Examples of negative tropism would be:
A plant’s leaves growing away from the sunlightA plant’s roots growing down into the soilWhat is negative tropism?Negative tropism is the growth or movement of a plant away from a stimulus, such as light or gravity.
In the case of the examples given, the plant's leaves growing away from the sunlight is an example of negative phototropism, while the plant's roots growing down into the soil is an example of negative geotropism.
Thus, the two examples of negative tropism are:
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which element on the periodic table is the most electronegative? just input the symbol of the element.
The most electronegative element on the periodic table is Fluorine, with a value of 3.98.
What is electronegativity?Electronegativity refers to an atom's tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons. It is determined by measuring the atomic structure of an element, which is influenced by its position on the periodic table. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's capacity to draw electrons toward itself in a covalent bond.
An element is a substance that is composed of atoms with the same atomic number. It is a chemical compound that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. The periodic table has 118 identified elements, each of which has a unique set of atomic numbers and chemical characteristics.
Therefore the most electronegative element of periodic table is Fluorine, represented by F.
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Calculate the percentage of water of crystalization in 35.7g Na₂CO₃ 10 H₂O
The amount of water that crystallises is 305.1%.
Crystalization is a process of separating solid particles from a solution. It occurs when a solvent, such as water, is mixed with a solute, such as salt or sugar.The percentage of water of crystallization in 35.7g Na₂CO₃ 10 H₂O can be calculated using the following equation:
Percentage of water of crystallization =[tex](\frac{Mass of water of crystallization}{Mass of anhydrous salt}) * 100[/tex]
Mass of water of crystallization = 10 * (18.015 g/mol) = 180.15 g
Mass of anhydrous salt = (2 * (22.99 g/mol) + 1 * (12.01 g/mol)) = 58.97 g
The percentage of water of crystallization =[tex](\frac{180.15 g}{58.97 g}) * 100 = 305.1 \%.[/tex]
Therefore,The percentage of water of crystallization is 305.1%.
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calculate the root-mean-square displacement of the nu- clei of 12c16o in the v 0 state and compare it with the equi- librium bond length of 112.832 pm.
We see that the RMSD is much smaller than the bond length. This is expected, as the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule oscillate around their equilibrium positions with small amplitudes, even at room temperature.
The root-mean-square displacement (RMSD) of the nuclei in a molecule is given by the following formula:
RMSD = √(3RT/2k)
where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and k is the force constant of the bond in N/m.
The force constant of the bond in C₁₂O₁₆ can be calculated using the equilibrium bond length (r_e) and the reduced mass (mu) of the molecule:
k = mu x (2pi x c)² / (r_e)²
where c is the speed of light.
The reduced mass (mu) of C₁₂O₁₆ is:
mu = m_C x m_O / (m_C + m_O)
where m_C and m_O are the masses of carbon and oxygen, respectively. From the periodic table, we have:
m_C = 12.01 g/mol
m_O = 16.00 g/mol
Therefore:
mu = 12.01 g/mol x 16.00 g/mol / (12.01 g/mol + 16.00 g/mol) = 6.646 g/mol
The force constant of the bond can be calculated using the equation:
k = mu x (2pi x c)² / (r_e)²
where c is the speed of light:
c = 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s
Substituting the values, we get:
k = 6.646 g/mol x (2pi x 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s)² / (112.832 pm)²
k = 1.939 x 10³ N/m
Assuming the temperature is room temperature (298 K), the RMSD of the nuclei is:
RMSD = √(3RT/2k) = √(3 x 8.314 J/mol K x 298 K / (2 x 1.939 x 10³ N/m))
RMSD = 6.02 x 10⁻¹² m
Comparing the RMSD with the equilibrium bond length
(112.832 pm = 1.12832 x 10⁻¹⁰ m), we see that the RMSD is much smaller than the bond length. This is expected, as the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule oscillate around their equilibrium positions with small amplitudes, even at room temperature.
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which scientist conducted the gold foil experiment and discovered that the atom has a positively charged nucleus in the center, and that most of that atom is empty space?
Rutherford's gold foil exploration showed that the particle is generally unfilled space with a small, thick, emphatically charged core. In view of these outcomes, Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the particle.
The following pivotal examination throughout the entire existence of the iota was performed by Ernest Rutherford, a physicist from New Zealand who burned through a large portion of his vocation in Britain and Canada. In his popular gold foil try, Rutherford terminated a meager light emission
αalpha particles (articulated alpha particles) at an extremely slight sheet of unadulterated gold. Alpha particles are helium cores
[tex](24He)^2( 24He)^2[/tex], begin addendum, 2, end addendum, begin superscript, 4, end superscript, begin a text, H, e, end text, begin superscript, 2, or more, end superscript, right enclosure, and they are radiated in different radioactive rot processes. For this situation, Rutherford set an example of radium (a radioactive metal) inside a lead confine with a little pinhole it. The majority of the radiation was consumed by the lead, however, slim light emission particles got away from out of the pinhole toward the gold foil. The gold foil was encircled by an indicator screen that would streak when hit with an αalpha molecule.
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A gas has a mass of 3175g and takes up enough space to fill a room that is 2. 00 m x 2. 00 m x 5. 00 m what is the gas in g/mL
The density of the gas is 0.00015875 g/mL.
To determine the density of the gas, we need to divide its mass by its volume. The volume of the room can be calculated by multiplying its length, width, and height: 2.00 m x 2.00 m x 5.00 m = 20.00 m³
Therefore, the density of the gas is:
Density = mass / volume
Density = 3175 g / 20.00 m³
Density = 158.75 g/m³
We can convert this to g/mL by recognizing that 1 mL is equivalent to 1 cm³. We can convert cubic meters to cubic centimeters by multiplying by 1,000,000. Thus, the volume of the room is 20,000,000 mL.
Therefore, the density of the gas in g/mL is:
Density = mass / volume
Density = 3175 g / 20,000,000 mL
Density = 0.00015875 g/mL
So, the gas has a density of 0.00015875 g/mL.
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A 26. 93 mole sample of SrF2 is used to make 18. 5 L of a SrF2 solution. What is the molarity of this solution?
The SrF₂ solution has a molarity of 1.46 M.
To calculate the molarity of a solution, we need to know the number of moles of solute (in this case, SrF₂) and the volume of the solution in liters.
Given that we have a 26.93 mole sample of SrF₂, we can use the formula:
Molarity = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
To find the molarity of the solution. However, we need to first determine the number of moles of SrF₂ in the solution. To do this, we can use the equation:
moles of solute = (mass of solute / molar mass of solute)
We are not given the mass of the sample, but we are given that it is used to make 18.5 L of a solution. This implies that the entire 26.93 mole sample is dissolved in 18.5 L of solution.
Therefore, we can assume that the mass of SrF₂ in the solution is equal to the mass of the original sample, which we can calculate using the molar mass of SrF₂:
molar mass of SrF₂ = 87.62 + (2 × 18.99) = 125.6 g/mol
mass of sample = number of moles × molar mass = 26.93 mol × 125.6 g/mol = 3,387 g
Now that we know the mass of SrF₂ in the solution, we can calculate the molarity using the above formula:
Molarity = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
Number of moles of solute = mass of solute / molar mass of solute = 3,387 g / 125.6 g/mol = 26.96 mol
Molarity = 26.96 mol / 18.5 L = 1.46 M
Therefore, the molarity of the SrF₂ solution is 1.46 M.
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which of the following statements comparing enzymes and nonenzymatic catalysts are correct? (select all that apply.) enzymes are consumed in the reaction, whereas nonenzymatic catalysts are not. all enzymes are catalysts, but not all catalysts are enzymes. the activity of both enzymes and nonenzymatic catalysts increases with increasing temperature. enzymes tend to be organic, whereas nonenzymatic catalysts tend to be inorganic compounds.
The correct option is 2:all enzymes are catalysts, but not all catalysts are enzymes and 4:enzymes tend to be organic, whereas nonenzymatic catalysts tend to be inorganic compounds.
Option 2 is correct because
The two types of catalysts available are enzymes and non-enzymes.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical and are a particular type of catalyst that aids in the conversion of a substrate to a product. Catalysts that are not enzymes are Non-enzymatic catalysts Chemical compounds like transition metals, enzymes, and biological complexes can all act as non-enzymatic catalysts. They aid in the creation of the transition state, which speeds up the chemical reaction. Non-enzymatic catalysts may alter the reaction's free energy or change the reaction's pathway to enhance the rate of the reaction
Option 4is correct because
Enzymes are biological molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms, among other things. As a result, they are classified as organic molecules. Inorganic molecules like metal ions and acids are commonly used as non-enzymatic catalysts.
Hence options 2 and 4 are correct.
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is one producer still dominant(takes over) over the other producer in part B? How do you know?
Being the best fit for the situation at hand can aid in supremacy. Plant A therefore dominance the other plants.
What does "dominant producer" actually mean?The most plentiful producers in the environment are dominant primary producers. Savanna grass is a prime illustration of a dominant primary producer. Keystone species, on the other hand, are by definition those that play a significant role in maintaining the ecosystem's balance despite not being particularly numerous.
The model rule of dominance is what?According to Mendel's law of dominance, only one version of a trait will manifest in the offspring of two parents who have distinct, opposing traits. The only trait in the phenotype that the hybrid progeny will display is the dominant trait.
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noble gas whose name comes from the greek for strange is called_____
The noble gas whose name comes from the Greek for the strange is called xenon.
The Xenon comes from the Greek word that is Xenos, which means that the strange or the unusual. The another reason is that the Xenon belongs to noble gas group, the elements of which it do not react with the anything to form the compounds.
This unique property of the Xenon makes it the peculiar and this is the reason is why it will behaves in the different manner. Therefore, this is the reason that is why it is known as the stranger gas. The symbol of the xenon gas is Xe.
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Which properties describe all matter?
a
being able to be easily measured
b
being able to be seen in nature
c
having mass and taking up space
d
having energy and temperature
Answer to the question : D.
Answer:
my answer is C. having mass and taking space
a spy poisons a victim by placing po-210 in tea. determine the mass in grams (g) of po-210 needed to deliver an ld50 dose to the victim.
3.16 µg of Polonium 210 is needed as LD50 for the victim.
The Lethal dose 50 (LD50) of Polonium is 0.045 micrograms (µg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight. The average weight of an adult is 70 kg.
LD50 dose of Polonium = 0.045 µg/kg × 70 kg = 3.15 µg
Assuming the Polonium isotope has a purity of 100%, the atomic mass of Polonium (Po) 210 is 210,
the molar mass of Polonium is:
Molar mass (Po) = 210 g/mol
Moles of Polonium = LD50 dose / molar mass = 3.15 × 10-6 g / 210 g/mol = 1.5 × 10-8 mol
The mass of Polonium needed to deliver an LD50 dose to the victim is:
Mass of Polonium = Moles × Molar mass = 1.51 × 10-8 mol × 210 g/mol = 3.16 × 10-6 g = 3.16 µg
Therefore, 3.16 µg of Polonium is needed to deliver an LD50 dose to the victim.
Note: The mass is given in micrograms, not milligrams or grams. Therefore, the answer should also be in micrograms.
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3 Cu + 8HNO3 → 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
In the above equation, how many grams of water can be made when 15.4 moles of HNO3 are consumed?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth. If you answer is a whole number like 4, report the answer as 4.0
Use the following molar masses. If you do not use these masses, the computer will mark your answer incorrect.:
Element Molar Mass
Hydrogen 1
Nitrogen 14
Copper 63.5
Oxygen 16
Question 2
For the reaction C + 2H2 → CH4, how many grams of carbon are required to produce 5.7 moles of methane, CH4 ?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth. If you answer is a whole number like 4, report the answer as 4.0
Use the following molar masses. If you do not use these masses, the computer will mark your answer incorrect.:
Element Molar Mass
Hydrogen 1
Carbon 12
Find the perimeter.
12 cm
P=
12 cm
The Diels-Alder mechanism between a diene and a dienophile is _____, which means that bond breaking happens _____ as bond forming.To help the mechanism succeed, the diene should have an _____ group and the dienophile should have an ______ group.
The Diels-Alder mechanism between a diene and a dienophile is concerted, which means that bond breaking happens simultaneously as bond forming. To help the mechanism succeed, the diene should have an electron-donating group and the dienophile should have an electron-withdrawing group.
Diels-Alder reaction is a [1,4]-electrocyclic reaction. It includes the formation of a cyclic molecule with six carbons. It's a concerted reaction where the reaction occurs simultaneously in a single step. The dienophile and diene are the two reactants.
The diene is a hydrocarbon with two double bonds, while the dienophile is a substance with one double bond that is rich in electrons. The concerted mechanism results from the electrocyclic addition of the dienophile to the diene and a single molecule are produced.
The diene is the nucleophile in this mechanism, whereas the dienophile is the electrophile in this mechanism. The reaction is best achieved when the dienophile has an electron-withdrawing group, and the diene has an electron-donating group. As a result, the Diels-Alder reaction is an excellent example of a stereoselective reaction.
The stereochemistry of the diene and dienophile determines the stereochemistry of the final product. The endo-product is generated when the dienophile and diene groups are near to one another, and the exo-product is generated when they are far apart.
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the side chain of which amino acid is most likely to form a hydrogen bond with the side chain of glutamate?
The side chain of which amino acid is most likely to form a hydrogen bond with the side chain of glutamate is: lysine.
The side chain of lysine is most likely to form a hydrogen bond with the side chain of glutamate. Lysine and glutamate are both amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The two side chains of amino acids can interact via hydrogen bonding.
A hydrogen bond is a non-covalent interaction between two electronegative atoms in which hydrogen is bonded to one atom and electronegative (N, O, or F) is bonded to another atom. These types of interactions are crucial in the stabilization of proteins and nucleic acids.
Amino acids that interact via hydrogen bonding play a key role in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Proteins can be stabilized by hydrogen bonding in a variety of ways, including within the polypeptide backbone, between the polypeptide backbone and side chains, and between two side chains.
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what is a potion that can cause boils if brewed incorrectly
A potion that can cause boils if brewed incorrectly is an alchemical brew known as a Philter of boils
When brewed incorrectly, this potion causes painful boils to appear on the skin of the drinker. Properly brewed, this philter can be used to treat skin ailments such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne. However, the incorrect brewing of this potion can cause serious harm, resulting in painful and inflamed boils. To ensure the correct brewing of a philter of boils, it is important to follow the recipe closely, using only fresh ingredients. Careful measurements must also be taken, as incorrect amounts of certain ingredients can also cause boils. Finally, the philter must be stirred and boiled for a set amount of time. Any mistakes during this process can result in the creation of a hazardous potion.
In conclusion, a philter of boils is an alchemical potion that can cause painful boils if not brewed correctly. To ensure that the potion is brewed correctly, the recipe must be followed closely, and all measurements and times must be strictly adhered to.
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Each amino acid differs from others in the:
a. chemical structure of the R group.
b. size of the amino group.
c. number of carboxyl groups.
d. number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
Each amino acid differs from others in the chemical structure of the R group. So the correct answer is option A.
Amino acids are molecules that are used as the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has an amine group (NH₂) and a carboxyl group (COOH) connected to a central carbon atom, as well as a specific side chain, known as the R group, which differentiates one amino acid from another. Therefore, an amino acid differs from others in the chemical structure of the R group. Twenty various amino acids are used to make proteins, all of which have slightly different chemical and physical characteristics, there are polar, nonpolar, and charged amino acids.
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A mixture contains 4 salts P, Q, R and S. P is soluble in water at room temperature. Q, R and S are insoluble in waters at temperature 40°C, 55°C, 70°C. The salts are however soluble in water at 90°C. Briefly describe how you will obtain pure crystal from each salt from the mixture.
Answer:
checking g down to jajrsw
Explanation:
ewwidtmstiridpdo do dwtoeyerk a atospyA nitrogen atom contains 7 protons, 7 electrons and 7 neutrons. why is it that the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 and not 21?
Answer:
Atomic mass is somthng else
Explanation:
To find the atomic mass you need ur periodic table
the least reactive in oxygen in the is
Answer:
Now we can say the silver, gold and platinum do not react with oxygen because these three compounds are least reactive and present in downwards in the reactivity series.
Explanation:
if it helped you please mark me a brainliest :))
Based on its pH level, which of the following is an acid?sea water, pH=8.25detergent, pH=10milk, pH=6.5human saliva, pH=7
Based on its pH level, human saliva is neither acidic nor basic. Instead, it is considered to be a neutral substance. The pH scale measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, with a range of 0 to 14. Acidic substances have pH values less than 7, basic substances have pH values greater than 7, and neutral substances have pH values equal to 7.Therefore, among the given substances, the acid is the detergent, which has a pH of 10.
Detergents are typically alkaline, which means they have a pH value greater than 7, making them basic. Furthermore, sea water, with a pH of 8.25, is also classified as a basic substance. Milk has a pH of 6.5, making it slightly acidic. Human saliva is a liquid that is secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. It serves as a lubricant for food, making it easier to swallow. Saliva also contains enzymes that help break down food molecules. The pH of human saliva is usually around 7, making it neutral in nature. The pH of saliva, however, can vary depending on a number of factors, such as diet, medication, and the overall health of an individual. In conclusion, the acid is the detergent which has a pH of 10.
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how does an enzyme work to catalyze a reaction? multiple choice it supplies the energy to speed up a reaction and lowers the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state. it lowers the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state or lowers the energy of activation of a reaction. it lowers the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state. it supplies the energy to speed up a reaction. it lowers the energy of activation of a reaction.
The correct option is: 2 - It lowers the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state or lowers the energy of activation of a reaction.
An enzyme works to catalyze a reaction by lowering the energy barrier needed for reactants to achieve the transition state, or lowering the activation energy of a reaction.Enzymes are specific to particular chemical reactions, meaning that they can only catalyze certain reactions.
The enzyme catalyze a reaction in this way-
An enzyme is a type of protein that works as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body. It works by lowering the activation energy needed for reactants to achieve the transition state, which increases the likelihood of a reaction happening. This allows reactions to occur faster and more efficiently than they would otherwise.
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If 10.5 g of oxygen were consumed, find the mass of the produced water.
Given 10.5 g of oxygen consumed, the mass of water produced can be calculated using the balanced chemical equation and stoichiometry. The mass of water produced is 23.63 g.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is:
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
From this equation, we can see that 1 mole of oxygen reacts to produce 2 moles of water. The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol, so 10.5 g of oxygen is:
10.5 g / 16.00 g/mol = 0.65625 mol of oxygen
According to the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of oxygen reacts to produce 2 moles of water. Therefore, the number of moles of water produced is:
0.65625 mol of O₂ x (2 mol of H₂O / 1 mol of O₂) = 1.3125 mol of H₂O
The molar mass of water is 18.015 g/mol, so the mass of water produced is:
1.3125 mol of H₂O x 18.015 g/mol = 23.63 g of H₂O
Therefore, the mass of the produced water is 23.63 g.
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HELPP!! HOW MANY OUNCES OF 10% ACETIC SOLUTION SHOULD BE ADDED TO 5 OUNCES OF40% ACETIC SOLUTION TO OBTAIN 20% ACIDIC ACETIC SOLUTION!?
How many grams of argon, Ar, are present in 2.35 x 1024 atoms of argon?
If heat is continuously added to the water vapor, what happens to the temperature? (Does it increase, decrease, or stay the same?)
The temperature of water vapour rises as a result of the water molecules' increased kinetic energy, which makes them travel more quickly and collide more frequently, raising the temperature.
What occurs when water is continuously heated?When the heat is raised (as occurs when water boils, for example), the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules completely disintegrate, allowing the water molecules to escape as gas into the air.
After boiling, does water's temperature rise?Moreover, as gas molecules exit the liquid, the liquid loses thermal energy. As a result, the liquid's temperature doesn't change when it boils. For instance, water will continue to boil at 100°C (at a pressure of 1 atm or 101.3 kPa).
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Fill in the missing word in this sentence. Lava is __________ rock
Answer:
molten
Explanation:
Lava is molten rock that breaks through the earth's surface
Lava is molten rock.
Lava is a molten rock flowing from volcano. It belongs to the category of igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are one of the three main types of rocks, and are formed when molten material, either magma or lava, solidifies. These rocks are made up of a variety of minerals, and the cooling process determines their physical properties.
Depending on how quickly the molten material cools, the texture of the igneous rock can range from fine-grained to coarse-grained. Igneous rocks can be further classified based on the silica content, with the most common classifications being felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic.
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what is the coefficient od P2O5 when the folling equation is balanced with small whole-number coefficient? ___P2O5+___H2O-->___H3PO4
The coefficient of P2O5 in the balanced equation is 1.
To balance the given chemical equation:
P2O5 + H2O -> H3PO4
Step 1: Balance the phosphorus (P) atoms:
Since there are 2 P atoms in P2O5 and 1 P atom in H3PO4, multiply H3PO4 by 2 to balance the P atoms.
P2O5 + H2O -> 2H3PO4
Step 2: Balance the oxygen (O) atoms:
There are 5 O atoms in P2O5 and 8 O atoms in 2H3PO4. To balance the O atoms, multiply H2O by 4.
P2O5 + 4H2O -> 2H3PO4
Step 3: Balance the hydrogen (H) atoms:
There are 8 H atoms in 4H2O and 6 H atoms in 2H3PO4. The H atoms are already balanced.
The balanced equation is:
P2O5 + 4H2O -> 2H3PO4
The coefficient of P2O5 in the balanced equation is 1.
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which of the following statements correctly describe the bohr model of the hydrogen atom? select all that apply. multiple select question. the atom is in an excited state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. the atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. the electron can move to a higher energy state by absorbing a photon with energy equal to that of the new energy state. each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus. only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom.
These next statements are true because of the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom:
The atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus.Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom.The electron can move to a higher energy state by absorbing a photon with energy equal to that of the new energy state.Each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.These statements are true because of the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. The Bohr model describes the way the electrons move in a hydrogen atom. This model shows that electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. Each shell corresponds to a specific energy level, and each energy level has a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus. When the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus, it has its lowest energy state.
When the electron absorbs a photon with energy equal to the new energy state, it moves to a higher energy state. Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom because electrons can only exist in specific energy levels.
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bamboo shoots contain cyanogenic glycosides named taxiphyllin. taxiphyllin is considered a poison because it liberates toxic cyanide (-cn) upon hydrolysis. a. draw arrow-pushing mechanism for this hydrolysis reaction and the production of cyanide. use ha as needed. b. what is the driving force for this reaction?
a. The hydrolysis of taxiphyllin in bamboo shoots liberates toxic cyanide (-CN) and a sugar molecule. The arrow-pushing mechanism for this reaction can be represented as follows:
-Taxiphyllin + H₂O → HCN + Sugar
First, water (H₂O) acts as a nucleophile and attacks the glycosidic bond of taxiphyllin, which leads to the formation of an intermediate complex with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the anomeric carbon. Then, the intermediate complex undergoes intramolecular rearrangement to form an oxocarbenium ion. Finally, a proton transfer occurs between the oxocarbenium ion and the water molecule to produce HCN and a sugar molecule.
b. The driving force for the hydrolysis of taxiphyllin is the stability of the products compared to the reactants. Taxiphyllin is a cyanogenic glycoside that is relatively stable under normal conditions. However, in the presence of water, the glycosidic bond in taxiphyllin undergoes hydrolysis to form HCN and a sugar molecule. The release of HCN is energetically favorable because HCN is a more stable molecule than taxiphyllin. The hydrolysis reaction also releases energy, which further drives the reaction forward. Additionally, the toxicity of HCN makes it a potent poison, which can cause respiratory failure and death at high enough concentrations. Therefore, the driving force for the hydrolysis of taxiphyllin is the formation of more stable and toxic products compared to the reactants.
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