How do the unique characteristics of water determine its interactions with chemical and biological systems? How is water unique in chemical and biological systems?

The volume of the 1.0 M sodium phosphate must be used to make 4.0 L of 0.80 M sodium phosphate is 3.2 L which is determined by dilution formula. So, option (d) is correct.

Dilution is defined as the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute to the solution. It can be calculated by using the dilution formula.

Dilution formula  for the stock solution can be expressed as ,

 M1V1 = M2V2

Here, M1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution, M2 is the concentration of the new solution and V2 is the volume of the new solution.

Putting all the values we get,

1 M x V1 = 0.80 M x 4 L

V1 = 3.2 L

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The complete question is,

What volume of 1.0 M sodium phosphate, to the nearest tenth of a liter, must be used to make 4.0 L of 0.80 M sodium phosphate?

answer choices

a. 0.2 L

b. 1.2 L

c. 2.2 L

d. 3.2 L

Atoms fuse, increasing the average size atomic nuclei  accurately describes the process stars use to convert matter into energy .option (b)

In physics, energy (from the Ancient Greek v (enérgeia) 'activity') is a quantitative characteristic that is transmitted to a body or a physical system and is visible in the execution of labor as well as in the shape of heat and light. The rule of conservation of energy says that energy can be converted in shape but cannot be produced or destroyed. The joule is the International System of Units (SI) unit of measurement for energy. (J).

The kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for example, due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, and internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system are all examples of common forms of energy

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Answer:

For Covelent bonds to form there has to be 2 non-metal

Explanation:

So it's 3 because it needs a octet electron around them

Answer:

Explanation:

Question 1:

The balanced chemical equation is:

2 NH3 + 3 CuO → 3 Cu + N2 + 3 H2O

The molar ratio between CuO and N2 is 3:1, which means that for every 3 moles of CuO consumed, 1 mole of N2 is produced.

To find how many grams of N2 can be produced from 5.3 moles of CuO, we need to first calculate how many moles of N2 can be produced:

Moles of CuO = 5.3 mol CuO

Moles of N2 = Moles of CuO / 3 (from the molar ratio)

Moles of N2 = 5.3 mol CuO / 3 = 1.77 mol N2

Now we can use the molar mass of N2 to calculate the mass:

Molar mass of N2 = 14 g/mol

Mass of N2 = Moles of N2 x Molar mass of N2

Mass of N2 = 1.77 mol x 14 g/mol = 24.78 g

Rounded to the nearest tenth, the answer is 24.8 g of N2.

Therefore, 24.8 grams of N2 can be made when 5.3 moles of CuO are consumed.

Question 2:

The balanced chemical equation is:

S + 6 HNO3 → H2SO4 + 6 NO2 + 2 H2O

The molar ratio between HNO3 and H2O is 6:2, which means that for every 6 moles of HNO3 consumed, 2 moles of H2O are produced.

To find how many grams of H2O can be produced from 19.5 moles of HNO3, we need to first calculate how many moles of H2O can be produced:

Moles of HNO3 = 19.5 mol HNO3

Moles of H2O = Moles of HNO3 x 2/6 (from the molar ratio)

Moles of H2O = 19.5 mol HNO3 x 2/6 = 6.5 mol H2O

Now we can use the molar mass of H2O to calculate the mass:

Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol

Mass of H2O = Moles of H2O x Molar mass of H2O

Mass of H2O = 6.5 mol x 18 g/mol = 117 g

Rounded to the nearest tenth, the answer is 117.0 g of H2O.

Therefore, 117.0 grams of H2O can be made when 19.5 moles of HNO3 are consumed.

Question 3:

The balanced chemical equation is:

3 Cu + 8HNO3 → 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O

The molar ratio between HNO3 and H2O is 8:4, which means that for every 8 moles of HNO3 consumed, 4 moles of H2O are produced.

To find how many grams of H2O can be produced from 15.4 moles of HNO3, we need to first calculate how many moles of H2O can be produced:

Moles of HNO3 = 15.4 mol HNO3

Moles of H2O = Moles of HNO3 x 4/8 (from the molar ratio)

Moles of H2O = 15.4 mol

Answer: 14.11 g

Explanation:

Ideal gas law

We will use the ideal gas law for this problem:

[tex]PV=nRT[/tex]

We know V, which is 7.10

P is 1.11 atm

and T is 31.0 C, or 305 K

R will be 0.08206 L*atm/mol*k, since we are dealing with atmospheres for our pressure.

Now, we just need to solve for n, moles

[tex]1.11*7.10=n*0.08206*305\\n=0.321[/tex]

We have 0.321 moles of CO2

Convert to g

The molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol, so we multiply 44.01 g/mol by 0.321 moles to cancel out the moles and get grams.

[tex]\frac{44.01g}{mol} *0.321mol=14.11 g[/tex]

Atomic size is significantly influenced by the growth of nuclear charge over time and the expansion of electron shells down the group.

Atomic size is determined by the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron shell. The number of electrons in the outermost shell, also known as the valence electrons, plays a crucial role in determining atomic size.

Down the group, the number of electron shells increases, leading to an increase in atomic size. The increased distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons weakens the attractive force, making it easier for the outermost electrons to move further from the nucleus.

Across a period, atomic size decreases due to an increase in nuclear charge. As the number of protons in the nucleus increases, the attractive force on the valence electrons increases, making it harder for the electrons to move away from the nucleus. This results in a decrease in atomic size across the period.

Overall, the increase in electron shells down the group and increase in nuclear charge across the period have a significant impact on atomic size.

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It is given that calories and joules are two kinds of units of measurement of energy, then 32.3kj is equivalent to  7719calories.

Heat energy is the energy that is transferred from one object to another due to a difference in temperature. Heat energy is measured in joules (J). Joules and calories are both units of energy. A joule is the SI (International System of Units) unit of energy, while a calorie is a unit of energy used in the imperial system.

A joule is a measure of energy that is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton to a body that is moving one meter in the direction of the force. A calorie is a unit of energy that is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

1 calorie is =  4.184 joules.

Then 32.3kj is equal to:

[tex]32.3 * 10^3/4.184 = 7719calories[/tex]

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The 10 reactions of glycolysis can be categorized as follows:

(a) Phosphorylations:

Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

2-phosphoglycerate + 2 ADP → 2 ATP + 2-phosphoenolpyruvate

(b) Isomerizations:

2. Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

(c) Oxidation-Reductions:

6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + Pi → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

(d) Dehydrations:

4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

(e) Carbon-Carbon Cleavages:

8. 2-phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → Pyruvate + Pi

Enolase: 2-phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O

Pyruvate kinase: Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP → Pyruvate + ATP

Therefore, 3 reactions are phosphorylations, 2 are isomerizations, 1 is an oxidation-reduction, 1 is a dehydration, and 3 are carbon-carbon cleavages. These reactions ultimately result in the conversion of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and reducing equivalents in the process.

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Answer:

A coordinate bond, also known as a dative bond, is a type of covalent bond in which both electrons in the bond are donated by one atom. This is different from a typical covalent bond, where both atoms contribute one electron each. In a coordinate bond, the atom donating both electrons is called the donor or Lewis base, while the atom receiving the electrons is called the acceptor or Lewis acid.

Essential features of a covalent bond include the sharing of electrons between two atoms in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. In a covalent bond, atoms with similar electronegativities share their valence electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule, where atoms strive to have eight valence electrons in their outermost shell. Covalent compounds generally have low melting temperatures despite covalent bonds being strong because the intermolecular forces between the molecules in a covalent compound are weak. These intermolecular forces are primarily London dispersion forces, which are weak attractions between temporary dipoles in molecules. Since these forces are relatively weak, it takes less energy to break them and melt or boil the compound, even though the covalent bonds holding the atoms within each molecule together are strong

The given statement "PAH is an acronym for polycyclic aromatic hydrogen" is true because it is the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons that is the (PAHs)  are the class of the chemicals that will occur naturally in the coal, crude oil, and the gasoline. They will result from the burning coal, oil, gas, the wood, the garbage, and the tobacco. The PAHs can be bind to or form the small particles in the air.

These compounds are the range from the simple two ring compounds such as the naphthalene and the its derivatives to the more intricate ring structures with the up to the 10 rings.

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Answer:

4.65 meters

Explanation:

To convert 465 cm to m, you would need to divide 465 by 100, which equals 4.65 m.

We need to add approximately 36.5 mL of 0.246 M HNO3 to 213 mL of 0.00666 M 2,2'-bipyridine to lower the pH to around 4.0.

We can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the amount of acid needed to reach a certain pH:

pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid])

where [base] and [acid] are the concentrations of the conjugate base and acid, respectively.

In this case, we want to add HNO3 to the 2,2'-bipyridine solution to reach a certain pH. We don't know the exact pH we want to achieve, but we can make an estimate based on the pKa of 2,2'-bipyridine. The pKa of the conjugate acid of 2,2'-bipyridine is around 4.8.

Let's say we want to lower the pH of the solution to around 4.0. We can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the ratio of [base]/[acid] needed to achieve this:

4.0 = 4.8 + log([base]/[acid])

-0.8 = log([base]/[acid])

[base]/[acid] = 10^(-0.8) = 0.158

So we need the ratio of [base]/[acid] to be 0.158. Since we know the concentration of the base (2,2'-bipyridine) is 0.00666 M, we can calculate the concentration of the acid needed:

[acid] = [base]/0.158 = 0.00666 M / 0.158 = 0.0421 M

We also know the concentration of the HNO3 solution is 0.246 M. We can use the following equation to calculate the volume of HNO3 needed:

moles of HNO3 = volume of HNO3 (in L) x concentration of HNO3 (in M)

moles of HNO3 = volume of 2,2'-bipyridine solution (in L) x concentration of acid (in M)

Since we know the volume and concentration of the 2,2'-bipyridine solution, we can solve for the volume of HNO3:

moles of HNO3 = (213 mL / 1000 mL/L) * 0.0421 M = 0.00897 moles

volume of HNO3 = 0.00897 moles / 0.246 M = 0.0365 L

volume of HNO3 = 36.5 mL

So, we need to add approximately 36.5 mL of 0.246 M HNO3 to 213 mL of 0.00666 M 2,2'-bipyridine to lower the pH to around 4.0.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

In general, metals are located on the left of the periodic table. Nonmetals are on the right. This means that they are on opposite sides.  So the answer is True.

To prepare 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol from 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene without carbocation rearrangement, you can use hydroboration-oxidation reaction. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Hydroboration: In the first step, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene reacts with borane (BH3) to form an organoborane intermediate. The reaction involves the addition of borane to the double bond of the alkene, where boron attaches to the less substituted carbon and hydrogen to the more substituted carbon. This process is called anti-Markovnikov addition, and it does not involve carbocation rearrangement.

2. Oxidation: In the second step, the organoborane intermediate reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxide ion (OH-) to form an alcohol. The boron is replaced by an oxygen atom, resulting in the formation of 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol.

Here's the mechanism:

Step 1: Hydroboration
3,3-dimethyl-1-butene + BH3 -> (CH3)2C(BH2)CHCH3

Step 2: Oxidation
(CH3)2C(BH2)CHCH3 + H2O2 + OH- -> (CH3)2C(OH)CHCH3 + H2O + B(OH)3

In summary, the hydroboration-oxidation reaction allows you to prepare 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol from 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene without carbocation rearrangement. The mechanism involves the anti-Markovnikov addition of borane to the alkene, followed by the oxidation of the organoborane intermediate with hydrogen peroxide and hydroxide ions to form the desired alcohol.

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The sp3 hybrid orbitals of the N atom overlap with the 1s atomic orbitals of the H atoms to form the N-H sigma bonds in NH3.

In NH3, the N atom uses its sp3 hybrid orbitals to form covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms. The sp3 hybrid orbitals of the N atom overlap with the 1s atomic orbitals of the H atoms to form four N-H sigma (σ) bonds.

Each of the sp3 hybrid orbitals of the N atom has one lobe that is larger than the other. The larger lobe contains more electron density and overlaps with the 1s orbital of the H atom to form the N-H sigma bond. The smaller lobe of the sp3 hybrid orbital contains less electron density and overlaps with other orbitals or lone pairs of electrons on the N atom.

Therefore, the sp3 hybrid orbitals of the N atom overlap with the 1s atomic orbitals of the H atoms to form the N-H sigma bonds in NH3.

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Answer:

D. genetic modification

Explanation:

Out of the given examples, genetic modification represents the use of modern biotechnology. Genetic modification involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA using biotechnology techniques to produce desired traits or characteristics. This is a relatively recent development in biotechnology and is used in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, and environmental science.

Bread making and cheese making are traditional food production techniques that have been used for centuries and do not necessarily involve modern biotechnology. Selective breeding is also a traditional technique that has been used for thousands of years to develop desired traits in plants and animals by choosing which individuals are allowed to reproduce.

The pH of the solution made by 10 ml of 1 M HCl with 10 ml of 2 M NaOH is 1.3.

As we know, pH = -log [H⁺], so it is clear that we have to find [H⁺] in order to find pH.

Balanced chemical equation is given as,

HCl + NaOH → H₂O + NaCl

Moles HCl present = 10 ml x 1 L/1000 ml x 0.10 mol/L = 0.001 moles HCl

Moles NaOH present = 10 ml x 1 L/1000 ml x 0.20 mol/L = 0.002 moles NaOH

Moles HCl left over after reaction with NaOH = 0.001 - 0.002 = -0.001 moles HCl = -0.001 moles H⁺

Final volume of solution = 10 ml + 10 ml = 20 ml = 0.02 L

[H⁺] = -0.001 moles / 0.02 L = -0.05 M

pH = -log (-0.05)

pH = 1.3

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The positive attributes are;

The experiment was repeated to decrease the error margin

There is a control to establish the validity of the study.

To improve an experiment to determine the time taken for ice to dissolve when sprayed with salt, you could consider the following:

Increase the sample size: Conduct the experiment on a larger sample size to increase the accuracy of the results.

Minimize external factors: Minimize external factors that may affect the experiment, such as temperature, humidity, and air flow, to ensure that the results are accurate and consistent.

Use a better timer: Use a timer to record the time taken for the ice to dissolve completely.

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The monoprotic acid in the water produces a 1.64 M solution, and the pH of the resulting solution is 2.95. We must determine the Ka of the acid.

So, let's get started. Calculate Ka using the pH value: Ka can be calculated using the given pH value by using the following formula: pH = -log10 [H+], therefore [H+] = 10 -pH.For a monoprotic acid, we can say that the [H+] concentration equals the [A-] concentration. So, at equilibrium: Ka = [H+]^2/[A-]where, [H+] is the concentration of the hydronium ion, and [A-] is the concentration of the acid.

Then, we calculate the Ka for the acid in the solution as follows:[H+] = 10^-2.95 = 6.31 x 10^-3 [M]Hence, we get the Ka of the acid as shown below: Ka = [H+]^2/[A-] = (6.31 x 10^-3)^2/(1.64 - 6.31 x 10^-3)Ka = 2.58 x 10^-4Thus, the Ka for the acid is 2.58 x 10^-4.

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a. The 5d sublevel has a total of 10 orbitals, each orbital can hold 2 electrons, therefore the 5dz2 orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

b. The 1d sublevel does not exist, as "d" orbitals start from the second energy level. So, there cannot be any electrons in the 1d designation.

c. The 5d sublevel has a total of 10 orbitals, each orbital can hold 2 electrons, therefore the 5d sublevel can hold a maximum of 20 electrons.

d. The 7p sublevel has a total of 7 orbitals, each orbital can hold 2 electrons, therefore the 7p sublevel can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.

e. The 6d sublevel has a total of 10 orbitals, each orbital can hold 2 electrons, therefore the 6d sublevel can hold a maximum of 20 electrons.

f. The n=3 energy level contains three sublevels: 3s, 3p, and 3d. The 3s sublevel has 1 orbital and can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, the 3p sublevel has 3 orbitals and can hold a maximum of 6 electrons, and the 3d sublevel has 5 orbitals and can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. Therefore, the n=3 energy level can hold a maximum of 18 electrons.

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Answer:

water has the same amount of density no matter the amount

Explanation:

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. If an unbalanced force affects an object, several predictions can be made about possible changes in the straight line motion of the object:

1. The object will accelerate: If an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force. The greater the force, the greater the acceleration.

2. The object will change its velocity: If the force acting on the object is not in the same direction as its velocity, the object will change its velocity. The change in velocity will be in the direction of the force.

3. The object will change its direction: If the force acting on the object is perpendicular to its velocity, the object will change its direction. The object will move in a curved path.

4. The object will continue to move in a straight line: If the force acting on the object is balanced, the object will continue to move in a straight line at a constant velocity.

5. The object will stop moving: If the force acting on the object is greater than the force of friction, the object will eventually stop moving.

Explanation:

The graph shows the distribution of energy in the particles of two gas samples at different temperatures, T1 and T2. A, B, and C represent individual particles.

Based on the graph, which of the following statements is likely to be true?

A. Particle B is more likely to participate in the reaction than particle A.

B. Particle C is more likely to participate in the reaction than particle B.

C. Most of the gas particles have either very high or very low kinetic energies.

During the light-dependent reactions, electron transport leads to the thylakoid space becoming more positively charged.

Light-dependent reactions are a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. These reactions transform light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which can then be utilized by the Calvin cycle to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.The space within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts is known as the thylakoid space. This space, which is surrounded by the thylakoid membrane, is separated from the stroma of the chloroplasts by the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoid space is where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

During electron transport, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. These electron carriers are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. When electrons are passed from one carrier to another, they lose energy, which is used to transport hydrogen ions (protons) from the stroma of the chloroplasts to the thylakoid space. This movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space causes the thylakoid space to become more positively charged. This creates an electrochemical gradient, which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate ions. Therefore, electron transport leads to the thylakoid space becoming more positively charged.

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Answer:

A) Convention carries heat to the thermometer

Explanation:

Since convention is the process of heat transfer by the bulk movement of molecules, heat will be transfered to the thermometer from the heating end to the other end.

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The equilibrium position of a chemical reaction is determined by the balance between the rates of the forward and reverse reactions. This position is governed by a set of equilibrium constants, which are dependent on various environmental variables. In order for the equilibrium position to remain constant, these variables must also remain constant.

The key environmental variables that must remain constant include temperature, pressure, and concentration of reactants and products. Any change in these variables can shift the equilibrium position and alter the concentrations of reactants and products in the system.

Temperature is a crucial variable because the equilibrium constant is temperature-dependent. A change in temperature can cause the reaction to shift in either the forward or reverse direction, depending on whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Pressure also affects the equilibrium position for reactions involving gases. Changes in pressure can alter the concentrations of gases and shift the equilibrium position in favor of the side with fewer moles of gas.

Finally, the concentration of reactants and products also affects the equilibrium position. Altering the concentration of one of the species can shift the equilibrium position towards the side with lower concentration.

In summary, to maintain a constant equilibrium position, it is important to maintain constant values of temperature, pressure, and concentrations of reactants and products.

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The oxidation number of the monatomic ions of the following elements are a. Cs (cesium): +1, b. Ba (barium): +2, c. As (arsenic): -3, d. Sr (strontium): +2, e. Rb (rubidium): +1.

The oxidation number of the monatomic ions of cesium, barium, arsenic, strontium, and rubidium are +1, +2, -3, +2, and +1, respectively. Below is an explanation of how the oxidation number of each element was obtained.

Oxidation state refers to the oxidation number of an atom, which indicates its state of oxidation or reduction in a chemical reaction. The oxidation state can be determined by adding up the valence electrons of an atom in its neutral state and subtracting the valence electrons that it has either gained or lost in a compound.Cesium has one valence electron, which it gives up to form an ion with a charge of +1. Therefore, the oxidation number of Cs is +1.Barium has two valence electrons, which it gives up to form an ion with a charge of +2. Therefore, the oxidation number of Ba is +2.

Arsenic has five valence electrons, but it prefers to gain three electrons to complete its outer shell of eight electrons, resulting in a charge of -3. Therefore, the oxidation number of As is -3.Strontium has two valence electrons, which it gives up to form an ion with a charge of +2. Therefore, the oxidation number of Sr is +2.Rubidium has one valence electron, which it gives up to form an ion with a charge of +1. Therefore, the oxidation number of Rb is +1. So, the oxidation number of the monatomic ions of cesium, barium, arsenic, strontium, and rubidium are +1, +2, -3, +2, and +1, respectively. Below is an explanation of how the oxidation number of each element was obtained.

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The following reactions of alkenes take place with syn stereospecificity: Addition of bromine (treatment with Br₂) and hydrogenation (treatment with H₂/Pt).

Syn stereospecificity is a term used in organic chemistry to describe the stereochemistry of a reaction where two substituents are added to a molecule on the same side of a double bond. This is also known as syn addition which occurs in certain addition reactions of alkenes. There are several reactions of alkenes that occur with syn stereospecificity. These include the addition of bromine (treatment with Br₂) and hydrogenation (treatment with H₂/Pt). In both of these reactions, the two substituents are added to the same side of the double bond, resulting in syn addition.

On the other hand, addition of HBr (treatment with HBr) and acid-catalyzed hydration (treatment with aqueous H₂SO₄) occur with anti-stereospecificity, meaning the substituents are added to opposite sides of the double bond, resulting in anti-addition.

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The difference between the volume of EDTA used to titrate the sample and the volume of EDTA that reacted with the blank is called the "blank correction." The blank correction is necessary to obtain accurate results in an EDTA titration.

What is EDTA?

EDTA stands for Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDTA is a chelating agent that is widely used in analytical chemistry to determine the amount of metal ions present in a sample. The metal ions present in the sample are first complexed with EDTA, which forms a stable and soluble complex.

EDTA Titration

EDTA titration is a type of complexometric titration in which EDTA is used as the titrant. The metal ions present in the sample are first complexed with EDTA, which forms a stable and soluble complex. The end point of an EDTA titration is indicated by the color change of an indicator, which is used to signal the presence of free EDTA in the solution.

How to Calculate Blank Correction

The blank correction is calculated by subtracting the volume of EDTA that reacted with the blank from the volume of EDTA that reacted with the sample. The volume of EDTA that reacted with the blank is determined by titrating a blank solution that contains all the reagents except for the metal ion.

The volume of EDTA used to titrate the blank is subtracted from the volume of EDTA used to titrate the sample to obtain the blank correction.

Example

Suppose you want to determine the amount of calcium ion calcium ions in a sample of water. You take a 50.00 mL sample of water and add the appropriate reagents to complex the calcium ions. You titrate the solution with 0.02000 M EDTA, using Eriochrome Black T as the indicator.

The volume of EDTA required to reach the end point is 12.60 mL.

You also perform a blank titration using 50.00 mL of distilled water, Eriochrome Black T, and 0.02000 M EDTA.

The volume of EDTA required to reach the end point in the blank titration is 0.50 mL.

The blank correction is:

Vblank = 0.50 mL V sample = 12.60 mL V corrected = V sample - Vblank V corrected = 12.60 mL - 0.50 mL = 12.10 mL

Therefore, the corrected volume of EDTA that reacted with the sample is 12.10 mL.

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