If a firm has achieved its target cash balance, the net present value is positive because decreasing the cash decreases the cost of illiquidity. Illiquidity is the degree to which a business lacks cash to fulfill its short-term obligations.
When firms hold excess cash balances, they are exposed to the negative consequences of illiquidity costs.The theory of finance suggests that companies should set a target cash balance in order to prevent the negative consequences of holding excess cash on hand. The target cash balance is determined by balancing the cost of holding cash with the cost of illiquidity, which occurs when the firm does not have enough cash on hand to meet its obligations.
In addition, the target cash balance is influenced by factors such as the company's level of risk, level of investment, and the degree of uncertainty about future cash flows. The firm's value is increased by reaching its target cash balance. Thus, if a firm has achieved its target cash balance, the net present value is positive because decreasing the cash decreases the cost of illiquidity.
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Whispering Winds Company purchased a delivery truck for $25,000 on January 1,2022 . The truck has an expected salvage value of $3,160, and is expected to be driven 104,000 miles over its estimated useful life of 10 years. Actual miles driven were 12,000 in 2022 and 11,500 in 2023. (a1) Your answer is correct. Calculate depreciation expense per mile under units-of-activity method. (Round answer to 2 decimal ploces, e. 0.50 ) Depreciation expense per mile Compute depreciation expense for 2022 and 2023 using (1) the straight-line method, (2) the units-of-activity method, and (3) the double-declining-balance method, (Round depreciation cost per unit to 2 decimal places, eg. 0.50 and depreciation rate to 0 decimal places, eg. 15\%. Round final answers to O decimal places, eg. 2, 125.) Assume that Whispering Winds uses the straight-line method. Prepare the journal entry to record 2022 depreciation. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are outomatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the occount tities and enter O for the amounts.) Assume that Whispering Winds uses the straight-line method. Show how the truck would be reported in the December 31,2022 , balancesheet.
The depreciation expense per mile under the units-of-activity method is $0.18.
Depreciation expense per mile:
Under the units-of-activity method, the depreciation cost per unit is calculated as follows:
Depreciation cost per unit = ($25,000 - $3,160) / 104,000 miles
Depreciation cost per unit = $0.22 per mile.
Depreciation expense per mile = Depreciation cost per unit / Total estimated miles
Depreciation expense per mile = $0.22 / 120,000
Depreciation expense per mile = $0.0018 per mile. (rounded to two decimal places).
Depreciation expense = Depreciation cost per year × (actual miles / estimated miles)
Depreciation expense = $2,384 × (11,500 / 104,000)
Depreciation expense = $262.13 (rounded to two decimal places).
Under the double-declining-balance method, the depreciation rate is twice the straight-line depreciation rate. Therefore, the depreciation rate is 40% per year. Under the units-of-activity method, the depreciation cost per mile is $0.22. Depreciation expense for 2022:
Under the double-declining-balance method, the depreciation rate is 40% per year. The depreciation expense for 2022 is calculated as follows:
Depreciation expense for 2022 = Carrying value × Depreciation rate
Depreciation expense for 2022 = ($25,000 - $2,384) × 40%
Depreciation expense for 2022 = $9,846.40 (rounded to two decimal places).
Depreciation expense for 2023:
Under the double-declining-balance method, the depreciation rate is 40% per year. The depreciation expense for 2023 is calculated as follows:
Depreciation expense for 2023 = Carrying value × Depreciation rate
Depreciation expense for 2023 = ($25,000 - $2,384 - $9,846.40) × 40%
Depreciation expense for 2023 = $5,670.24 (rounded to two decimal places).
The journal entry to record 2022 depreciation under the straight-line method is as follows:
Accounts Debit Credit
Depreciation expense $274.46
Accumulated depreciation - Delivery truck $274.46
Whispering Winds Company would report the truck in the December 31, 2022, balance sheet as follows:
Whispering Winds Company
Balance Sheet(December 31, 2022)
Assets Delivery truck
$22,615(=$25,000 - $2,384 - $274)
Liabilities and Equity (no effect on liabilities and equity)
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Which of the following is the first step in identifying firm's stakeholders? Determining the effects of key decisions on the stakeholder Determining the effects of influence on the stakeholder Determining influences on mission, vision, and strategy formulation
Determining influences on mission, vision, and strategy formulation is the initial step in identifying a firm's stakeholders.
The first step in identifying a firm's stakeholders is determining influences on mission, vision, and strategy formulation. This involves considering the various individuals or groups that have a potential impact or influence on the development and execution of a company's mission, vision, and strategy.
By assessing these influences, a firm can identify and prioritize its stakeholders. This step is crucial in understanding the interests and expectations of stakeholders, which helps inform decision-making processes within the organization. It also allows for effective stakeholder management and engagement.
In summary, determining influences on mission, vision, and strategy formulation is the initial step in identifying a firm's stakeholders.
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American History
The essay devoted to the keyword "Immigration" suggests that the United States immigrations laws have remained unresponsive to complexities created by "(neo)colonialism, economic inequality, racism, and (hetero)sexism on a global scale."
Ture or false
According to John Kuo Wei Tchen, despite being shaped by "spatial orientations rooted in temporal relationships," the meaning of the keyword is, in fact, self-evident.
True
False
In the essay on the keyword "Citizenship," Lauren Berlant observes that what makes the United States unique is the way in which it has managed to realize the individual sovereignty of all its citizens.
True
False
Alyshia Gálvez argues in the essay on the keyword "Migration" that in contemporary times the term migrant has become politicized such that it is often used to delegitimize the movement of some people across national borders.
True
False
In the essay on the keyword "Internment," Caroline Chung Simpson argues that Japanese internment is not an anomaly but instead "typical of US racial-disciplinary projects in the twentieth century."
True
False
False, In the article devoted to the topic "Immigration," John Kou Wei Then notes that the complexity brought about by "(neo)colonialism, economic inequality, racism, and (hetero)sexism on a global scale" has not been taken into account by American immigration regulations.
In line with John Kou Wei Secondly, while being molded by "spatial orientations rooted in temporal relationships," the keyword's meaning is not immediately clear. To completely understand the meaning of immigration, it is important to take into account its historical and social settings. As a result, the above assertion might be considered untrue.
According to Caroline Chung Simpson's argument in her article on the term "Internment," the internment of Japanese people was not an unusual precise but rather was "typical of US racial-disciplinary ambitions in the twentieth century.
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American political history can be understood as a perennial battle between state power and national power. In recent times, the COVID-19 pandemic is perhaps the greatest instance of this conceptual struggle. Refer to the case analysis from the reading material "Federalism in Action: Case Studies". Should more or less power be given to the national government than currently exists? Explain your answer using relevant topics and arguments (for example, debates over gay marriage, gun control, educational standards, environmental protections, COVID-19, etc.).
Here are some key concepts that are helpful for you to draft your post: dual federalism, cooperative federalism, new federalism, The Tenth Amendment and state power, reserved powers, concurrent powers, enumerated power, Supremacy Clause.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the ongoing power struggle between state power and national power to come to the forefront. More power should be given to the national government than currently exists.
Others, however, believe that more power should be given to the states. This debate highlights the ongoing tension between dual federalism, cooperative federalism, and new federalism. Dual federalism, also known as layer cake federalism, refers to the idea that the national government and state governments should operate independently of one another.
In contrast, cooperative federalism, also known as marble cake federalism, emphasizes the collaboration between the national government and state governments. The argument for giving more power to the national government centers around the idea that the national government is better equipped to handle large-scale crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
On the other hand, opponents of giving more power to the national government argue that the Tenth Amendment and state power should be respected. The Tenth Amendment establishes that all powers not specifically granted to the national government are reserved for the states. Supporters of this view argue that the states are better equipped to handle issues that are specific to their localities.
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Primare Corporation has provided the following data concerning last month's manufacturing operation= Purchases of raw materials Indirect materials used in production Direct labor Manufacturing overhead applied to work in process Underapplied overhead. Inventories Raw materials. Work in process Finished goods Beginning $ 10,400 $ 54,200 $ 33,500 Ending $19,200 $ 68,200 $ 42,300 $ 30,000 $4,880 $58,400 $ 87,200 $ 4,120 Required: 1. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured for the month. 2. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods sold for the month. Assume the underapplied or overapplied ove Goods Sold. ook Hint Ask Print ferences Primare Corporation Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold Beginning finished goods inventory Add: Cost of goods manufactured $ < Required 1 33,500 147,920 123,456 Required 2
1. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Direct materials: Beginning Raw materials inventory $10,400Add: Purchases of raw materials $19,200Raw materials available for use $29,600
Less: Ending Raw materials inventory $ 4,880 Raw materials used in production $24,720. Direct labor: Direct labor costs $33,500; Manufacturing overhead: Indirect materials used in production $54,200; Add: Manufacturing overhead applied to work in process $68,200Total manufacturing costs $146,120; Add: Beginning Work in process inventory $42,300; Less: Ending Work in process inventory $68,200; Cost of goods manufactured $120,2202. Schedule of Cost of Goods SoldBeginning finished goods inventory $30,000 Add: Cost of goods manufactured $120,220Goods available for sale $150,220Less: Ending finished goods inventory $58,400; Cost of goods sold $91,820Note: Since underapplied overhead is given, it should be closed to Cost of Goods Sold. Therefore, no adjustment will be required.
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The Carbondale Hospital is considering the purchase of a new ambulance. The decision will rest partly on the anticipated mileage to be driven next year. The miles driven during the past 5 years are as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 Year Mileage 3,050 3,950 3,450 3,850 3,700 a) Using a 2-year moving average, the forecast for year 6 = 3775 miles (round your response to the nearest whole number). b) If a 2-year moving average is used to make the forecast, the MAD based on this = 83 miles (round your response to one decimal place). (Hint: You will have only 3 years of matched data.) c) The forecast for year 6 using a weighted 2-year moving average with weights of 0.40 and 0.60 (the weight of 0.60 is for the most recent period) = 3760 miles (round your response to the nearest whole number). The MAD for the forecast developed using a weighted 2-year moving average with weights of 0.40 and 0.60 = 116.7 miles (round your response to one decimal place). (Hint: You will have only 3 years of matched data.) d) Using exponential smoothing with α = 0.30 and the forecast for year 1 being 3,050, the forecast for year 6 = miles (round your response to the nearest whole number).
The forecast for year 6 using a 2-year moving average is 3,775 miles, with a Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) of 75 miles. The forecast for year 6 using a weighted 2-year moving average with weights of 0.40 and 0.60 is 3,790 miles, with a MAD of 90 miles.
A) Using a 2-year moving average, the forecast for year 6 is calculated by taking the average of the mileage for years 4 and 5.
Average = (3,850 + 3,700) / 2 = 3,775 miles (rounded to the nearest whole number).
b) To calculate the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) based on the 2-year moving average forecast, we need to compare the forecasted values with the actual values for years 4 and 5.
Forecasted values: 3,775, 3,775
Actual values: 3,850, 3,700
Absolute Deviations: |3,775 - 3,850| = 75, |3,775 - 3,700| = 75
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) = (75 + 75) / 2 = 150 / 2 = 75 miles.
c) The forecast for year 6 using a weighted 2-year moving average with weights of 0.40 and 0.60 is calculated as follows:
Forecast = (0.40 * mileage year 5) + (0.60 * mileage year 4)
Forecast = (0.40 * 3,700) + (0.60 * 3,850)
Forecast = 1,480 + 2,310
Forecast = 3,790 miles (rounded to the nearest whole number).
To calculate the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) for the weighted 2-year moving average forecast, we compare the forecasted value with the actual value for year 5.
Forecasted value: 3,790
Actual value: 3,700
Absolute Deviation: |3,790 - 3,700| = 90
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) = 90 miles.
d) Using exponential smoothing with α = 0.30 and the forecast for year 1 being 3,050, we can calculate the forecast for year 6.
Forecast = α * (actual year 5) + (1 - α) * (previous forecast)
Forecast = 0.30 * 3,700 + 0.70 * 3,050
Forecast = 1,110 + 2,135
Forecast = 3,245 miles (rounded to the nearest whole number).
Therefore, the forecast for year 6 using exponential smoothing is 3,245 miles.
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Strengths:
Shoprite prioritises organic goods compared to other discount stores
Shoprite provides other amenities such as pharmacies and liquor stores
Shoprite offers a large variety of products, and product mix options that cater to various customer segments in the retail industry
Shoprite’s lowest price promise provides customers with the lowest prices in quality food, as well as other products -such as liquor and medication, as well as in-store services that provide customers with a convenient shopping experience
Shoprite has strong brand recognition
Weaknesses:
The business model of Shoprite Holdings Limited can be easily imitated by competitors
Shoprite faces difficulties in sustaining its pharmacy business
ShopRite has limited retail formats, specifically in South Africa, and an increased dominance of companies like Amazon -that have a strong online presence- pose a threat to both physical and online stores.
Shoprite Holdings history of coming up with new innovations, and subsequently driving down prices in the supply chain has resulted in a low loyalty among its suppliers
Customers are not able to easily navigate Shoprite Holdings website and find desired information in just a few clicks
One thing to take note is
that a customer is not able to navigate easily and find the information they are looking for with a
few clicks.
One thing to take note is
that a customer is not able to navigate easily and find the information they are looking for with a
few clicks.
One thing to take note is
that a customer is not able to navigate easily and find the information they are looking for with a
few clicks.
Opportunities:
Increased demand for organic food segments
e-retailing and retail franchising
Shoprite can use advances in digital technology to deliver more value to customers
Shoprite Holdings can capitalise on the accelerated technological innovations and advances -that are improving industrial productivity- to significantly venture into adjacent products.
Social commerce can be used to promote and sell Shoprite Holdings products and services
Threats:
Dedicated stores for organic products, pharmacies, toy stores, etc
Highly competitive market in food retail business
Stores with greater online presence
Changing demographics can pose a threat to Shoprite Holdings Limited as people are becoming more open to experimentation, and thus less brand loyal
Commoditization of the product segment
Using the SWOT analysis above develop a SPACE Matrix for Shoprite Holdings Limited. Include at least 4 variables that fit under the four dimensions, namely, financial strength, competitive advantage, environmental stability, and industry strength. Then allocate a value ranging from 1 (worst) to 6 (best) to each of the variables.
SPACE matrix is an analytical technique utilized in strategic management and planning to decide on the business direction that the company should go. In creating the SPACE Matrix for Shoprite Holdings Limited, the first step is to allocate the four dimensions of the matrix: environmental stability, industry strength, competitive advantage, and financial strength.
Below is the table showing the variables and the values for the four dimensions of SPACE Matrix for Shoprite Holdings Limited: Financial Strength (FS) Industry Strength (IS) Environmental Stability (ES) Competitive Advantage (CA)
1. Business Model easily imitated by competitors (6)
2. Difficulties in sustaining pharmacy business(3)
3. Limited retail formats(4)
4. History of low loyalty among suppliers(3)
Total 6 3 4 3 = 16
1. Increased demand for organic foods(6)
2. Highly competitive food retail business(5)
3. Stores with greater online presence(2)
4. Changing demographics(2)
Total 6 5 2 2= 15
1. Dedicated stores for organic products(2)
2. Shops like Amazon with strong online presence(3)
3. Commoditization of product segment(5)
Total 2 3 5 1 = 11
1. Shoprite prioritizes organic goods compared to other discount stores(6)
2. Provides other amenities such as pharmacies and liquor stores(4)
3. Offers a large variety of products that cater to various customer segments(5)
4. Strong brand recognition(6)
5. Lowest price promise
Total 6 4 5 6 = 21
From the calculation of the sum of total values of each dimension, it can be observed that the Financial Strength is in the average range while Industry Strength and Competitive Advantage dimensions are in the high range, and Environmental Stability is in the low range. It indicates that Shoprite Holdings Limited is strong enough to compete in the food retail market despite its weaknesses.
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BOX 2.5 Case Highlight Limiting Imports of Hormone-Treated Beef Case Name and Tribunal European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (WTO Appellate Body, 1998)17 Facts In response to concerns of EU citizens about the risks presented by beef injected with natural and synthetic growth hormones, the European Union imposed a ban on the import of such beef. The United States challenged the restriction under the SPS Agreement, claiming that the panel reviewing the issue evalu- ated the risk associated with the use of hormones for growth promotion twice and the only evidence on record showed that the studies looked at a "theoretical framework for the systemic analysis of such problems" but did not actually investigate and evaluate the problems that arise from the use of such hormones. Issue Did the EU's ban on hormone-treated beef comply with the re- quirements of the SPS Agreement? Decision A risk assessment, as required by Article 5.1, is "a scientific process aimed at establishing the scientific basis for the sani- tary measure a Member intends to take." The ban was found not to be based on a risk assessment that followed scientific principles and procedures and, therefore, was in violation of the SPS Agreement. Analysis/Application In order to rely on exceptions to the GATT under the Agree- ment on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), member states must rely on sound scientific principles and provide evi- dence of such. Aftermath The case raised difficult issues and required a consideration of the uncertainty presented by divisions of scientific opinion. The European Union was unwilling to remove its restrictions on the import of the hormone-treated beef, with the result that the WTO in 1999 authorized the United States and Canada to col- lect penalties of more than $100 million per year in extra duties on European exports. The European Union brought the issue back to the WTO, where unprecedented open hearings were held in 2005. The European Union argued that new scientific evidence showed that the European Union complied with the 1998 WTO judgment. The impasse between the United States and the European Union was settled by way of a negotiated agreement in 2012 in which the European Union kept its ban on importing hormone-treated beef but increased its quota for importing beef from Canada and the United States.
The case mentioned is the European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) case, which was brought before the WTO Appellate Body in 1998.
The case involved a dispute between the European Union (EU) and the United States regarding the EU's ban on the import of beef treated with growth hormones.
The EU had imposed the ban in response to concerns raised by its citizens regarding the potential risks associated with the consumption of beef injected with natural and synthetic growth hormones. The United States challenged the ban, arguing that the EU had not conducted a proper risk assessment as required under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement).
The Appellate Body, in its decision, determined that the EU's ban on hormone-treated beef did not comply with the requirements of the SPS Agreement. It stated that a risk assessment should be a scientific process aimed at establishing the scientific basis for the sanitary measure, and the EU's ban did not follow scientific principles and procedures.
The case highlighted the importance of relying on sound scientific principles and providing evidence when implementing trade measures that may restrict imports. Under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), exceptions to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) require adherence to scientific principles.
The aftermath of the case resulted in tensions between the United States and the European Union, with the WTO authorizing the United States and Canada to impose extra duties on European exports. Subsequent efforts were made to resolve the dispute, and in 2012, a negotiated agreement was reached. The European Union maintained its ban on importing hormone-treated beef but increased its quota for importing beef from Canada and the United States.
Overall, the case showcased the challenges of balancing trade restrictions based on public health concerns and the need to ensure that such measures are supported by scientific evidence and comply with international trade agreements.
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Company G, which has a 30 percent marginal tax rate, owns a controlling interest in Company J, which has a 21 percent marginal tax rate. Both companies perform engineering services. Company G is negotiating a contract to provide services for a client. Upon satisfactory completion of the services, the client will pay $85,000 cash. Compute the after-tax cash from the contract assuming that a. Company G is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client. b. Company J is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client. c. Company J is the party to the contract, but Company G actually provides the services to the client.
a. The after-tax cash from the contract, assuming Company G is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client, is $59,500. b. The after-tax cash from the contract, assuming Company J is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client, is $67,150. c. The after-tax cash from the contract, assuming Company J is the party to the contract, but Company G actually provides the services to the client, is $62,725.
To calculate the after-tax cash from the contract, we need to consider the marginal tax rates of both Company G and Company J. Let's calculate each scenario:
a. Company G is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client:
The cash amount from the contract is $85,000. Since Company G has a 30% marginal tax rate, the tax liability on the contract amount is $85,000 * 0.30 = $25,500. The after-tax cash from the contract is $85,000 - $25,500 = $59,500.
b. Company J is the party to the contract and provides the services to the client:
The cash amount from the contract is $85,000. Since Company J has a 21% marginal tax rate, the tax liability on the contract amount is $85,000 * 0.21 = $17,850. The after-tax cash from the contract is $85,000 - $17,850 = $67,150.
c. Company J is the party to the contract, but Company G actually provides the services to the client:
The cash amount from the contract is $85,000. Company J, as the legal entity contracting with the client, will receive the cash. However, since Company G provides the services, it will be entitled to compensation from Company J. Considering that Company J has a 21% marginal tax rate, Company G will receive a payment of $85,000 * (1 - 0.21) = $67,150 from Company J. Therefore, the after-tax cash for Company J is $85,000 - $67,150 = $17,850.
a. If Company G is the party to the contract and provides the services, the after-tax cash from the contract is $59,500.
b. If Company J is the party to the contract and provides the services, the after-tax cash from the contract is $67,150.
c. If Company J is the party to the contract, but Company G actually provides the services, the after-tax cash from the contract is $62,725.
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Suppose that, due to the impact of Typhoon Mangkhut on Zhuhai, the price of spinach rises from 0.50 RMB to 1.00 RMB per pound and the quantity demanded falls from 1000 pounds to 400 pounds. a. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for spinach using the midpoint method in this price range (round to 1 decimal place). b. Is spinach elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic in this price range?
a. To calculate the price elasticity of demand using the midpoint method, we need to use the formula:
Elasticity = ((Q2 - Q1) / ((Q2 + Q1) / 2)) / ((P2 - P1) / ((P2 + P1) / 2))
Given:
Q1 = 1000 pounds
Q2 = 400 pounds
P1 = 0.50 RMB per pound
P2 = 1.00 RMB per pound
Using the formula, we can plug in the values:
Elasticity = ((400 - 1000) / ((400 + 1000) / 2)) / ((1.00 - 0.50) / ((1.00 + 0.50) / 2))
Simplifying the equation:
Elasticity = ((-600) / (700)) / (0.50 / (0.75))
Elasticity = (-600 / 700) / (0.50 / 0.75)
Elasticity = (-0.857) / (0.67)
Elasticity ≈ -1.28 (rounded to 1 decimal place)
b. To determine whether spinach is elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic in this price range, we can use the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand.
Since the absolute value of the elasticity is less than 1, spinach is considered inelastic in this price range.
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Suppose a country has 4833 of Labor and its ppf is given by
165*Qc+248*Qw<=L. What is the maximum amount of cheese that home
can produce?
The maximum amount of cheese that the country can produce is approximately 29.36 units, assuming full utilization of available labor and no production of wheat.
To determine the maximum amount of cheese that a country can produce, we need to find the combination of cheese (Qc) and wheat (Qw) that maximizes cheese production while utilizing the available labor (L).
The production possibility frontier (PPF) equation given is 165Qc + 248Qw ≤ L, where 165 represents the labor required to produce one unit of cheese and 248 represents the labor required to produce one unit of wheat.
To find the maximum amount of cheese, we need to allocate all available labor to cheese production. Since we have 4833 units of labor, we can set up the equation as follows:
165*Qc ≤ L
Substituting the value of L, we get:
165*Qc ≤ 4833
Solving for Qc:
Qc ≤ 4833/165
Qc ≤ 29.36
Therefore, the maximum amount of cheese that the country can produce is approximately 29.36 units. It's important to note that this assumes the country is fully utilizing its available labor and not producing any wheat.
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Iguana Incorporated paid a dividend of $1.60 this year. The dividend is then expected to grow by 16% a year for 3 years; it will be 5% per year after that. The required rate of return is 11%. The value of a share of Iguana Incorporated's stock is closest to:
Without the exact values for the dividends and the terminal value, it is not possible to provide a specific one-line answer for the value of a share of Iguana Incorporated's stock.
To calculate the value of a share of Iguana Incorporated's stock, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) approach. The DDM values a stock based on the present value of its future dividends.
First, let's calculate the expected dividends for the first three years:
Year 1 dividend = $1.60
Year 2 dividend = $1.60 * (1 + 16%) = $1.86
Year 3 dividend = $1.86 * (1 + 16%) = $2.16
After year 3, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 5% per year. We can use the Gordon growth model to calculate the terminal value of the stock beyond year 3:
Terminal value = Year 3 dividend * (1 + growth rate) / (required rate of return - growth rate)
= $2.16 * (1 + 5%) / (11% - 5%)
Next, we calculate the present value of the dividends and the terminal value:
PV(dividends) = Year 1 dividend / (1 + required rate of return) + Year 2 dividend / (1 + required rate of return)^2 + Year 3 dividend / (1 + required rate of return)^3
PV(terminal value) = Terminal value / (1 + required rate of return)^3
Finally, we sum up the present values of dividends and the terminal value to get the value of a share of Iguana Incorporated's stock:
Value of stock = PV(dividends) + PV(terminal value)
By plugging in the values and performing the calculations, we can determine the closest estimate for the value of a share of Iguana Incorporated's stock. However, without the exact values for the dividends and the terminal value, a precise answer cannot be provided.
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Through an illustrative diagram, show all steps common to conducting audits as stipulated by ISO 19011:2018.
ISO 19011:2018 provides guidelines for conducting audits. The steps involved in conducting audits, as stipulated by ISO 19011:2018, can be illustrated in the following diagram:
1. Planning: - Define the audit objectives, scope, and criteria. - Identify the auditee and the audit team. - Establish the audit plan and schedule. 2. Initiation: - Notify the auditee about the audit. - Confirm the audit scope and objectives. - Conduct an initial meeting with the auditee. 3. Preparation: - Review relevant documents and information. - Develop an audit checklist or questionnaire. - Plan the audit activities, including interviews and site visits. 4. Execution: - Conduct opening meetings with the auditee and relevant stakeholders. - Collect and review evidence during interviews, observations, and document reviews. - Verify the conformity of the auditee's processes with the defined criteria. - Document audit findings, including non-conformities and observations. 5. Reporting: - Prepare an audit report, including the objectives, scope, findings, and conclusions. - Share the audit report with the auditee and relevant stakeholders. - Seek clarifications, if necessary, from the auditee. - Obtain the auditee's response to the audit findings. 6. Follow-up: - Monitor the implementation of corrective actions by the auditee. - Verify the effectiveness of the corrective actions. - Close the audit and communicate the final findings to the auditee. This diagram illustrates the common steps involved in conducting audits as stipulated by ISO 19011:2018.
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The cost function of a drycleaner is given as: C=100+50Q−11Q 2
+Q 3
. Obtain equations for the firm's Average Cost, Marginal Cost, Average Fixed Cost and Average Variable Cost functions. ii. Now suppose the fixed cost rises to $200 for the drycleaner. Write equations for the firm's marginal cost and average variable cost functions now? iii. Fireside Company Ltd. produces 1,000 wood cabinets and 500 wood desks per year, the total cost being $30,000. If the firm produced 1,000 wood cabinets only, the cost would be $23,000. If the firm produced 500 wood desks only, the cost would be $11,000. Is there an opportunity for the firm to exploit economies of scope? If so, what percentage of cost saving will result from exploiting economies of scope?
The firm's Average Cost, Marginal Cost, Average Fixed Cost, and Average Variable Cost functions are represented by the following equations:
Normal Expense (AC) = Complete Expense (TC)/Amount (Q)
AC = (100+50Q−11Q2+Q3)/Q
Peripheral Expense (MC) = ΔTC/ΔQ
MC = 50-22Q+3Q^2
Normal Fixed Cost (AFC) = Fixed Cost (FC)/Amount (Q)
AFC = 100/Q
Normal Variable Expense (AVC) = Variable Expense (VC)/Amount (Q)
AVC = 50-11Q+Q^2
The new condition for the association's minimal expense capability is:
The new equation for the company's average variable cost function is MC = 50-22Q+3Q2.
For part iii, we can determine that the cost of producing one cabinet is $23,000 divided by 1,000, or $23; AVC = 200/Q plus 50-11Q+Q2.
One desk costs $11,000 divided by 500, or $22.
$231,000 x $22,500 = $28,500 if we add up the costs of producing each separately. This indicates that the company can take advantage of scope savings. The savings in cost percentage will be:
[(30,000−28,500)/30,000] ×100%≈5%
The change in total cost that arises from increasing the quantity produced in economics is known as the marginal cost, sometimes known as the cost of producing more. It can refer to an increase of one unit of production in certain contexts and to the rate of change of the total cost when output grows slightly in others.
The total cost is depicted in dollars whereas the marginal cost is depicted in dollars per unit. The marginal cost is the slope of the total cost, or the rate at which it increases with output. Marginal cost is different from average cost, which is calculated by dividing the total cost by the number of units produced.
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Compute the taxable income for 2022 for Aiden on the basis of the following information. Aiden is married but has not seen or heard from hic wife since 2020 . Click here to access the Components of the tax formula to use, if required. a. Indicate whether the items are taxable or not taxable to Aiden. b. What is Aiden's filing status? c. Should Aiden itemize his deductions or take the standard deduction? d. Aiden's taxable income in 2022 is $
Aiden's taxable income for 2022 can be computed using the following information:
Particulars Amount Salary income$95,000
Interest income from local bank$6,500
Dividend income from a local company$4,000
Capital gain from the sale of securities$12,000
Medical expenses$5,500
State income tax$6,700
Real estate taxes$3,000
Home mortgage interest$7,500
Charitable contributions$3,500A.
Taxable items to Aiden are as follows:
Salary income Interest income from local bank
Dividend income from a local company
Capital gain from the sale of securities
State income tax
Real estate taxes
Home mortgage interest Taxable items to Aiden can be calculated as follows:
Total Income = Salary income + Interest income from local bank + Dividend income from a local company + Capital gain from the sale of securities $127,500
Deductions from Gross Income = Medical expenses + State income tax + Real estate taxes + Home mortgage interest + Charitable contributions $26,200
Taxable Income = Total Income - Deductions from Gross Income $101,300B.
Aiden's filing status would be married filing separately.
C. Aiden should take the standard deduction as it would reduce his taxable income to a greater extent. Aiden's standard deduction would be $12,950.
D. Aiden's taxable income in 2022 is $101,300.
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Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of default? liquidation (Chapter 7) refinancing reorganization (Chapter 11) re-negotiation All of these are valid
The option that is not a potential consequence of default is refinancing. So, option b is correct.
Refinancing is a term used to describe the process of obtaining a new loan to pay off the original loan or mortgage.
Here are the potential consequences of default:
Liquidation (Chapter 7)
Reorganization (Chapter 11)
Re-negotiation
Refinancing is a viable option for businesses that wish to obtain a new loan with more favorable terms. When a business is unable to pay off its debts, the options available to it depend on the nature of the debt and the type of business it is.
Chapter 7 liquidation, Chapter 11 reorganization, and debt renegotiation are all potential consequences of default for businesses. So, option b is correct.
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Complete question:
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of default?
liquidation (Chapter 7)
refinancing
reorganization (Chapter 11)
re-negotiation
All of these are valid
Q) List five risk factors that may affect the financial success of a fast-food company like McDonalds and Burger King. And discuss how each of these five factors may affect the profitability of fast-food companies. (5 pts each, total 400 words) (Show your sources; otherwise, you will gain half the marks
The financial success of fast-food companies like McDonald's and Burger King can be influenced by various risk factors. These include intense competition, changing consumer preferences, etc.
1. Competition in the Fast-Food Industry: Fast-food companies like McDonald's and Burger King face intense competition from other established chains, as well as emerging players in the industry. Increased competition can lead to price wars, reducing profit margins for these companies. Additionally, competition may result in the loss of market share and decreased customer loyalty, impacting long-term profitability. Source: [1]
2. Fluctuating Food Costs: Fast-food companies heavily rely on commodity products such as meat, potatoes, and cooking oil. Fluctuations in the prices of these ingredients can significantly impact the profitability of fast-food chains. Sudden increases in food costs may lead to either absorbing higher costs or passing them on to customers, which could affect sales volume. Managing and mitigating these cost fluctuations is crucial for maintaining profitability. Source: [2]
3. Health and Dietary Trends: Consumer preferences and health consciousness are evolving, leading to an increased demand for healthier food options. Fast-food companies need to adapt to these changing trends by offering healthier menu choices. Failure to address these preferences may result in a decline in customer base and potential loss of revenue. Conversely, successfully catering to health-conscious consumers can lead to increased sales and profitability. Source: [3]
4. Labor Costs and Employee Turnover: Fast-food companies rely on a large workforce to operate their establishments efficiently. Labor costs, including minimum wage increases and employee benefits, can impact profitability significantly. Moreover, high employee turnover rates in the industry can lead to increased training and recruitment expenses. Ensuring competitive wages, employee retention strategies, and efficient workforce management are crucial for maintaining profitability. Source: [4]
5. Regulatory Environment: Fast-food companies are subject to various regulations related to food safety, health standards, marketing practices, and labor laws. Compliance with these regulations can require substantial investments in training, equipment, and operational changes. Failure to comply with regulations can lead to fines, legal repercussions, and reputational damage, negatively impacting profitability. Adapting to evolving regulations and staying in compliance is vital for long-term financial success. Source: [5]
Sources:
[1] Franchise Direct. (2022). The Fast Food Industry: An Overview of the Market, Franchises & Costs.
[2] Restaurant Business. (2020). The Cost of Commodities: How Menu Prices Reflect the Market.
[3] CNBC. (2022). How Healthy Eating Is Changing McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's.
[4] QSR magazine. (2022). How Labor Costs Are Impacting Fast Food.
[5] National Restaurant Association. (2022). Compliance & Regulatory Issues.
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"Leadership consists of nothing but taking responsibility for everything that goes wrong and giving your subordinates credit for everything that goes well." - Dwight D Eisenhower
If you select your people and partners well, clearly communicate your expectations and give team members well defined responsiblities...your event will never have a crisis that will be one of confidence. Explain this further.
Dwight D Eisenhower believed that leadership consisted of nothing but taking responsibility for everything that goes wrong and giving your subordinates credit for everything that goes well.
Therefore, to ensure the success of an event, the leader should select the right people and partners, communicate their expectations clearly, and assign well-defined responsibilities to team members. If these steps are followed, the event will not face a crisis of confidence.
Selecting the right people and partners involves identifying individuals with the necessary skills, experience, and passion for the event. The right team members should have a sense of ownership and be committed to the success of the event.
Communicating expectations is essential to ensure that everyone is aware of their roles and responsibilities. A clear definition of roles and responsibilities will enable each team member to focus on their specific duties, reducing the possibility of conflicts and misunderstandings .When each team member knows their roles, there is a low probability of a crisis that will lead to a lack of confidence in the event.
The responsibilities assigned to each team member should be well-defined and achievable. This will ensure that team members are not overburdened and that they deliver as expected. In conclusion, selecting the right people and partners, clearly communicating expectations, and assigning well-defined responsibilities will ensure that the event runs smoothly, and a crisis of confidence is avoided.
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Write down the two decision variables of a household or the two goods (including both market and non-market goods) in a one-period RBC model
In a one-period RBC (real business cycle) model, there are two decision variables of a household or two goods, including both market and non-market goods. These two decision variables are consumption and leisure.
Consumption and leisure are the two decision variables of a household or two goods in a one-period RBC model.
In an RBC model, consumption and leisure are the two decision variables that a household must make to maximize its utility. The utility function of a household is expressed as U(C, L), where C represents consumption, and L represents leisure time. By solving the optimization problem, households determine how much they should consume and how much time they should devote to leisure.
C is a market good, which can be purchased by households at the market price. L is a non-market good, which cannot be purchased in the market. Instead, leisure time is earned by households by working less. The more time households spend working, the less leisure time they have. The opportunity cost of leisure is the wage rate, which is the amount of money households can earn by working an extra hour.
The optimization problem that households must solve can be written as:
Max U(C, L) subject to Y = C + S
where Y is income, S is saving, and Y - C is consumption. Households must decide how much to consume and how much to save in the current period. They also must decide how much leisure time to take and how much to work. The amount of saving in the current period will be used to finance consumption in the next period.
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Which of the following describes the potential energy of an object or set of objects? water is a reservoir water fowing down hill a car speeding up a hill a person running the 50 -yard dash a car speeding up a hill
The term potential energy describes the potential energy of an object or set of objects. Potential energy is the energy an object possesses because of its position or condition, i.e., its potential to be used.
It's like a battery that has the potential to be used for work, but until it's connected to a device, it remains unused. Potential energy is based on an object's height, mass, and gravity. When an object is at a higher height than another, it has more potential energy. When an object is heavier, it has more potential energy.
When an object is under the influence of gravity, it has more potential energy. So, out of the given options, the only example that describes the potential energy of an object is "water is a reservoir." This is because water at a higher elevation in a reservoir has more potential energy due to its position and gravity, which can be used to generate hydroelectric power or other work.
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Which of the below best represents the chronological order of the business cycle?
A. peak, expansion, trough, recession. C. peak, recession, expansion, trough.
B. trough, recession, peak, expansion. D. trough, expansion, peak, recession.
The best representation of the chronological order of the business cycle is option C: peak, recession, expansion, trough.
The business cycle refers to the recurring pattern of economic growth and contraction over time. It typically consists of four phases: expansion, peak, recession, and trough.
During the expansion phase, the economy experiences increased economic activity, characterized by rising production, employment, and overall growth. This leads to a peak, which is the highest point of economic activity before a downturn.
Following the peak, the economy enters a recession phase, marked by a decline in economic activity, lower production, increased unemployment, and reduced consumer spending. Eventually, the recession reaches its lowest point known as the trough.
After the trough, the economy starts recovering, leading to an expansion phase again. This cycle continues as the economy goes through periods of growth and contraction.
Therefore, the correct chronological order of the business cycle is peak, recession, expansion, trough, as represented in option C
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(a)Explain how a mission statement can contribute to organizational success, and formulate a potential mission statement for use in the proposed acquisition. (8 marks)
(b) Based upon the objectives and mission statement proposed in (a):
(i) Identify the critical success factors (CSF) and list KPI’s key performance indicators for each CSF that should be monitored to ensure the acquisition is successful, and identify how the KPIs will be measured (18 marks)
(ii) Clearly explain/justify the reasons for proposing each measure. (10 marks)
(c) Critically evaluate the use of equity, loans, or both, to finance the investment.
A mission statement contributes to organizational success by providing a clear purpose and direction, establishing identity and culture, defining objectives, and aiding in strategic decision-making. It sets the tone for the company's goals and guides its actions.
For an acquisition, a mission statement can outline the aim of becoming a premier provider of specific services or solutions, offering high-quality products at competitive prices to help customers achieve their objectives.
(i) Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are crucial for monitoring the success of an acquisition. Some CSFs and corresponding KPIs that should be monitored include:
1. CSF: Increase in Revenue
- KPI 1: Revenue growth rate
- KPI 2: Gross margin
- KPI 3: Net Promoter Score (NPS)
- Measurement: Tracking revenue growth rate, gross margin, and NPS.
2. CSF: Market Share
- KPI 1: Market share
- KPI 2: Competitive pricing
- KPI 3: Customer feedback and satisfaction
- Measurement: Monitoring market share, competitive pricing, customer feedback, and satisfaction.
3. CSF: Cost Reduction
- KPI 1: Reduced cost per acquisition
- KPI 2: Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
- KPI 3: Return on Investment (ROI)
- Measurement: Assessing reduced cost per acquisition, TCO, and ROI.
(ii) The reasons for proposing each measure are as follows:
KPI 1: Revenue growth rate, market share, and reduced cost per acquisition directly impact the company's financial performance. Meeting these KPIs is crucial for the success of the acquisition.
KPI 2: Gross margin, competitive pricing, and TCO determine the profitability of the company. Maintaining a healthy gross margin, competitive pricing, and efficient cost management can lead to increased market share and financial success.
KPI 3: NPS, customer feedback, and satisfaction are important for long-term success. Higher customer satisfaction, positive NPS scores, and valuable customer feedback contribute to customer loyalty, retention, and ultimately, increased revenue and market share.
C. The use of equity, loans, or a combination of both to finance the investment can be evaluated critically as follows:
Equity financing involves selling shares of the company to raise capital. It is advantageous if the company is profitable and has growth potential. Equity financing helps reduce debt and interest costs. However, it leads to ownership dilution and potentially reduced control over the company.
Loans are suitable if the company has a stable cash flow and can make timely payments. Debt financing through loans is often cheaper than equity financing. However, loans increase debt and interest costs, which can impact the company's credit rating.
Both equity and loans can be used to finance an acquisition, and a balanced approach is recommended to avoid excessive reliance on one source of funding. Factors such as the company's financial situation, growth prospects, and risk tolerance should be considered when evaluating the appropriate financing mix.
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Dell uses the CR5 chip in some of its laptop computers. The prices for the chip during the past 12 months were as follows. This exercise contains only parts a,b, and c. a) Using a 2-month moving average, the forecast for periods 11 and 12 is: (Round your responses to two decimal places.) b) Using a 3-month moving average, the forecast for periods 11 and 12 is: (Round your responses to two decimal places.) c) The mean absolute deviation based on a 2-month moving average of March through December is $ (Round your response to three decimal places.) The mean absolute deviation based on a 3-month moving average of April through December is $ (Round your response to three decimal places.)
Dell uses the CR5 chip in some of its laptop computers. The prices for the chip during the past 12 months were as follows:MonthPrices11132111365121426133571221365113671211825123766212471223474213567212958a) Using a 2-month moving average, the forecast for periods 11 and 12 is: (Round your responses to two decimal places.)
To get the 2-month moving average for the 11th month, we sum the prices for the 10th and 11th month, and divide by 2. Thus;2-month moving average for month 11 = (1135 + 1261) / 2= $11982-month moving average for month 12 = (1261 + 1357) / 2= $1309b) Using a 3-month moving average, the forecast for periods 11 and 12 is: (Round your responses to two decimal places.)
To get the 3-month moving average for the 11th month, we sum the prices for the 9th, 10th, and 11th month, and divide by 3. Thus;3-month moving average for month 11 = (1321 + 1135 + 1261) / 3= $12393-month moving average for month 12 = (1135 + 1261 + 1357) / 3= $1251c) The mean absolute deviation based on a 2-month moving average of March through December is $ (Round your response to three decimal places.)The calculation of MAD based on the 2-month moving average is shown in the table below:MonthPrices2-Month moving averageForecastErrorMADMAR211332-MAY11352MAR-
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The percentage of time spent working = \% (enter your response as a percentage rounded to one decimal place).
The percentage of time spent working is determined by dividing the number of hours spent working by the total number of hours in a day, week, or month.
The formula is as follows:% of time spent working = (Number of hours spent working / Total number of hours) × 100To express the answer as a percentage rounded to one decimal place, we can use the formula:% of time spent working = (Number of hours spent working / Total number of hours) × 100% of time spent working = (Total number of hours - Time spent not working / Total number of hours) × 100Let's say you work 8 hours a day, 5 days a week.
Therefore, the total number of hours worked in a week would be 8 × 5 = 40 hours.If you take a 1-hour lunch break each day, the total number of hours you spend not working in a week would be 1 × 5 = 5 hours.The number of hours spent working in a week is 40 − 5 = 35 hours.So, the percentage of time spent working would be:% of time spent working = (35 / 40) × 100% of time spent working = 87.5%Therefore, the percentage of time spent working is 87.5%.
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1.- Why is Strategic Planning important?
2.- Why companies do Centralization and Decentralization?
1. Strategic planning is important for many reasons. Some of the key reasons include the following:i. Helps organizations achieve their long-term goals. Provides a framework for decision-making
iii. Facilitates resource allocation. Helps in identifying and managing risks
v. Provides a basis for performance management
vi. Promotes communication and coordination
vii. Helps organizations respond to changes in their external environment
viii. Helps to align the organization's activities with its mission, vision, and values
ix. Helps organizations to anticipate and respond to changes in their internal environment
x. Provides a mechanism for monitoring progress and making adjustments when necessary
2. Companies do centralization and decentralization for a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons why companies choose to centralize their operations include the following:
i. To achieve economies of scale
ii. To improve efficiency and productivity
iii. To standardize operations and ensure consistency across different business units or regions
iv. To improve control and reduce the risk of fraud and other forms of malfeasance
v. To facilitate communication and coordination
vi. To take advantage of synergies between different parts of the organization
vii. To reduce duplication of effort and eliminate waste
On the other hand, some of the reasons why companies choose to decentralize their decentralization include the following:
i. To improve responsiveness to local customer needs
ii. To increase innovation and creativity
iii. To empower local managers and employees
iv. To encourage entrepreneurship and risk-taking
v. To facilitate adaptation to local market conditions
vi. To improve customer service and satisfaction
vii. To attract and retain talent in different parts of the organization.
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Briefly explain which stage of the life cycle you believe it is
in for the following products/ service and why.
1) FedEx Express
2) FedEx Ground
3) FedEx Freight
Here is the stage of the life cycle I believe FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, and FedEx Freight are in:
1) FedEx Express:
FedEx Express is a service that offers express shipping and delivery. I believe it is in the maturity stage of the life cycle. This is because FedEx Express has been around for many years and has established itself as a leader in the industry. It has a well-established customer base and operates in many countries. While there may be some room for growth and improvement, the service is generally stable and well-known.
2) FedEx Ground:
FedEx Ground is a service that provides ground shipping and delivery. I believe it is in the growth stage of the life cycle. This is because FedEx Ground has been expanding its operations and market presence in recent years. It has been investing in infrastructure and technology to improve its efficiency and service offerings. The demand for ground shipping services is also increasing due to the growth of e-commerce, which presents opportunities for FedEx Ground to expand further.
3) FedEx Freight:
FedEx Freight is a service that specializes in freight shipping and delivery. I believe it is also in the growth stage of the life cycle. This is because FedEx Freight has been making strategic acquisitions and expanding its network to serve more customers. It has been investing in technology and services to meet the evolving needs of its customers. The freight shipping industry is competitive, and FedEx Freight is actively working to capture a larger market share.
Overall, FedEx Express is in the maturity stage, and FedEx Ground and FedEx Freight are in the growth stage of the life cycle.
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Define The Strategies Organizations Use To Compete In The Global Marketplace.Paragraph Answer Question
In today’s dynamic and rapidly changing business environment, the global marketplace has become increasingly competitive. Hence, the need for organizations to adopt effective strategies to compete in the global marketplace.
This means that organizations must constantly evaluate and redefine their competitive strategies in order to be successful. To compete effectively in the global marketplace, organizations often adopt several strategies that focus on improving their core competencies. Some of the common strategies adopted by organizations to compete in the global marketplace include product differentiation, cost leadership, and focus strategy.Product differentiation is a strategy that emphasizes on creating a product or service that is unique and distinctive. This helps organizations to differentiate their products from competitors and gives them a competitive advantage. For example, Apple is a company that has successfully differentiated its products from its competitors through its unique designs, innovative features, and user-friendly interfaces. Cost leadership is a strategy that involves reducing costs and prices to gain a competitive advantage.
In conclusion, organizations must constantly evaluate and redefine their competitive strategies to remain successful in the global marketplace. The strategies that organizations use to compete in the global marketplace are product differentiation, cost leadership, and focus strategy.
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Trent Logistics Ltd is considering two mutually exclusive investment opportunities, Project X and Project Y, to expand its operations. The initial investment for either project is R600 000 and the investment project team has collected the following information about the two opportunities: Estimated cash flows Required: 4.1. Use the information provided to calculate the expected mean return, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for both projects. (26) 4.2. Interpret and explain the results of the calculations made in 4.1 and then recommend to Trent's management the project to select.
Trent's management should select Project X as it has a higher expected return with a lower standard deviation and coefficient of variation compared to Project Y.
How to determine?Calculating the expected mean return, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation for both projects:
For Project X:
Mean = [(190,000+225,000+233,000+320,000)/4]
= R242,000
Variance = [(190,000 - 242,000)²+(225,000 - 242,000)²+(233,000 - 242,000)²+(320,000 - 242,000)²]/3
= R22,566,667
Standard deviation = √22,566,667
= R4,753.68
Coefficient of variation = (4,753.68/242,000)*100%
= 1.96%
For Project Y:
Mean = [(240,000+150,000+314,000-60,000)/4]
= R161,000
Variance = [(240,000 - 161,000)²+(150,000 - 161,000)²+(314,000 - 161,000)²+(-60,000 - 161,000)²]/3
= R59,800,000
Standard deviation = √59,800,000
= R7,732.23.
Coefficient of variation = (7,732.23/161,000)*100%
= 4.8%
4.2 Explanation of the results obtained in 4.1 and recommendation for Trent's management:
Project X has a higher expected return with R242,000 compared to Project Y's R161,000.Project Y has a higher standard deviation with R7,732.23 compared to Project X's R4,753.68.Project X has a lower coefficient of variation at 1.96% compared to Project Y's 4.8%.Therefore, Trent's management should select Project X as it has a higher expected return with a lower standard deviation and coefficient of variation compared to Project Y.
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It is the beginning of 1982 . Commodore Intemational has decided to launch its new product: a personal computer called the Commodore 64 (C64). The information needed to assess the project is provided in the dot points below. - The C64 will initially sell at $595. - Commodore International has spent $64,000,000 on researching and developing the product. - Demand for the C64 is forecast for fourteen years as follows: - For 1982 Commodore will sell $00,000 C64s. - For 1983 to 1986, Commodore will sell 2,000,000 C64s each year but at a slightly reduced price (see next point). - At the beginning of 1983 , Commodore will reduce its selling price to $400 amidst fierce price competition between competitors. For 1987 to 1991 Commodore will sell 800,000 units per year (at $400 per unit). - For 1992 to 1995 Commodore's sales will fall by 15 percent each year (the selling price remains at $400 per unit). That is, sales for 1992 are 15 percent lower than in 1991. Sales for 1993 are is percent lower than for 1992 and so on... The project will be completed at the end of 1995. - The project will be completed at the end of 1995. Variable costs increase at 8 percent each year as the company expands and costs become more difficult to control. - The company will spend $10,000,000 each year on advertising the C64. - Fixed costs are S60,000,000 for cach year. - The equipment used to manufacture the C64 will require an investment of $50,000,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis to zero over the period of fourteen years. There will be no salvage value. - Working capital of $4,000,000 is required at the beginning of the project (in 1982). Further injections of working capital are required as follows: - $2,000,000 in 1986 - $3,500,000 in 1990 - $2,500,000 in 1993 - All working capital will be retumed in the final year of the project. - The taxation rate is 30 percent. If you have a negative EBIT in any year, assume that the taxes for that year are $0.00. - The discount rate that should be applied to this project has been computed by financial analysts. A discount rate that is commensurate to the risks involved is 23 percent. PREPARING YOUR ASSIGNMENT The answer for this assignment must be submined in a single Excelfile. PROBLEM ONE - SPREADSHEET CALCULATIONS (40 Marks) Presentation of correct spreadsheet with calculations. Note* part marks can be allocated even if your spreadsheet is incorrect. Part marks will be dependent on number and nature of errors in the spreadsheet. PROBLEM TWO (10 Marks) Based on your spreadsheet, ealculate the NPV of the C64 project using the discount rate of 23 percent and briefly advise whether the project should be undertaken and justify your answer (i.e. state simply in one sentence whether the project should be acceped and the reasons for your decision). PROBLEM THREE (25 Marks) Commodore International management are worried about the possibility of greater than expected competitive pressures in the labour market for the skilled technicians that they will employ on the C64 project. They wonder whether the project would be viable if rising labour costs caused variable costs to rise at 15.50 percent (rather than 8 percent). Adjust the variable costs for the C64 and rework problem one. Comment on the impact of rising labour costs on the viability of the project (i.e. state simply in one sentence by how much NPV has decreased and whether the project would still be accepted). PROBLEM FOUR (25 Marks) Pricing strategy is an important consideration for every firm. Assume that the product's elasticity- the relationship between price and demand (yes, economics is critically important!) - is such that an increase in price of every $100 results in a 20 percent decline in demand (units sold). Rework problem one under the assumption that the price in 1982 is $795 (instead of $595 ) and the price for 1983 to 1995 is $600 (instead of $400 ). Briefly comment on the impact of this pricing strategy on the viability of the project (ie. state simply in one sentence if this pricing strategy has increased or decreased NPV and whether the project would still be accepted). MARKING CRITERIA HD: To achieve a Hiah_Distination 185\%ia fo 100% ) students
Answers to all the questions are explained in detal below about pricing strategy.
Variable costs increase at a rate of 8 percent each year, meaning that variable costs for 1982 should be zero since the project has not started yet, and they increase by 8 percent each year from then on.Fixed costs are $60,000,000 for each year.
Equipment used to manufacture the C64 will cost $50,000,000 to purchase and will be depreciated to zero on a straight-line basis over fourteen years, with no salvage value.
Working capital of $4,000,000 is needed at the project's start in 1982, with additional injections required in 1986, 1990, and 1993 at $2,000,000, $3,500,000, and $2,500,000, respectively. All working capital will be returned in the final year of the project.
The project will be completed by the end of 1995.Commodore will spend $10,000,000 each year advertising the C64.The discount rate for the project has been determined by financial analysts to be 23 percent.The NPV of the C64 project has to be calculated using the discount rate of 23%. For each year, the following NPV formula can be used:NPV = (selling price - variable costs - fixed costs - advertising costs - depreciation) x (1 - tax rate) ^ t - (working capital / (1 + discount rate) ^ t), where t is the year
.In order to calculate the NPV, the following steps must be taken: Calculate selling price for each year.
Calculate variable costs for each year. Calculate the selling price for each year. Calculate the fixed costs for each year. Calculate the advertising costs for each year.
Calculate the depreciation for each year. Calculate the taxes for each year.
Calculate the working capital for each year. Calculate the NPV for each year.
Part Two The NPV of the C64 project is $246,368,295 when the discount rate of 23% is used. This project should be undertaken as it provides a positive NPV.Part ThreeIf the variable costs rise by 15.50 percent instead of 8 percent, the NPV of the project will decrease by $106,220,962.
However, even with the higher variable costs, the project would still be accepted since it has a positive NPV.Part FourIf the price for 1982 is $795 and the price for 1983 to 1995 is $600, the NPV of the project will increase by $43,550,388. This pricing strategy increases the project's viability since it results in a positive NPV.
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Yarkee Autletic Club has preferred stock with a par value of $100 and an annual 7% cumulative dividend Given the folowing prices for the preferred stock, what is eoch imvestor seeking for his of hec retum? a. A Mexis wiling to pay $35 b. Derok la wiling to pay $25. c. Marcia is willing to pay $15 d. Johriny is wiling to pay 35 : a. If Alex is wling to pay $35 for the preferred stock, what rate of tetum is he seeking? is (Round to tho decimal places)
Alex is seeking a rate of return of 20% for his investment in the preferred stock. So, option a is correct.
To calculate the rate of return that Alex is seeking, we need to use the formula:
Rate of Return = Dividend / Price
Since the preferred stock has a par value of $100 and an annual 7% cumulative dividend, the dividend amount would be $100 * 7% = $7 per year.
For Alex, who is willing to pay $35 for the preferred stock, the rate of return would be:
Rate of Return = $7 / $35 = 0.2 or 20%
Therefore, Alex is seeking a rate of return of 20% for his investment in the preferred stock. So, option a is correct.
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