which is a fluke that causes schistosomiasis, a disease that affects the urinary and intestinal systems.
3) Cestodes (tapeworms): These are segmented worms that live in the intestines. An example of a cestode is Taenia saginata, which is a tapeworm that causes taeniasis, a disease that can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
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Two broad concepts exist regarding the action of hormones at the cell membrane, based on the chemical structure/composition (polarity) of the hormone. What are the respective mechanisms whereby the "signal" is detected and transmitted intracellularly, eventually affecting DNA transcription? Explain.
Two broad concepts exist regarding the action of hormones at the cell membrane, based on the chemical structure/composition (polarity) of the hormone. The respective mechanisms whereby the "signal" is detected and transmitted intracellularly, eventually affecting DNA transcription are the water-soluble hormones and the lipid-soluble hormones.
Water-soluble hormones, such as peptide hormones, are polar and cannot pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Therefore, they bind to a receptor on the cell membrane, which activates a second messenger system within the cell. This second messenger system transmits the signal intracellularly, eventually affecting DNA transcription.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, are nonpolar and can pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. They bind to an intracellular receptor, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to specific regions of DNA. This binding affects DNA transcription and the expression of specific genes. In summary, water-soluble hormones transmit their signal through a second messenger system on the cell membrane, while lipid-soluble hormones transmit their signal through an intracellular receptor that directly affects DNA transcription.
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1. What are the two main purposes for water storage tanks in a
water distribution system?
2. Identify three consequences of excessive groundwater
withdrawal.
1. Two main purposes for water storage tanks in a water distribution system: There are two main purposes for water storage tanks in a water distribution system. The first one is that they assist in meeting high water demands. Water storage tanks are required to store enough water to satisfy high demand times in the distribution system. During the day, when water use is high, storage tanks help to satisfy this demand.
The second function is that they assist in maintaining system pressure. The storage tank water can be released during high demand times to increase system pressure, ensuring that water is available throughout the distribution network.
2. Three consequences of excessive groundwater withdrawal: Overextraction of groundwater has a number of consequences. As a result of excessive groundwater pumping, the water table may fall, causing wells to dry up, and the groundwater may become saline, rendering it unusable for drinking or irrigation.
Furthermore, it might cause land subsidence, which is the sinking of the earth's surface due to water withdrawal, which can cause property damage and loss of soil fertility. As a result, it's critical to limit groundwater withdrawal and to closely monitor water usage in regions where it's critical.
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help me please im so confused
The correct response is option D
What is the acquired traits misconception before Mendel?Before Mendel's work on genetics, there was a common misconception that acquired traits could be passed on from one generation to the next. This idea was known as the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, or Lamarckism, named after the biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Lamarck proposed that organisms could acquire new traits during their lifetime through the use or disuse of certain organs, and that these acquired traits could then be passed on to their offspring.
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A sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment, resulting in a gene pool quite unlike the original is called:
Select one:
a. Bottleneck effect.
b. Gene flow.
c. Artificial selection.
d. Natural selection.
A sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment, resulting in a gene pool quite unlike the original is called bottle neck effect. The correct answer is A.
The bottleneck effect occurs when a population experiences a sudden decrease in size due to an environmental change, such as a natural disaster or human interference. This results in a gene pool that is significantly different from the original population, as only a small number of individuals survive and contribute to the new population's genetic makeup. This can lead to a loss of genetic diversity and an increase in genetic drift, which can have a significant impact on the population's ability to adapt and survive in the future.
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what is the whales closest living relative? Give reasons why you choose this animal?
ANSWER NOW PLEASE!!
Answer:
Hippos and whales may look different in many ways, but they are actually each others' closest living relatives—sharing a common ancestor that lived about 55 million years ago.
Of the following issues with scientific research prior to modern bioethics, which was NOT mentioned by the textbook as being an issue? a) The research resulted in a high number of casualties. b) Research subjects were often poor or persons of color. c) Researchers only cared about making a profit. d) Researchers did not always get the consent of research subjects.
The issue with scientific research prior to modern bioethics that was NOT mentioned by the textbook as being an issue is researchers only cared about making a profit.
So, the correct answer is C.
Before modern bioethics, researchers cared about gaining scientific knowledge and understanding, rather than making a profit. However, the other issues mentioned in the question (a) resulting in a high number of casualties, b) research subjects being often poor or persons of color, and d) researchers not always getting the consent of research subjects were all issues prior to modern bioethics.
Answer: c) Researchers only cared about making a profit.
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Tell us about a recent experimental discovery involving DNA. Tell
what the investigators found, and the impact that discovery
has.
A recent experimental discovery involving DNA was the identification of a new gene that plays a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The impact of this discovery is associated with advances in finding new treatments for Alzheimer's disease.
The gene, called TREM2, was found to be mutated in people with a higher risk of developing the disease. The discovery of this gene could lead to new treatments for Alzheimer's and a better understanding of the disease.
The investigators used DNA sequencing techniques to compare the DNA of people with Alzheimer's disease to those without the disease. They found that the TREM2 gene was mutated in a small percentage of people with Alzheimer's, indicating that it could play a role in the development of the disease.
This discovery has the potential to impact the way that Alzheimer's disease is treated and understood. It could lead to new treatments that target the TREM2 gene, and it could also help researchers to identify other genes that may be involved in the development of the disease. Overall, this discovery is an important step forward in the field of Alzheimer's research.
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can i get some help with this please that knows the answer to this thank u
Question 13
What shift in population growth has occurred by Point A?
A: the birth rate and death rates are equal
B: the rate of emigration equals the death rate
C: the population sizes of the organisms and its predator are equalized
D: there will be more food available than the population can consume
Answer:
A. Birth rate and death rates are equal
Explanation:
Since the graph plateaus this means that the number of organisms in the community has reached the carrying capacity. At this point the environment cannot support more organisms.
How does DNA Polymerase/RNA Polymerase know what nucleotides to polymerize during DNA replication/transcription?
DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are enzymes responsible for polymerizing nucleotides during DNA replication and transcription, respectively. Both enzymes use a template strand of DNA to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA or DNA, respectively.
What does the sequence of template provide ?The sequence of the template strand of DNA provides the information needed for DNA or RNA polymerase to know what nucleotides to polymerize.
DNA polymerase reads the sequence of the template strand of DNA and selects the corresponding nucleotide to add to the growing complementary strand. Similarly, RNA polymerase reads the sequence of the template strand of DNA and selects the corresponding ribonucleotide to add to the growing RNA strand.
The nucleotides are selected based on the base-pairing rules, which dictate that adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and with uracil (U) in RNA, and that cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
Therefore, By following these rules, the enzymes ensure that the new DNA or RNA strand is complementary to the template strand and that the genetic information is faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Cell extracts of a previously uncharacterized organism catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP, showing Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 3.5 x 10-5 M and a Vmax of 90 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹. (mg indicated the amount of total enzyme) (a) Calculate the velocity of the ATPase reaction at the following ATP concentrations: (i) S = 0.75 x 10-6 M (ii) S = 2.5 x 10-4 M (iii) S= 0.035 M (b) What would Vmax be in the presence of 0.0015 M concentration of a competitive inhibitor of ATPase that had a K₁ of 0.0015 M?
At 0.75 x 10-6 M ATP, the velocity of the reaction is 1.78 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹. At 2.5 x 10-4 M ATP, the velocity of the reaction is 63.16 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹. At 0.035 M ATP, the velocity of the reaction is 79.73 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹. Vmax in the presence of 0.0015 M concentration of a competitive inhibitor of ATPase would be 66.8 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹.
We can solve this problems using Michaelis Menten Kinetics.1. Michaelis Menten Equation is given by V = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S]), whereV = velocity of the reaction,Vmax = maximum velocity of the reaction,[S] = concentration of substrate,Km = Michaelis Menten constant.
(a)When the concentration of ATP (S) is 0.75 x 10^-6 M,
V = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])V = (90 x 0.75 x 10^-6) / (3.5 x 10^-5 + 0.75 x 10^-6) = 1.78 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹
When the concentration of ATP (S) is 2.5 x 10^-4 M,V = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])V = (90 x 2.5 x 10^-4) / (3.5 x 10^-5 + 2.5 x 10^-4) = 63.16 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹
When the concentration of ATP (S) is 0.035 M,V = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])V = (90 x 0.035) / (3.5 x 10^-5 + 0.035) = 79.73 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹
(b) When the concentration of the competitive inhibitor is 0.0015 M with a K₁ of 0.0015 M,The velocity of the reaction is reduced to half when [S] = K_m = 3.5 x 10^-5 M.With inhibitor, the velocity of the reaction becomes
V = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S] (1 + [I] / K_i))V / 2 = (Vmax 3.5 x 10^-5) / (3.5 x 10^-5 + 3.5 x 10^-5 (1 + 0.0015 / 0.0015))1/2 = 1 / (1 + 1) = 0.5Vmax = (V / [S]) x (Km + [S])Vmax = (0.5 x 2.54 x 10^4) / (3.5 x 10^-5 + 2.54 x 10^-4) = 66.8 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹
Thus, Vmax in the presence of 0.0015 M concentration of a competitive inhibitor of ATPase would be 66.8 μmol-min-¹.mg-¹.
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What are all of the
differences in the Electron Transport System
between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite and
Plasmodium falciparum parasites?
There are differences in the Electron Transport System between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite and Plasmodium falciparum parasites.
In Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite, the electron transport chain is underdeveloped, and it lacks functional complexes I and III, which are part of the ETC.
Instead, this parasite has a simplified ETC consisting of a single NADH dehydrogenase that transfers electrons to the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic group of a disulfide-reducing flavoprotein.
On the other hand, the electron transport chain in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has a modified structure.
Malaria parasites lack many conventional ETC components, and their mitochondrial electron transport chain has some unique features, such as a di-iron protein complex not found in any other eukaryotic ETC.
The respiratory chain is an important part of P. falciparum, driving the formation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis.
However, the entire complex III of the electron transport chain is absent in this parasite.
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1. The BOD5 of a sewage treatment plant effluent is 18 mg/L and the effluent discharge is 4.6 ML/d. The effluent flows into a stream with a BOD5 of 1.75 mg/L and the streamflow is 56 ML/d. What is the combined BOD5 in the stream just below the mixing zone
2. What are the three different types of water quality standards enforced by EPA and state regulatory agencies? Which of the three types of standards is most difficult to enforce?
3. Colloidal particles in an untreated suspension usually have a mix of electrostatic charges making them tend to stick together and easy to filter. True or False?
4. A 240 m section of newly installed 205 mm diameter water main is pressure tested for leakage. It was observed that 12 L of water was pumped into the pipeline to maintain the required pressure of 1000 kPa. The pipe sections are 6 m long between joints. Has the allowable rate of leakage been exceeded?
The combined BOD5 in the stream just below the mixing zone is 1.79 mg/L. The types of water quality standards enforced by EPA and state regulatory agencies are Technology-based standards. Colloidal particles in an untreated suspension usually have a mix of electrostatic charges .The allowable rate of leakage has not been exceeded.
BOD5 is the biological oxygen demand of water measured over a period of 5 days. BOD is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms for decomposition of organic material in water.
The three different types of water quality standards enforced by EPA and state regulatory agencies are:Technology-based standards that limit pollutants based on control technologies. Water quality standards are chemical, biological, and physical criteria that are used to determine the quality of water.
It is true that colloidal particles in an untreated suspension usually have a mix of electrostatic charges making them tend to stick together and easy to filter.
Has the allowable rate of leakage been exceeded?Allowable rate of leakage,
R= (Total volume of leakage/ Total test time)/ Length of pipe section.
Total test time = 2 hours = 120 minutes. Pipe sections are 6m long between joints.Length of 240m pipeline, L=240m/6m= 40.
No of pipe sections= 40Volume of pipeline= π r² LVolume of pipeline= π (0.205/2)² × 240 m = 6.622 m³= 6622 L
From the given data, Total volume of leakage = 12 L
The allowable rate of leakage, R = (Total volume of leakage/ Total test time)/ Length of pipe section= (12L/120 minutes) ÷ 40 = 0.0025 L/min/m². At 1000kPa pressure, the allowable leakage rate is 0.05 L/min/m².The allowable rate of leakage has not been exceeded.
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What is the probability that two blood type O parents will
produce a child with blood type A?
The probability that two blood type O parents will produce a child with blood type A is 0%.
This is because blood type O is recessive, meaning that an individual with blood type O carries two copies of the O allele.
In order for a child to have blood type A, they must inherit at least one copy of the A allele from one of their parents. Since both parents have blood type O, they do not carry the A allele and therefore cannot pass it on to their child.
Therefore, the probability of two blood type O parents producing a child with blood type A is 0%.
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a. Write a recurrence equation describing reproduction in a bacterium that can reproduce itself by binary fission. Also write the initial condition that corresponds to saying that the
first term in sequence is 1
b. Use technology to calculate how many bacteria those would be after every 30 minutes till 10 hours, if the bacteria could reproduce itself by binary fission every 30 minutes. Start with one bacterium. You can use Wolfram Alpha by typing in your answer to part (a). You can one bacterium. AK MATTE As it Mathemtica. There is also Mathematica Online. To use these programs you need to convert the problem into the syntax used by these programs.
c. Plot the growth graph for the sequence that satisfies the equations you wrote in part (a).
d. Transform the equation that you got in part (a) into and exponential growth equation, that you learned about in class (of the form N(t) = Noert). Write the value of r in the equation.
a) The recurrence equation describing reproduction in a bacterium that can reproduce itself by binary fission is A_n = 2A_(n-1)
b) To calculate how many bacteria there would be after every 30 minutes till 10 hours, we can use the recurrence equation and the initial condition that we found in part (a) and plug them into Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica.
c) To plot the growth graph for the sequence that satisfies the equations we wrote in part (a), we can use the same recurrence equation and initial condition and plug them into Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica.
d) To transform the equation that we got in part (a) into an exponential growth equation, we can use the formula N(t) = Noert
a )The initial condition that corresponds to saying that the first term in the sequence is 1 is:
A_1 = 1
b ) In Wolfram Alpha, we can type in:
RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == 2*a[n - 1], a[1] == 1}, a, {n, 1, 20}]
This will give us the number of bacteria after every 30 minutes till 10 hours (20 terms in the sequence).
c ) In Wolfram Alpha, we can type in:
ListPlot[RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == 2*a[n - 1], a[1] == 1}, a, {n, 1, 20}]]
This will give us a plot of the growth of the bacteria over time.
d ) Where N(t) is the number of bacteria at time t, No is the initial number of bacteria, e is the base of the natural logarithm, and r is the growth rate.
Since the bacteria can reproduce itself by binary fission every 30 minutes, the growth rate is:
r = ln(2)/0.5 = 1.386
So the exponential growth equation is:
N(t) = 1*e^(1.386*t)
And the value of r in the equation is:
r = 1.386
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Research all the different ways human reproductive anatomy can
vary. Why do you think that it is the case for each one?
There are many ways in which the human reproductive anatomy can vary, including differences in genital size and shape, the presence or absence of internal reproductive organs, and variations in hormone production and sensitivity. These variations can arise due to a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and developmental processes. In some cases, variations in reproductive anatomy may be associated with differences in reproductive function or fertility.
For example, men with smaller testicles may produce less sperm, while women with certain hormonal imbalances may have difficulty becoming pregnant. In other cases, reproductive anatomy variations may not have any functional impact, but may still be subject to social stigma or prejudice. For example, individuals with intersex traits (who have both male and female reproductive anatomy) may face discrimination or prejudice due to their non-binary status. Despite the many ways in which human reproductive anatomy can vary, it is important to recognize that there is no "normal" or "correct" form of human sexuality. Rather, each person's reproductive anatomy is unique, and should be accepted and respected for its inherent diversity and complexity.
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1. Compare and contrast the electrical properties of the three muscles. (5pts) 2. Compare the speed and suration of contraction in the three muscles (5pts)
Skeletal muscles have the fastest action potentials and contract quickly, while smooth muscles have the slowest action potentials and contract slowly, and cardiac muscles have moderate action potentials and a longer duration of contraction than skeletal muscles.
1. The three types of muscles in the human body are the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The electrical properties of these muscles differ in terms of their action potentials and the speed at which they contract.
2. In terms of the speed and duration of contraction:
Skeletal muscles have the fastest contraction speed and the shortest duration of contractionCardiac muscles have a moderate contraction speed and a longer duration of contraction than skeletal musclesSmooth muscles have the slowest contraction speed and the longest duration of contraction.Overall, the electrical properties and contraction speed and duration of the three muscles are different, allowing them to perform their specific functions in the body.
Skeletal muscles are used for movement, cardiac muscles are used to pump blood, and smooth muscles are used to control the movement of substances through organs.
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