Paramyxoviruses are a type of RNA virus that can cause a variety of diseases in humans, including measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These viruses have developed several strategies to evade the innate immune system and establish infection.
Four to five immune modulation/evasion strategies found in the articles and the viral proteins that carry out the effects are:
1. Inhibition of interferon signaling: Paramyxoviruses produce proteins such as V, C, and NS1 that can interfere with the signaling pathways of interferons, which are important for antiviral responses.
2. Suppression of apoptosis: Some paramyxoviruses, such as the measles virus, produce proteins that can inhibit the induction of apoptosis in infected cells. This allows the virus to continue replicating and avoid being eliminated by the immune system.
3. Inhibition of antigen presentation: Paramyxoviruses can also produce proteins that interfere with the presentation of viral antigens to immune cells, preventing the activation of the adaptive immune response.
4. Modulation of cytokine responses: Paramyxoviruses can produce proteins that can alter the production and activity of cytokines, which are important for coordinating immune responses.
5. Evasion of natural killer (NK) cells: Some paramyxoviruses, such as RSV, can produce proteins that can prevent the activation of NK cells, which are important for eliminating virus-infected cells.
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this enzyme phosphorylates multiple substrates that regular progression through M phase, is directly regulated by both p53 and Rb, and directly regulates both Rb and p53.
A. aurora kinase
b. hexose kinase
c.src kinase
d. phosphoenol pyruvate kinease
The correct answer is A. Aurora Kinase, as this enzyme phosphorylates multiple substrates that regular progression through M phase, is directly regulated by both p53 and Rb, and directly regulates both Rb and p53.
Aurora kinase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cell division by regulating the progression through the M phase of the cell cycle. It is directly regulated by both p53 and Rb, two important tumor suppressor proteins, and it also directly regulates both of these proteins. Aurora kinase is responsible for phosphorylating multiple substrates that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and cell division.
In contrast, hexose kinase, src kinase, and phosphoenol pyruvate kinase are all enzymes that are involved in different metabolic pathways and do not play a direct role in the regulation of the cell cycle or the M phase. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Aurora kinase.
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What is the significance of finding that DNA sequences are
highly similar for two different species?
The significance of finding that DNA sequences are highly similar for two different species is that it suggests a close evolutionary relationship between those two species.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material that contains the instructions for the development and function of all living organisms. By comparing the DNA sequences of two different species, scientists can determine how closely related those species are. If the DNA sequences are highly similar, it suggests that the two species share a common ancestor and have diverged relatively recently in evolutionary time. If DNA is not similar then this means that there is a distinct relationship between them.
This information can help scientists better understand the evolutionary history of different species and how they are related to one another.
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Only the newly formed band of dentinal matrix along the pulpal border is uncalcified BECAUSE as each daily increment of predentin forms along the pulpal boundary, the adjacent peripheral increment of dentin formed the previous day calcifies and becomes dentin.
Being the most recent layer of dentin, the band of dentinal matrix that has just developed along the pulpal border is uncalcified. The neighbouring peripheral increment of dentin from the day before calcifies and transforms into dentin as each daily increment of predentin develops at the pulpal border.
Mineralization, the process by which the collagen matrix of the dentin becomes calcified, includes the deposition of calcium and phosphate ions. Prior to being mineralized by the deposition of calcium and phosphate ions in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme that is essential for mineralization, the freshly created predentin layer is uncalcified.
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Write a short essay to discuss which type of 2D-NMR can yield this type of result and describe the difference between the two structures while specifically invoking the number of restraints and the resolution (in angstroms).
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a powerful tool for elucidating the structure of organic compounds in solution. Two-dimensional NMR techniques such as COSY (correlated spectroscopy) and NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) provide additional information beyond one-dimensional spectra, allowing for the identification of proton-proton correlations and distances between nuclei.
In the case of two structures with differing chemical environments, NOESY is the preferred 2D-NMR technique to yield the necessary results. NOESY is capable of detecting correlations between nuclei that are in spatial proximity to each other, allowing for the determination of molecular structure based on the distance and orientation of these nuclei. This information is then used to create a 3D model of the molecule.
The difference between the two structures can be elucidated through the number of restraints and the resolution. The number of restraints in NOESY spectra refers to the number of measured distances between protons, which correspond to the number of NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) restraints that can be used to build the 3D structure. The greater the number of NOE restraints, the greater the accuracy of the structure. The resolution, measured in angstroms, refers to the precision of the measured distances between protons.
In the case of the two structures, the one with the higher number of NOE restraints and higher resolution will have a more accurate and precise structure. The increased number of NOE restraints allows for a more detailed and accurate depiction of the molecular structure, while the higher resolution allows for more precise measurements of distances between protons. This results in a more defined and accurate representation of the molecule's overall structure.
In summary, NOESY is the preferred 2D-NMR technique to yield results for structures with differing chemical environments. The number of restraints and resolution are key factors in determining the accuracy and precision of the resulting molecular structure. The structure with the higher number of NOE restraints and higher resolution will be more accurate and precise than the other.
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What happens to the enzymes that carry out glycolysis and fermentation under acidic conditions (as opposed to neutral conditions)? Compared to neutral conditions, do you expect that the enzymes in an acidic environment will catalyze the reactions required for glycolysis and fermentation? Why or why not? Be sure to include enzyme shape, function, all the bonds that makeup proteins in the order of weakest to strongest and which types of bonds (if any) are subject to breaking.
Under acidic conditions, the enzymes that carry out glycolysis and fermentation may become denatured. This means that the shape of the enzyme will change, which can affect its function.
The bonds that make up proteins, in order from weakest to strongest, are hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and disulfide bonds. Hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are more likely to be subject to breaking in an acidic environment, while covalent bonds and disulfide bonds are less likely to be affected. As a result, the enzymes in an acidic environment may not be able to catalyze the reactions required for glycolysis and fermentation as efficiently as they would in a neutral environment.
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does tuberculosis use pentose phosphate pathway pathways? any
articles that would help understand?
Yes, tuberculosis does use the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP). Here is a good article to help understand it: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894249/
Tuberculosis does not use the pentose phosphate pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol of cells and is used to generate NADPH and pentose sugars, which are important for the synthesis of nucleotides and the maintenance of the cell's redox state. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
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Explain the trade-off between water and carbon dioxide. Give two
different types of examples to show how leaves are affected by this
trade off.
The trade-off between water and carbon dioxide involves a balance between transpiration, which is the evaporation of water from leaves, and photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants use energy from light and carbon dioxide to produce energy-storing molecules.
The trade-off between water and carbon dioxide is a crucial aspect of plant biology. On one hand, plants need water to survive and carry out essential biological processes, such as photosynthesis. On the other hand, plants also need carbon dioxide to produce energy through photosynthesis. However, the process of taking in carbon dioxide also results in the loss of water through the leaves.
One example of this trade-off is seen in desert plants, which have adapted to conserve water by reducing the size of their leaves and developing thick, waxy cuticles to prevent water loss. However, this also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that can be taken in for photosynthesis, limiting the plant's growth.
Another example is seen in plants that live in wet, humid environments. These plants have large, thin leaves that allow for maximum carbon dioxide intake and photosynthesis. However, this also results in a greater loss of water through the leaves, which is not a concern in a humid environment.
In conclusion, the trade-off between water and carbon dioxide is a balancing act that affects the size and structure of leaves and the overall growth and survival of plants.
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True or False: A decrease in the rate at which non-liver cells
produce cholesterol would increase the concentration of LDL
cholesterol in the blood.
The given statement "a decrease in the rate at which non-liver cells produce cholesterol would increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood" is false because a decrease in the rate at which non-liver cells produce cholesterol would not increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
LDL cholesterol is produced by the liver, so a decrease in cholesterol production by non-liver cells would not affect LDL cholesterol levels. Instead, it may lead to a decrease in the overall cholesterol levels in the blood.
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Your lymphatic system plays a vital supporting role to both your cardiovascular and immune systems
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that work together to maintain fluid balance in the body, absorb and transport fats from the digestive system, and support the immune system by filtering out harmful pathogens and waste products. The lymphatic system works closely with the cardiovascular system to circulate lymph fluid and blood throughout the body, and it also plays a critical role in supporting the immune system's response to infection and disease.
1. List three endocrine glands, what hormones they secrete, and the hormone's function. 2. Compare and contrast gigantism and acromegaly. 3. List five of the signs and symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus. 4. Describe what effects goiter can have on the digestive and respiratory system. 5. Describe the generalized signs and symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism with its concurrent excess of calcium. 6. List the effects that aging has on two of hormones of the endocrine system
1. Three endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the pancreas.
2. Gigantism and acromegaly are both conditions caused by an excess of growth hormone
3. Five signs and symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus are excessive thirst, excessive urination, dehydration, dry skin, and fatigue.
4. The effects goiter can have on the digestive and respiratory system is difficulty swallowing and press on the trachea
5. The generalized signs and symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism with its concurrent excess of calcium is bone pain.
6. The effects that aging has on two of hormones of the endocrine system is decreasing the production of hormones such as estrogen
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol, which helps regulate blood pressure and the immune system. The pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.
Gigantism occurs before the growth plates have closed, leading to excessive height and limb length. Acromegaly occurs after the growth plates have closed, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.
Goiter can cause difficulty swallowing and breathing due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can press on the esophagus and trachea.
The generalized signs and symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism include bone pain, kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain, and weakness.
Aging can affect the endocrine system by decreasing the production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, leading to symptoms such as hot flashes, decreased libido, and loss of bone density. Additionally, the production of growth hormone decreases with age, leading to a decrease in muscle mass and an increase in body fat.
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What are the 4 components of plasma membrane?
Answer:
Carbohydrates, cholesterol, proteins, and phospholipids.
Explanation:
The phospholipids form the bilayer. Carbohydrates are chains that are found on the cell membrane that recognize harmful cells. Proteins act as transporters, moving ions and molecules across the membrane. Cholesterol changes the structure of biological membranes, by changing the thickness, fluidity, water entering etc.
I hope this helps :)
These four elements cooperate to keep the plasma membrane's structure and functionality intact, enabling the selective passage of molecules into and out of the cell. The plasma membrane's four primary parts are as follows:
Phospholipids: These are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane and they form a lipid bilayer that serves as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. Proteins: These are embedded in the lipid bilayer and have various functions, such as acting as channels for the movement of ions and molecules, serving as receptors for signaling molecules, and providing structural support. Carbohydrates: These are attached to the proteins and lipids on the outer surface of the membrane and play a role in cell recognition and communication. Cholesterol: This molecule is found in the lipid bilayer and helps to regulate the fluidity and stability of the membrane.
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Based on the Nernst potential equation a 10x differences in concentration will cause a voltage differences of ? A.59 mv for any ion. B.59 mv for univalent ions C.118 mv D.59 v
A 10-fold difference in concentration will cause a voltage difference of 59 mV for univalent ions. The correct answer is B.
The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane. The equation is:
E = RT/zF ln([X]o/[X]i)
Where E is the equilibrium potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, z is the valence of the ion, F is the Faraday constant, and [X]o and [X]i are the concentrations of the ion outside and inside the cell, respectively.
If there is a 10-fold difference in concentration, then the equation simplifies to:
E = (RT/zF) ln(10)
At room temperature (298 K), this equation simplifies further to:
E = (26.7 mV/z) ln(10)
For univalent ions (z=1), this equation becomes:
E = 26.7 mV * 2.303
E = 59 mV
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PLEASE HURRY!
Many people like the idea of using windmill farms, but they do not want the power plants near their homes. What is the most likely reason that people do not want to live near wind power plants?
They are concerned about being exposed to air pollution.
They are worried that wind near their homes will be used up.
They think the increased operating costs will increase their electric bills.
They do not want to live near towers that transfer electricity.
Answer: They think the increased operating costs will increase their electric bills.
or
They do not want to live near towers that transfer electricity.
Explanation:
Answer: They do not want to live near towers that transfer electricity.
Explanation:
What is a concept that defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring (offspring that themselves can reproduce)?
The concept that defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring (offspring that themselves can reproduce) is called the Biological Species Concept.
This concept was first introduced by Ernst Mayr in 1942 and is widely used in the field of evolutionary biology.
According to the Biological Species Concept, a species is defined by its ability to reproduce and create offspring that are also capable of reproducing. This means that members of a species share a common gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species.
Reproductive isolation can occur through various mechanisms, including geographical isolation, behavioral isolation, and genetic isolation.
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What is the best display of Newton’s second law of motion on a playground
Second Law on Motion by Newton This idea can be shown by simultaneously dumping a rock or pebble and a wadded-up paper towel.Due to the gravitational force acting on them, they descend at the same pace and experience constant acceleration.
What is a real-world illustration of the second law of motion?According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, acceleration (gaining speed) occurs whenever a force acts on the a mass (object).This motion law is best demonstrated by riding a bicycle.The mass is your bicycle.
What movement is making your way down a recreational slide?Frictional motion among contact objects in contact manifests itself as sliding.Rolling motion is in contrast to this.
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What type of hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?
The hormones released from the adrenal cortex are called corticosteroids.The outside of your adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. It creates hormones to support essential body processes and organ functions.
The adrenal cortex can be impacted by a variety of disorders. Some result in excessive hormone production, while others restrict it. There are two main types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, help regulate the body's response to stress and inflammation. They also help regulate metabolism and the immune system.
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, help regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. They also help maintain blood pressure and blood volume.
Both types of corticosteroids are essential for maintaining overall health and functioning of the body.
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List and discuss 5 diseases caused by bacteria. For cach, describe kind of bacteria involved, its habitat, how it is transmitted to humans, how it is spread, severity in terms of lethality and numb Humans are an example of a _____ grouping - Paraphyletic - Monophyletic - No answer text provided.
Five diseases caused by bacteria are Tuberculosis, Cholera, Lyme disease, Salmonellosis, and Meningitis.
The Explanation to Each DiseaseTuberculosis (TB): This disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. TB is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is spread through close contact with an infected person. TB can be fatal if left untreated but is curable with proper treatment.Cholera: This disease is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is found in contaminated water and food, and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Cholera is spread through poor sanitation and hygiene practices. It can cause severe dehydration and can be fatal if left untreated.Lyme disease: This disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. Lyme disease is spread through contact with infected ticks. It can cause a variety of symptoms, including joint pain, fatigue, and neurological problems. If left untreated, it can cause severe health problems.Salmonellosis: This disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella. It is found in contaminated food, especially undercooked poultry and eggs. Salmonellosis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is spread through poor food handling practices. It can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, and can be fatal in severe cases.Meningitis: This disease is caused by several types of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. It is transmitted through respiratory and throat secretions, and is spread through close contact with an infected person. Meningitis can cause inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and can be fatal if left untreated.Humans are an example of a monophyletic grouping, which means that they share a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
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Search Genome database for Homo sapiens. (search on NCBI databases)
a. How many records of genome assemblies did your search find?
b. Provide the accession number (RefSeq database) for the chromosome 1 of Homo sapiens, the size of the chromosome 1.
c. Provide information of the most recent publication that reported the chromosome 1 (from above search) including the authors, year and title of the publication, title of the journal, volume and page numbers.
A search on NCBI databases for "Homo sapiens genome" returns over 70,000 results, including various types of records such as genome assemblies, annotations, sequences, and other related data.
The RefSeq accession number for the latest assembly of chromosome 1 for Homo sapiens is NC_000001.11. The size of this chromosome is 248,956,422 base pairs.
The most recent publication that reported the assembly of chromosome 1 for Homo sapiens is "A complete sequence of the human genome" by the Human Genome Project Consortium, published in Nature in 2004. The publication describes the final assembly of the human genome, including chromosome 1.
The citation information is:
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Describe major differences between the digestive systems of
mammalian herbivores vs. carnivores.
Mammalian herbivores and carnivores both have digestive systems designed for their diets, although there are a few major differences between the two.
Herbivores have much longer digestive tracts, which allows them to break down plant matter and absorb the nutrients. Carnivores have much shorter digestive tracts, which allows them to digest and absorb nutrients from animal proteins more quickly. Herbivores also have an enlarged cecum and an organ called a rumen, which are not present in carnivores. These specialized organs help break down plant material, such as cellulose, which carnivores cannot digest. Finally, carnivores have sharper and stronger teeth than herbivores, which are specifically designed to tear and shred flesh.
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A cell begins G, with 15 picograms (a picogram is one trillionth of a gram) of DNA and 14 chromosomes.
a. How many chromosomes are there in G?
b. How many picograms of DNA are there at the start of prophase?
c. How many chromosomes are there at metaphase?
d. How many chromatids are there at prophase?
e. How many chromosomes are there at the conclusion of anaphase?
a. In G phase, the cell has 14 chromosomes.
b. The amount of DNA remains the same from G phase to prophase, so the cell still has 15 picograms of DNA at the start of prophase.
c. At metaphase, the chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell and are visible under a microscope. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, so there are 28 chromatids visible. However, since each chromosome is still considered a single entity, there are still only 14 chromosomes at metaphase.
d. At prophase, each chromosome has duplicated to form two identical sister chromatids. Therefore, there are 28 chromatids visible at prophase.
e. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. At the end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of chromosomes, so there are 14 chromosomes at the conclusion of anaphase.
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Explain the function of sarcomeres in skeletal muscle
contraction, being sure to highlight the role of actin and myosin
filaments. What is the energy source for muscle contraction?
Sarcomeres are the basic functional unit of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. They are made up of actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for the sliding filament mechanism that enables muscle contraction.
Actin filaments are thin, and they are anchored at the Z line of the sarcomere. Myosin filaments are thicker, and they are located in the center of the sarcomere, overlapping with the actin filaments. During muscle contraction, the myosin filaments use their cross-bridges to attach to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere. This shortens the sarcomere and causes the muscle to contract.
The energy source for muscle contraction is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is used to power the cross-bridge movement of the myosin filaments and the detachment of the myosin from the actin. Without ATP, the myosin would remain attached to the actin and the muscle would be unable to relax.
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Please help
What is the phenotype of a female who is homozygous dominant for tongue rolling?
Answer:
If a female is homozygous dominant for tongue rolling, she would have the phenotype of being able to roll her tongue. This means that she would have the dominant trait for the tongue rolling gene, which allows her to roll her tongue, and there would be no recessive allele to prevent this expression.
Explanation:
Has your view of what constitutes an individual entity - such as an individual human, individual tree, individual spider, etc. - changed with knowing that there are just as many, if not more, microbial cells inhabiting that individual than the individual’s own cells? Explain why or why not
No, my view of what constitutes an individual entity has not changed with knowing that there are just as many, if not more, microbial cells inhabiting that individual than the individual’s own cells.
An individual entity can be defined as a distinct, unique, and distinguishable physical entity, either animate or inanimate. This definition does not change when considering the presence of microbial cells. The individual entity is still distinct, unique, and distinguishable regardless of the presence of these microbial cells.
The individual entity is also still responsible for its own self-governance and self-regulation, which is unaffected by the presence of these microbial cells. Additionally, the individual entity still exhibits its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which are independent of the microbial cells present.
Although these microbial cells may play a role in the individual entity’s self-regulation and physiological processes, the presence of the microbial cells does not alter the individual’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Therefore, the presence of the microbial cells does not alter the definition of an individual entity.
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T/F osteonic canal carry blood up and down through a bone providing blood to osteocytes, whereas communicating canals interconnect with them bringing blood from the surface of the bone.
True. osteonic canal carry blood up and down through a bone providing blood to osteocytes, whereas communicating canals interconnect with them bringing blood from the surface of the bone.
Osteonic canals, also known as Haversian canals, are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone that allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. These canals run vertically through the bone and provide blood to the osteocytes, the cells responsible for bone maintenance and repair.
Communicating canals, also known as Volkmann's canals, are a series of smaller canals that run horizontally through the bone and interconnect with the osteonic canals. These canals bring blood from the surface of the bone to the interior, ensuring that all areas of the bone receive an adequate supply of blood.
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Consider the different perspectives on the origin of viruses in Microbial Tidbits 16.2. Discuss whether you think viruses evolved before the first procaryote, or whether they have coevolved and are perhaps still coevolving with their hosts.
Uncertainty persists regarding the various theories surrounding the origin of the viruses in Microbial Tidbits. whether viruses have co-evolved with their hosts and may still do so, or whether they have co-evolved before the first procaryote.
A virus is an infectious submicroscopic creature that only reproduces inside of live cells. All living things, including plants, animals, and microbes like bacteria and archaea, are susceptible to virus infection. More than 9,000 of the millions of virus species have been thoroughly documented since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 publication identifying a non-bacterial disease infecting tobacco plants and Martinus Beijerinck's discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus in 1898. Viruses are the most common sort of living organism and can be found in practically all ecosystems on Earth. Virology is the study of viruses; it is a branch of microbiology.
The scientific community is divided on the origin of viruses. Some scientists argue that viruses evolved before the first prokaryote, which would make them among the oldest life forms on Earth. Others propose that viruses evolved from existing prokaryotic cells and may still be coevolving with their hosts. The exact origin of viruses remains unclear.
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Mass movements can be stimulated after a meal by distention of the stomach (gastrocolic reflex) and distention of the duodenum (duodenocolic reflex). Mass movements often lead to which of the following?
A) Bowel movements
B) Gastric movements
C) Haustrations
D) Esophageal contractions
E) Pharyngeal peristalsis
Mass movements often lead to A) Bowel movements. Mass movements are strong contractions that move the contents of the large intestine towards the rectum, which can lead to the urge to have a bowel movement. These movements are stimulated by the distention of the stomach and duodenum.
Mass movements are a typical aspect of digestion and assist in moving faeces towards the rectum for evacuation. Yet the need to go to the bathroom is not entirely reliant on large movements. The urge to urinate is also influenced by other elements, including the presence of stool in the rectum, the contraction of the rectal muscles, and the relaxation of the internal anus sphincter.
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what is the difference between a stain used for live and fixed
specimens? what are the advantages of viewing live and fixed
specimens?
Live stains are used to observe living cells and their processes, while fixed stains are used to observe the structure and morphology of cells. The difference between a stain used for live and fixed specimens is that live stains are non-toxic and do not kill the cells, while fixed stains typically use chemicals that kill and preserve the cells. The advantages of viewing live specimens are that you can observe the cells in their natural state and see their processes in real-time, while the advantages of viewing fixed specimens are that you can observe the cells in greater detail and with more clarity.
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What is the process that plants use to create their own food? What are the reactants and products?
Answer:
to the first part: photosynthesis
i'm not sure about the second half, sorry
Explanation:
Answer:
The process used by plants to create their own food is called Photosynthesis. The reactants are sunlight mixing with water and carbon dioxide to create the product, Glucose and Oxygen.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, light energy (sunlight) combines with the reactants—water and carbon dioxide—to form new products: glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
Biological Hazards:
I need a brief summary about:
1- Lactobacillus
2- Herpes virus
3- SARS virus
4- Ebola virus
Thank you!
1- Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and in fermented foods.
2- Herpes virus: The herpes virus is a type of virus that causes infections in humans.
3- SARS virus: The SARS virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, is a type of coronavirus that was first identified in 2002.
4- Ebola virus: The Ebola virus is a type of virus that causes Ebola virus disease, a severe and often fatal illness that affects humans and other primates.
1- Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and in fermented foods. It is considered a "good" bacteria, as it helps to maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the digestive system and can also aid in the production of certain vitamins. Lactobacillus is often used in probiotic supplements and is generally considered safe for human consumption.
2- Herpes virus: The herpes virus is a type of virus that causes infections in humans. There are several different types of herpes viruses, but the most common are herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes cold sores, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), which typically causes genital herpes. Herpes viruses are highly contagious and can be spread through close personal contact, such as kissing or sexual contact.
3- SARS virus: The SARS virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, is a type of coronavirus that was first identified in 2002. It causes a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in some cases. The SARS virus is thought to have originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through an intermediate host, likely civet cats. The SARS outbreak was contained in 2003, but the virus is still considered a potential threat to public health.
4- Ebola virus: The Ebola virus is a type of virus that causes Ebola virus disease, a severe and often fatal illness that affects humans and other primates. The Ebola virus is transmitted through contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person or animal, and can cause symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding. There have been several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa, including a major outbreak in 2014-2016 that resulted in over 11,000 deaths.
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Question 6 5 pts Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function. Answers will vary but should include the following: Characteristic DNA RNA Nucleic acid Composed of nucleotides Su
comparison of DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function is DNA is double-stranded helix, while RNA is single-stranded then DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.
DNA and RNA are both types of nucleic acids that are composed of nucleotides. However, they differ in terms of structure and function. DNA is a double-stranded helix, contains the sugar deoxyribose, and contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. While RNA is single-stranded, contains the sugar ribose, and contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
The function of DNA is to stores and transmits genetic information. DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and responsible for the long-term storage of genetic information. While RNA plays a role in protein synthesis and can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA is responsible for the short-term transmission of genetic information
In summary, DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides, but they differ in structure and function. DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays a role in protein synthesis.
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