Homework #4 – T2
CH 28- Human Systems and Homeostasis
Fill in the blank with the term from the box that best completes the sentence.
1. All cells in a multicellular organism arise from a single cell called a _________________.
2. A human zygote divides and differentiates into more than 200 different types of _________________ cells.
3. In humans, the first few divisions of a zygote produce ________________.
4. Most stem cells become committed to developing into only one kind of specialized cell through a process called _________________.
5. A committed stem cell acquires all the characteristics and functions of a specialized cell through a process called ___________________.
6. Cells that are no longer needed die off in a process of programmed cell death called _______________.
7. The body regulates its internal environment to stay within the normal range that supports life. This regulatory process is called _____________________.
8.Homeostasis cannot be maintained if a _____________________organ cannot respond to a sensor’s signal.
9. It’s a hot day and you’re sweating. Sweating helps keep body temperature from rising too high. This response is an example of _____________________ feedback.
10. Human growth hormone is produced during the years that a child’s body is growing. When adulthood is reached, the body’s cells no longer need the same amount of growth hormone, so hormone production is reduced. This response is an example of _____________________ feedback.
11.The organs in the body work together like members of a pit crew servicing a race car. Something that keeps one organ from doing its job can have an effect on all the other _____________________ of the body.
12. Vitamin D works with hormones to regulate levels of _____________________ and _____________________ required for healthy bones.
13. Messages from the _____________________ in the brain activate organ systems in ways that help regulate body temperature
Complete the table below by filling in the name of the organ next to the description of how it helps produce vitamin D in your body.
Organ
Function
2. _____________ Absorbs ultraviolet light from the Sun and produces an inactive form of Vitamin D
3. _____________Changes the inactive form to an intermediate compound
4. ------------------- Converts the intermediate compound into Vitamin D

When human red blood cells are placed in a beaker of 100% water, water will continue to move into the cells by osmosis until the cells eventually burst.

This is because the solute concentration inside the cells is higher than that of the surrounding water, creating a hypertonic solution inside the cells and a hypotonic solution outside the cells.

As a result, water will move from the area of lower solute concentration (outside the cells) to the area of higher solute concentration (inside the cells) in an attempt to reach equilibrium.

However, because the cell membranes cannot withstand the pressure of the incoming water, the cells will eventually burst. This process is known as hemolysis.

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The structure is a group of proteins that are where the mitotic spindles attach to a chromosome is it called c) kinetochore.

Kinetochore is a protein structure located at the centromere region of a chromosome that plays a crucial role in cell division. During mitosis, the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores and pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the dividing cell, ensuring equal distribution of genetic material between the daughter cells.

The kinetochore is composed of several proteins, including motor proteins, microtubule-binding proteins, and checkpoint proteins. It also interacts with the centromeric DNA and regulates the timing and accuracy of chromosome segregation.

In summary, the kinetochore is a critical protein structure that ensures proper chromosome segregation during cell division by serving as the attachment site for the spindle fibers.

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Answer (6).

The rules of the model for environmental effects on phenotype include the following:

- Genotype and environment both influence phenotype

- The environment can impact the expression of genes, leading to differences in phenotype

- Environmental factors can include temperature, diet, and other external factors

- Environmental effects can be additive, meaning that they can combine with genetic effects to influence phenotype

- Environmental effects can also be non-additive, meaning that they can interact with genetic effects in complex ways

Answer (7).

The environment can have a significant impact on heritability and the response to selection. For example, if the environment is highly variable, then it may be more difficult to accurately estimate heritability, as environmental effects can mask genetic effects.

This can make it more difficult to predict the response to selection, as the true genetic effects may be hidden by environmental effects. Additionally, if the environment is highly influential on phenotype, then the response to selection may be weaker, as environmental effects can overwhelm genetic effects.

On the other hand, if the environment is relatively stable, then heritability estimates may be more accurate, and the response to selection may be stronger, as genetic effects can be more easily identified and acted upon.

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Fatty acids consist of long chains of hydrocarbons, with a carboxylic acid (-COOH) at one end of the chain. A fatty acid with 8 carbons and 11 hydrogens would be represented as C8H17COOH. To illustrate the structure, you can draw the chain of hydrocarbons like a straight line, with the carboxylic acid at one end.

If three of these fatty acids are used to construct a lipid membrane, they would each be surrounded by two phosphate groups and two choline molecules (or two other hydrophobic molecules), forming three phospholipids, with the fatty acid tails facing inwards towards the hydrophobic region of the membrane, and the phosphate groups and hydrophilic heads facing outwards. The phospholipids will then form a bilayer with their fatty acid tails facing each other.

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Answer:

Assuming these birds are of the same species, the answer would be a. intraspecific

Explanation:

Intraspecific competition occurs when two individuals of the same species fight/compete over resources.

Vasculogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels from endothelial cells, angioblasts, and hemangioblasts. The growth factors that drive the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to erythrocytes are C-kit, EPO, BMP4, M-CSF, IL3, and IL1.

Vasculogenesis: It is the process of blood vessel formation that begins with the differentiation of mesodermal cells to angioblasts or hemangioblasts that further differentiate into endothelial cells.

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The correct answer to the question "General guidelines for preventing accidents include:" is All the above. So the correct answer is answer option D.

It is important to follow these general guidelines in order to prevent accidents and keep yourself and those around you safe. By knowing where the safety equipment is, you can quickly access it in case of an emergency. By becoming familiar with the hazards of the chemicals and equipment you are using, you can take the necessary precautions to avoid accidents and injuries. By following these content-loaded general guidelines, you can help to prevent accidents and ensure a safe and secure environment.

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The genotypic ratio of two heterozygous red-eyed fruit flies would be:

1 homozygous dominant (RR)

2 heterozygous (Rr)

1 homozygous recessive (rr)

So the genotypic ratio would be 1:2:1 (RR:Rr:rr).

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The correct answer is (d) Measurement of diffusion rates of the same protein in cell membranes containing different percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

The fluidity of cell membranes can be influenced by the types of fatty acids that make up the membrane's lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids, for example, introduce kinks in the fatty acid chain, preventing the fatty acids from packing together tightly and making the membrane more fluid.

The best way to test this hypothesis is to measure the diffusion rates of the same protein in cell membranes containing different percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

This experiment would control for differences in cell type and provide a direct test of the hypothesis that lipid composition affects membrane fluidity.

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The possible benefits to the bacteria of a bacteriophage going into the lysogenic phase are: protecting from other viruses, enhancing survival, and reproducting without destruction.

1) Protection from other viruses: When a bacteriophage enters the lysogenic phase, it integrates its DNA into the host bacterium's genome. This can provide protection to the bacterium from other viruses, as the integrated viral DNA can produce proteins that interfere with the replication of other viruses.


2) Enhanced survival: The bacteriophage's DNA can also provide the host bacterium with new genes that enhance its survival. For example, the bacteriophage may provide genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or toxins, or that allow the bacterium to utilize new sources of nutrients.


3) Reproduction without destruction: In the lysogenic phase, the bacteriophage's DNA is replicated along with the host bacterium's DNA, allowing the bacteriophage to reproduce without destroying the host cell. This can provide a long-term relationship between the bacteriophage and the host bacterium, allowing both to survive and reproduce.

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Q10. Using a Punnett square, the possible genotypes of the offspring of Pebbles and Maximus are ttHh, ttHh, HhKK, and HhKK.

Q11. The probability of having a foal with the genotype ttHHKK is 25%. This is because the Punnett square shows that there is only one out of the four possible genotypes that have this combination.

Punnet square is a tool thаt helps to show аll possible аllelic combinаtions of gаmetes in а cross of pаrents with known genotypes in order to predict the probаbility of their offspring possessing certаin sets of аlleles.

From the possible genotypes of the offspring (ttHh, ttHh, HhKK, and HhKK), the probability of having a foal with the genotype ttHHKK is 25%. This is because the Punnett square shows that there is only one out of the four possible genotypes that have this combination.

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Both wealthy and poor families have an equal chance of getting infected with Clonorchiasis because the parasite responsible for the infection, the Clonorchis sinensis, is found in freshwater fish, which can be caught and consumed by people regardless of their economic situation.

Educating people to cook fish is not considered effective in preventing this disease because cooking does not always destroy the parasite, and the infected fish can still be consumed.

Clonorchiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. This disease affects people who consume raw or undercooked fish that is infected with the parasite.

Both wealthy and poor families have an equal chance of getting infected with Clonorchiasis because the infection is not related to economic status. Anyone who consumes infected fish, regardless of their financial situation, can get infected with the disease.

Educating people to cook fish is not considered effective in preventing Clonorchiasis because the parasite is highly resistant to heat. Even if the fish is cooked, the parasite can still survive and infect the person who consumes it. This is why it is important to properly inspect fish before consuming it and avoid consuming fish from areas known to be infected with the parasite.

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Answer:

The tricuspid valve is one of the four heart valves in the human heart, and it is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The valve has three leaflets or cusps that allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle during the cardiac cycle.

The main role of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular systole. It accomplishes this by opening during ventricular diastole (when the ventricle is relaxed and filling with blood) to allow blood to flow into the ventricle, and then closing during ventricular systole (when the ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs) to prevent the backflow of blood.

Overall, the tricuspid valve plays a crucial role in ensuring proper blood flow through the heart and preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Explanation:

The positive selection marker, like a neomycin resistance cassette, will select for event 3 only - targeted integration by desired double cross over at targeted gene. (B)

This is because homologous recombination mediates the targeted insertion of DNA sequence from gene targeting vectors into a targeted gene, and a double crossover is required for successful gene targeting.

A positive selection marker, like the neomycin resistance cassette, is used to select cells that have undergone the desired targeted integration event. In this case, the desired event is a double crossover at the targeted gene, which is event 3. Cells that undergo this event will contain the neomycin resistance cassette and will be able to survive in the presence of the antibiotic neomycin.

Cells that do not undergo any integration event (event 1) or that undergo random integration by single crossover (event 2) will not contain the neomycin resistance cassette and will not be able to survive in the presence of neomycin. Therefore, the positive selection marker will not select for these cells.

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FSH and LH are released by the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).Gonadotropins are hormones that target the gonads, which are the ovaries in women and testes in men.

The two primary gonadotropins are LH and FSH.

GnRH is a hormone released by the hypothalamus, a gland located in the brain.

GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary gland to release gonadotropins.

LH and FSH are examples of gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland.

FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce estrogen and progesterone in women and testosterone in men.

In women, LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries to release an egg each month and regulate the menstrual cycle.

In men, LH and FSH encourage the testes to produce androgens, which are male sex hormones.

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A learning method known as classical conditioning involves learning by association. You train your dog's natural instincts to respond to minor cues. Your dog eventually learns to connect the signal with the occasion.

The majority of training is carried out through operant conditioning, which involves using rewards and/or punishment to encourage or deter the dog from performing particular actions.

Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was continually played while food was being given to the dogs, they could be trained to salivate at the sound of the bell.

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GVHD, or graft-versus-host disease, is a complication that can occur after a lung transplantation. It is a condition in which the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues and organs, causing damage and potentially leading to organ failure. There are three main mechanisms through which GVHD can occur:

1. Recipient T cells recognize foreign HLA-Agon donor cells, activating CD8T cytotoxic cells. This can lead to an immune response against the donor cells, causing damage to the transplanted lung.

2. Recipient Ag presenting cells (APCs) receive processed donor HLA peptides from recipient HLA class II molecules, which cause CD4 T helper cells to activate B cells to produce antibodies to foreign HLA molecules. These antibodies can then attack the donor cells, leading to further damage.

3. Transplanted lymphocytes mount an immune response toward the recipient through T cell destruction of host tissue. This can lead to damage to the recipient's tissues and organs, potentially causing organ failure.

Overall, GVHD is a serious complication that can occur after lung transplantation and can have severe consequences for the recipient. It is important for the transplant team to carefully monitor the recipient for signs of GVHD and to take steps to prevent or treat it if it occurs.

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Two aspects of the hands of the Notharctus that made them well-adapted to living in trees are:

Notharctus is an extinct genus of early primates that lived about 50-55 million years ago. Their hands were well-adapted to living in trees, which was likely their primary habitat. Here are two aspects of their hands that made them well-suited for this lifestyle:

Grasping ability: Notharctus had opposable thumbs. This allowed them to grasp branches and other objects with a greater degree of precision and strength. Additionally, their fingers were long and slender, which also aided in grasping objects.

Mobility: Notharctus had a high degree of mobility in their wrists, which allowed them to rotate their hands and manipulate objects from a variety of angles.

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A purine-purine base pairing alters the DNA structure by making the double helix more compact and forming a stronger base pair. A pyrimidine-pyrimidine base pairing alters the DNA structure by creating a less stable base pair and a wider double helix.

Purines are two of the four nucleotide bases that are found in DNA, while pyrimidines are the other two. Adenine and guanine are the two purines, while cytosine and thymine are the two pyrimidines.

Purines and pyrimidines are complementary base pairs, with A always matching T and C always matching G. When pyrimidines bases are paired with one another, they cause a kink in the DNA structure. As a result of the kink, the DNA helix becomes uneven and distorted. The structure of the DNA is thus changed by the pyramidine-pyramidine base pairing.

A purine-purine base pairing, on the other hand, makes the DNA structure stronger.

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The genotype for the green jellyfish would be Bb, meaning it has one blue gene and one yellow gene. This is because incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive phenotypes.

In this case, the blue gene (B) is dominant and the yellow gene (b) is recessive, so when an individual has one of each (Bb), the result is a blend of the two colors, producing a green phenotype.the term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's complete set of genes. In a more narrow sense, the term can be used to refer to the alleles, or variant forms of a gene, that are carried by an organism.

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The three plant phyla other than Anthophyta are as follows: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, and Gymnosperms.

Each of the plant phyla has unique characteristics that set them apart from one another, and they all play important roles in the ecosystem.

1. Bryophyta (Mosses): These are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They reproduce via spores and are usually found in damp or shady environments.

2. Pteridophyta (Ferns): These are vascular plants that have true roots, stems, and leaves, but they do not produce seeds. Instead, they reproduce via spores, which are produced on the undersides of their leaves.

3. Gymnosperms (Conifers): These are vascular plants that produce seeds, but they do not have flowers. Instead, they have cones, which are the reproductive structures of these plants. Gymnosperms include pine trees, spruce trees, and other conifers.

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Vesicle formation is a process that involves the packaging of materials into small, membrane-bound sacs called vesicles. This process is facilitated by several proteins, including cargo receptors, adaptin, clathrin, and dynamin.

Cargo receptors are proteins that bind to specific molecules, or cargo, that are to be transported into the vesicle. Adaptin proteins then bind to the cargo receptors, helping to recruit clathrin proteins to the site of vesicle formation. Clathrin proteins form a lattice-like structure on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, which helps to shape the forming vesicle. Finally, dynamin proteins are involved in pinching off the vesicle from the membrane, completing the process of vesicle formation.

The process of vesicle formation is an endergonic process, meaning that it requires energy input in the form of ATP. This energy is used to drive the assembly of the protein complexes involved in vesicle formation, as well as the movement of cargo molecules into the vesicle.

In summary, vesicle formation is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of several proteins, including cargo receptors, adaptin, clathrin, and dynamin. It is an endergonic process that requires energy input to drive the assembly of protein complexes and the movement of cargo molecules into the vesicle.

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The general global pattern of species richness is O Decreasing from the tropics towards polar areas. This means that the species get more varied as you get closer to the equator.

The number of species decreases as you move away from the equator and towards the poles. This is because the tropics have better weather, like higher temperatures and more rain, which makes it possible for a wider range of species to thrive.

In contrast, the polar regions have harsher conditions, like colder temperatures and less rain, that make it hard for many species to live there. So, the number of species decreases as you move from the tropics to the poles. This is called the global pattern of species richness.

Therefore, the correct answer is the general global pattern of species richness is O Decreasing from the tropics towards polar areas.

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Similar to a creature eating food, chloroplasts in plant cells collect sun energy for cellular functions. The right answer is option a).

Plant cells' primary job is to perform photosynthesis. In the chlorophylls of the plant cell, photosynthesis takes place. It is the process through which plants use freshwater, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make food. ATP is created throughout the process, which releases energy.

Eukaryotic cells with centrally located vacuoles, cellulose-containing cell walls, and plastids such chloroplasts and chromoplasts are all present in plants. Parenchymal, collenchymal, & sclerenchymal cells are three different kinds of plant cells. The structure and function of the three categories vary.

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The Complete Question :

What function in plant cells is comparable to an animal eating

food?

a. Chloroplasts absorbing solar energy for cellular activities

b. Nuclei directing cellular activity from information held in DNA

c. Vacuoles storing waste, protecting the rest of the cell from contamination

d. Cell walls providing rigidity and support for the cell

structure

This is bad news. The acid-fast stain is a test done to check for the presence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria, called acid-fast bacilli, which can cause illnesses such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and other infections.

When the sample is viewed under a microscope, the bacteria will appear blue. This indicates that the bacteria are present and that the infection is resistant to antibiotics.

Treatment for these infections can be difficult and time consuming, often requiring long courses of antibiotics and other medications. It is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible for treatment and to prevent the spread of the infection.

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Heavy chains have at least D. 4 constant region DNA segments which correspond to different immunoglobulin classes.

These constant region DNA segments are responsible for the structural and functional diversity of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin is a protein produced by cells in the immune system to fight allergens, bacteria and viruses that cause disease. The body has antibodies that play an important role in the immune system.

Each constant region DNA segment corresponds to a different immunoglobulin class, such as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each immunoglobin has a specific function. Therefore, the correct option is D. 4.

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Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is specific to a particular pathogen or antigen. Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells, which produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens or infected cells.  Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T cells, which recognize and respond to specific antigens that are presented on the surface of infected cells or cancer cells.

Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is specific to a particular pathogen or antigen. It is characterized by the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens or antigens, and to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon subsequent exposure. Adaptive immunity is mediated by two main types of cells, B cells and T cells, which are responsible for humoral and cell-mediated immunity, respectively.
Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells, which produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens or infected cells. This binding can neutralize the pathogen, prevent it from infecting other cells, or target it for destruction by other immune cells. Humoral immunity is particularly effective against extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses that are outside of cells.
Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T cells, which recognize and respond to specific antigens that are presented on the surface of infected cells or cancer cells. There are two main types of T cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells can directly kill infected cells or cancer cells, while helper T cells provide signals and support to other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria that are inside of cells, as well as cancer cells.
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The experiment described above can be used to compare the effect of mulching on soil moisture retention.

Mulching is a process of covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic materials to conserve soil moisture, regulate soil temperature, and prevent soil erosion. To observe the effect of mulching, you can conduct an experiment by filling two deep jars with soil to within 3 inches of the top. Carefully moisten the soil in each jar with the same amount of water. Mulch the top of one jar with organic materials such as straw, leaves, or grass clippings, and leave the other jar bare.

After a period of drying, you can compare the moisture level of the soil in each jar by observing the soil surface or by weighing each jar before and after the drying period. The jar with the mulch should have a higher moisture level and should weigh more than the jar without the mulch.

This is because the mulch helps to conserve soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil surface. The mulch also helps to regulate soil temperature by insulating the soil from extreme temperature changes.  By conducting an experiment with two jars of soil, you can observe the effect of mulching on soil moisture and soil temperature.

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Type of signaling does testosterone show are c. an autocrine signal, e. a paracrine signal, and f. an endocrine signal.

Testosterone is a hormone that affects various cells in the body, including those in the testis that synthesize it, as well as neighboring cells and distant cells outside the gonads. The type of signaling that testosterone shows includes:

c. An autocrine signal: This type of signaling occurs when a cell produces a signal that affects itself. Testosterone can act as an autocrine signal by affecting the cells in the testis that synthesize it.

e. A paracrine signal: This type of signaling occurs when a cell produces a signal that affects neighboring cells. Testosterone can act as a paracrine signal by affecting the neighboring cells in the testis.

f. An endocrine signal: This type of signaling occurs when a cell produces a signal that affects distant cells outside the gonads. Testosterone can act as an endocrine signal by affecting distant cells in the body.

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The place where the inherited information that determines a cell’s function can be found is the d. genes.

Genes are the basic units of heredity in living organisms. They are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contain instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of all living things. Genes provide the blueprint for the formation of proteins, which are essential for the proper functioning of cells and the entire organism.

Genes are located on chromosomes, which are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of a cell. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each chromosome contains many genes. The exact number of genes in humans is still being researched, but it is estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000.

Therefore, option D is correct.

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