16S rRNA is a widely used molecular marker for phylogenetic analyses and is found in the small subunit ribosomal RNA of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea).
What is ribosomal RNA?
Here are the strengths and limitations of using 16S rRNA for phylogenetic analyses:
High Conservation: The 16S rRNA gene is highly conserved across different bacterial and archaeal species, meaning that the same gene can be found in many different organisms. This allows for comparisons between different species and can be used to establish evolutionary relationships.
Slow evolution: The 16S rRNA gene evolves at a relatively slow rate, which makes it suitable for analyzing relationships between distantly related organisms.
Amplification: The 16S rRNA gene can be easily amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, allowing for the study of organisms that cannot be cultured.
Publicly available databases: There are extensive publicly available databases that contain 16S rRNA sequences from many different organisms, which facilitates comparative analyses.
Limitations:
Limited resolution: While 16S rRNA provides a good overview of evolutionary relationships, it can have limited resolution at the species or strain level, meaning that it may not be able to differentiate closely related organisms.
Horizontal gene transfer: The 16S rRNA gene can be horizontally transferred between different species, which can complicate phylogenetic analyses.
Genetic diversity: Different bacteria and archaea may have different numbers of copies of the 16S rRNA gene, making it difficult to compare between different species.
Inaccurate annotations: There is a possibility of misannotation or errors in public databases that contain 16S rRNA sequences, which can lead to inaccurate results.
In summary, 16S rRNA is a useful tool for analyzing evolutionary relationships between different bacterial and archaeal species, but it has limitations and should be used in conjunction with other molecular markers and techniques for more accurate and comprehensive analyses.
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immediately after a meal, the concentration of glucose in liver cells is approximately 12 mm. what is the velocity of hexokinase as a percentage of vmax under these conditions?
The velocity of hexokinase as a percentage of Vmax under these conditions is 99.3% of its maximum rate.
To calculate the percentage of hexokinase as a percentage of Vmax, we need to know the substrate concentration (glucose) and the kinetic parameters of the enzyme. In this case, we are given a postprandial concentration of glucose in the hepatocytes, approximately 12 mm
The hexokinase rate can be calculated using the following equation:
V0 = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])
Using this assumption and integrating the values we have, we can calculate the rate of the hexokinase:
V = (Vmax x 12 mM) / (0.1 mM + 12 mM)
V = 0.923 Vmax
Speed in percent Vmax = (0.923Vmax / Vmax) x 100D44 Speed in percent Vmax = 99.3D
Thus, under these conditions, the hexokinase ratio was approximately 99.3% of its maximum rate.
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Complete question
The first enzyme in a cell that uses glucose as a substrate is hexokinase, with a Km for glucose of about 10 mm's
Immediately after a meal, the concentration of glucose in liver cells is approximately 12 mM. What is the velocity of hexokinase as a percentage of Vmax under these conditions?
Which of these statements are supported by the data? Select all that apply.
A. In any one species, the amount of adenine closely approximates that of thymine.
B. In any one species, the amount of guanine closely approximates that of cytosine.
C. The amounts of A, T, G, and C in DNA is constant across species.
D. The amounts of A, T, G, and C in DNA varies from species to species.
C. The amounts of A,T,G and C in DNA is constant across species. Any species' or organism's DNA should have an equal amount of guanine and cytosine.
As well as adenine and thymine, according to Chargaff's standards. It is expected that the purine and pyrimidine bases have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, or A+G=T+C.
Erwin Chargaff made some crucial findings about the nitrogenous bases in DNA. He determined the relative amounts of the bases A, T, G, and C in DNA of various organisms.
Parity Rule No. 1
A% = T% and G% = C% are the proportion base pairs that are globally equal across double-stranded DNA molecules, according to the first rule.
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in response to an increase in the [glucose], the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. what is the effect of insulin on adipocytes (fat cells) and muscle cells?
In response to an increase in glucose, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. The effect of insulin on adipocytes (fat cells) and muscle cells is that it stimulates glucose uptake and storage.
In adipocytes, insulin triggers the synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, which breaks down triglycerides to produce fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. Insulin also inhibits the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, which breaks down triglycerides to release fatty acids.
In muscle cells, insulin stimulates glucose uptake by triggering the translocation of glucose transporters from the intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. This allows glucose to enter the muscle cell and be stored as glycogen.
Insulin also stimulates glycogen synthesis by activating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. The net effect of these processes is to decrease blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake and storage in adipocytes and muscle cells.
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true or false? it is impossible to prove that evolution is real because evolution doesn't work on a time scale that is observable within the human lifetime.
Given that evolution doesn't operate on a temporal frame that can be observed within a human lifespan, it is impossible to establish its veracity. This statement is false.
While it is true that the process of evolution operates on a timescale that is not easily observable within a single human lifetime, there is still a great deal of evidence that supports the theory of evolution. This evidence comes from a variety of sources, including the fossil record, genetic data, and observations of living organisms.
For example, the fossil record provides a wealth of evidence that supports the theory of evolution. By studying the patterns of life that existed in the past, scientists have been able to trace the evolutionary history of different species and groups of organisms.
In addition, genetic data provides strong evidence of evolutionary relationships between different organisms, and observations of living organisms show how natural selection can lead to changes in traits over time.
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the scientists reasoned that each of the three models would predict different dna banding patterns after the two rounds of replication. can you identify the banding patterns predicted by each model after the first round of replication? (then, in part c, you will identify the banding patterns predicted after the second round of replication.) drag the test tubes to the appropriate locations in the table to show the banding patterns that each model predicts. test tubes may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
The researchers reasoned that each of the three models would forecast various DNA banding patterns following the two replication cycles.
The conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive theories of DNA replication were put to the test in the Meselson-Stahl experiment. The scientists separated the DNA using a density gradient centrifuge after each replication cycle.
According to the dispersive model, DNA replication produces two DNA molecules that are "hybrids," or mixtures of the daughter's and parent's DNA. Each individual strand in this model is made up of both old and fresh DNA.
Each new double helix in the semi-conservative model has one old strand (taken from the parent molecule) and one new strand. The parental double helix is restored in the conservative model by the reassociation of the two parental strands after they have served as templates for new strands.
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Complete question is:
Meselson and Stahl designed an experiment that would allow them to discern whether DNA replication occurs in a dispersive, semiconservative, or conservative manner.
They started with E. coli that had been growing for many generations in medium containing 15N.
They then transferred the bacteria into medium containing only 14N, and allowed the bacteria to undergo two rounds of DNA replication.
After each round of replication, the scientists performed density-gradient centrifugation of the DNA.
The scientists reasoned that each of the three models would predict different DNA banding patterns after the two rounds of replication.
Can you identify the banding patterns predicted by each model after the first round of replication?
Drag the test tubes to the appropriate locations in the table to show the banding patterns that each model predicts. Test tubes may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(Refer the image)
which of the following cell types creates new bone? select one: a. osteoclasts b. chondroblasts c. chondrocytes d. osteocytes e. osteoblasts
Answer
which of the following cell types creates new bone E. osteoblasts
The cell type that creates new bone is e. osteoblasts.
What are the different types of bone cells?
There are several different types of bone cells, each with its own set of responsibilities in the maintenance of bone tissue.
Here are some of the cell types:
Osteoblasts: These cells are responsible for producing new bone tissue. They secrete a substance called osteoid, which calcifies over time, resulting in hardened bone tissue.
Osteoclasts: These cells are in charge of resorbing bone tissue. They release enzymes that dissolve the mineral matrix of bone tissue, making room for the activity of osteoblasts.
Osteocytes: These cells are found in mature bone tissue and serve as a communication network for other bone cells. They are thought to play a role in regulating the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing for efficient bone remodeling.
Chondroblasts: These cells are responsible for producing new cartilage tissue. They eventually differentiate into chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes: These are mature cartilage cells that are embedded within the cartilage matrix. They secrete and maintain the cartilage matrix. They do not contribute to bone tissue formation.
Therefore, option (e) is correct.
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in an ecosystem, where is species richness greatest? group of answer choices in the center of communities at the edges of adjacent communities in the ecotone species richness is equally distributed in ecosystems in specific areas where one species enjoys a decided dominance in specific areas where environmental stresses are the highest
The world's tropical regions are home to the most biodiversity, particularly among coral reefs and tropical rainforests. Hence (b) is the correct option.
Genetic change and evolutionary processes promote biodiversity; habitat loss, population decline, and extinction decrease it. One of the reasons tropical rainforests support such a wide variety of species is because they are the most prolific environment on Earth. The vast variety of life on Earth is referred to as biodiversity. It can be applied more precisely to all the species found in a certain area or environment.
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In an ecosystem, where is species richness greatest?
A. In the center of communities
B. at the edges or ecotones of adjacent communities
C. in specific areas where environmental stresses are the highest
D. in specific areas wehre one species enjoys a decided dominance
E. species richness is equally distributed in ecosystems
write this in an essay: describe how one neuron communicates with another neuron and causes that neuron to -fire an action potential (incorporate terms discussed in presentation: resting potential, excitatory post synaptic potential, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron) -become inhibited (incorporate terms discussed in presentation: inhibitory post synaptic potential, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron)
Across synapses, neurons communicate. Neurotransmitter is released from the neuron into the synaptic cleft when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal.
Across synapses, neurons communicate. A neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, a 20–40 nm gap between the presynaptic axon terminal and the postsynaptic dendrite, when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal (often a spine).
After crossing the synaptic cleft, the transmitter attaches to receptors for neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic side. Depending on the type of neuron that released the neurotransmitter, specific positive (Na+, K+, Ca+) or negative ions (Cl-), for example, will pass through channels that span the membrane.
The signal is changed back into an electrical form when a transmitter binds to a postsynaptic receptor when charged ions enter or exit the postsynaptic neuron. The release of neurotransmitters at synapses may be seen as the conversion of an electrical signal (the action potential) into a chemical signal.
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how is it possible for one species to produce many other species? to fill all the needed jobs in their ecosystem properly, anolis lizards diverged into exactly the amount of species necessary for their habitat. without competition from other species, the one species was able to adapt to fit all of the available habitat types. because the islands were isolated for an extended period, a lack of interbreeding between populations of the same species caused all the species to diverge. because the anolis lizards have such a diverse range of characteristics, they were able to produce many different species.
One species to produce many other species because without competition from other species, the one species was able to adapt to fit all of the available habitat types.
D is the correct answer.
The process of diversification results in the emergence of new species. An ancestral species that can no longer interbreed divides into two or more descendant species that are genetically distinct from one another during speciation. According to Darwin, speciation is a spreading process.
The likelihood of two distinct species evolving from a single ancestral species is high. The reproductive isolation of groups within the initial population and the development of genetic differences between the two groups are the two main causes of speciation.
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The complete question is:
How did one species produce so many different species (the six ecomorphs)?
A) Because the islands were isolated for an extended period, a lack of interbreeding between populations of the same species caused all the species to diverge.
B) Because the Anolis lizards have such a diverse range of characteristics, they were able to produce many different species.
C) To fill all the needed jobs in their ecosystem properly, Anolis lizards diverged into exactly the amount of species necessary for their habitat.
D) Without competition from other species, the one species was able to adapt to fit all of the available habitat types.
all animals share similar characteristics, which ones? question 5 options: have cell walls, photosynthesize, and are prokaryotes. do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes. do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are prokaryotes. have cell walls, photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes.
[tex]\blue{\huge {\mathrm{MULTIPLE \; CHOICES}}}[/tex]
[tex]\\[/tex]
[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex]{\underline{\huge \mathbb{Q} {\large \mathrm {UESTION : }}}}[/tex]
All animals share similar characteristics, which ones?
A) Have cell walls, photosynthesize, and are prokaryotes.B) Do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes.C) Do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are prokaryotes.D) Have cell walls, photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes.[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex] {\underline{\huge \mathbb{A} {\large \mathrm {NSWER : }}}} [/tex]
The correct answer is: B) Do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes.[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex]{\underline{\huge \mathbb{E} {\large \mathrm {XPLANATION : }}}}[/tex]
While animals are diverse in their forms and functions, they share some general characteristics. All animals are multicellular eukaryotes, which means that their cells have a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Furthermore, animals obtain energy by consuming organic matter, rather than by photosynthesis, as plants do. Lastly, animals do not have cell walls, unlike bacteria and plants, which do.
[tex]{===========================================}[/tex]
[tex]- \large\sf\copyright \: \large\tt{AriesLaveau}\large\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\tt 04/02/2023[/tex]
The shared characteristics of animals are that they are eukaryotic organisms without cell walls and do not photosynthesize.
All animals share some common characteristics, and among the given options, the correct one is that they do not have cell walls, do not photosynthesize, and are eukaryotes. Animals are part of the kingdom Animalia, which consists of multicellular organisms that are eukaryotic, meaning they have cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Unlike plants and some other organisms, animal cells do not have cell walls, which allows for more flexibility and movement. Additionally, animals do not photosynthesize. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose or other sugars. Instead of photosynthesizing, animals obtain energy by consuming other organisms, either directly or indirectly.
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6) Meiosis accomplishes all of the following EXCEPT
A) gamete production.
B) reduction of chromosome number (from 2n to n).
C) providing genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms.
D) growth and repair.
Expansion and repair Meiosis, a specific type of cell division, is the process through which gametes, which have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell, are produced in sexually reproducing organisms.
Which does not occur during meiosis?common mistakes and misunderstandings. Interphase does not occur during meiosis. Despite the fact that a cell must pass through interphase in order to enter meiosis, interphase is not considered to be a part of meiosis.
What is produced as a result of meiosis?Contrarily, meiosis is a unique type of cell cycle that results in the formation of haploid daughter cells by cutting the number of chromosomes in half.
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What is the principle role of DNA?
A: carry the genetic code
B: keep a spiral helix shape
C: provide energy for the cell
D: remove harmful wastes
Explanation:
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms.
what is thought to be the most prominent difference in the brains of prairie voles and montane voles, which could explain differences in mating behaviors?
Prairie vole OT receptors are located in the nucleus accumbens and prelimbic cortex of the brain, while montane vole OT receptors are located in the lateral septum. These brain areas are linked to reward.
The distinct V1a-receptor binding patterns in the brains of a) the monogamous prairie vole and b) the nonmonogamous montane vole are shown by receptor autoradiography. Notice the strong binding in the diagonal band (DB) of the prairie vole but not the montane vole, as well as the lateral septum (LS) of the montane vole but not the prairie vole.
Such variations can be seen all across the brain. c) Male prairie voles, but not montane voles, show greater levels of affiliative behaviour after receiving AVP intravenously. AVP injections in each group of voles were compared to controls, which received injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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based on an analysis of ancient hominin skeletons, the percentage of deaths that resulted from inter-species violence has been calculated to be about: group of answer choices 2% 10% 20% 5%
The percentage of deaths that resulted from inter-species violence has been calculated to be about 10%.
This calculation was based on an analysis of ancient hominin skeletons. This percentage is significant because it suggests that violence has been an enduring characteristic of human society. According to researchers, this violence was not limited to conflicts between groups. Rather, it extended to conflicts within groups as well.
The percentage of deaths that resulted from inter-species violence is significant because it suggests that violence has been an enduring characteristic of human society. According to researchers, this violence was not limited to conflicts between groups. Rather, it extended to conflicts within groups as well. This suggests that violence has been an important aspect of human society for a long time, and it is likely to continue to be so.
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the effects of neurotransmitters tend to be , whereas the effects of hormones tend to be . group of answer choices slower; longer lasting faster; a shorter duration slower; a shorter duration faster; longer lasting
The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be faster and of a shorter duration, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be slower and longer lasting.
This is because neurotransmitters act over short distances and rapidly transmit signals across synapses between nerve cells, while hormones travel through the bloodstream and act over longer distances, affecting target cells throughout the body. Hormones also tend to have a longer-lasting effect because they often initiate complex signaling cascades that involve multiple steps and can lead to changes in gene expression, while neurotransmitter effects are typically more immediate and short-lived. However, it is important to note that the effects of both neurotransmitters and hormones can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the type of receptor they bind to and the specific signaling pathways they activate.
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As blood flows through arterioles, which of the following always decreases?
(a) flow
(b) pressure
(c) resistance
Which best describes carbon dioxide’s path out of the body? a. nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → alveoli b. alveoli → trachea → bronchus → larynx → pharynx → nose c. alveoli → bronchus → trachea → larynx → pharynx → nose d. nose → larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchus → alveoli
The best description carbon dioxide ’s path out of the body - alveoli → trachea → bronchus → larynx → pharynx → nose. Therefore the correct option is option B.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration that diffuses out of cells into the bloodstream. It is then transported to the lungs where it diffuses across the walls of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveoli.
From the alveoli, it travels through the respiratory system in the following order: trachea, bronchus, larynx, pharynx, and finally exits through the nose or mouth during exhalation.
Therefore the correct option is option B - alveoli → trachea → bronchus → larynx → pharynx → nose.
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Question 2
Farmers often drill wells into the groundwater systems to provide the water
necessary to supply their crops. In which areas of the United States would
farmers' wells MOST LIKELY take the longest to run out of water?
A areas on either side of the Rocky Mountains
B areas on either side of the Cascade Mountains
C areas on either side of the Appalachian Mountains
D areas on either side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
The areas of the United States that farmers' wells would MOST LIKELY take the longest to run out of water is areas on either side of the Rocky Mountains.
option A.
What area would farmers' wells would MOST LIKELY take the longest to run out of water?A areas on either side of the Rocky Mountains are most likely to have wells that take the longest to run out of water.
This is because these areas generally have more abundant groundwater resources due to the high precipitation rates and snowmelt from the mountains, which recharge the aquifers.
Additionally, the geology of the region, including permeable rocks and sediments, allows water to be stored in the aquifers and replenished at a relatively fast rate. In contrast, the other mountain ranges listed may have more limited groundwater resources due to lower precipitation rates and less permeable geology.
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which of the following is false about the genetic code? a. it is specific. b. it uses only one codon for each amino acid. c. it is the same in e coli and humans, that is, it is nearly universal. d. it is triplet.
The false statement about the genetic code is "b. it uses only one codon for each amino acid.
" The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that more than one codon can specify the same amino acid. For example, the amino acid leucine is specified by six different codons (CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, UUA, UUG). However, each codon specifies only one amino acid. The genetic code is also nearly universal, meaning that the same codons specify the same amino acids in almost all living organisms.
Additionally, the genetic code is triplet, with each codon consisting of three nucleotides. This allows for the 64 possible combinations of codons that can specify the 20 different amino acids used to make proteins. The specificity of the genetic code ensures that the correct amino acids are assembled in the correct order during protein synthesis.
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which of the following statements is true with respect to the genetic risk of cancer? group of answer choices an individual's risk of developing cancer is influenced by genetic as well as environmental and lifestyle factors. hodgkin's disease is directly caused by exposure to radiation and is not linked to heredity. scientists think that the majority of cancer types are hereditary. women who inherit the brca1 or brca2 genes will develop breast cancer by age 50.
An individual's risk of developing cancer is influenced by genetic as well as environmental and lifestyle factors is true with respect to the genetic risk of cancer. Option (1)
Cancer cannot be inherited by a kid from a parent. Moreover, tumor cell genetic alterations are not transmissible. Yet, if a genetic alteration that raises the risk of cancer is found in a parent's sperm or egg cells, it can be passed down (inherited).
What exactly is a cancer risk gene?The p53 or TP53 gene is the one that is most frequently altered in cancer patients. Almost 50% of tumors have a defective or absent p53 gene. Most mutations in the p53 gene are acquired. Although germline p53 mutations are uncommon, those who have them have an increased chance of developing a wide range of cancers.
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which of the following statements is true with respect to the genetic risk of cancer? group of answer choices
an individual's risk of developing cancer is influenced by genetic as well as environmental and lifestyle factors. hodgkin's disease is directly caused by exposure to radiation and is not linked to heredity. scientists think that the majority of cancer types are hereditary. women who inherit the brca1 or brca2 genes will develop breast cancer by age 50.recall that the plasma proteins in blood include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen (as you saw in chapter 11: the cardiovascular system: blood). globulins make up about one-third of the plasma proteins. they include antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, and transport proteins. which plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure?
Albumin is the plasma protein which is a major contributor to osmotic pressure.
By their weight, the majority of plasma proteins are composed of the tiny protein albumin. The liver is the location where this protein is manufactured. Osmotic pressure regulates the fluid balance between blood plasma and extracellular fluid.
A family of globular proteins known as globulins is soluble in diluted salt solutions but is insoluble in pure water and has a larger molecular weight than albumin. While the immune system produces some globulins, the liver produces others. The three main blood proteins are fibrinogen, albumin, and globulin.
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Correct question:
Recall that the plasma proteins in blood include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Globulins make up about one-third of the plasma proteins. They include antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, and transport proteins.
Which plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure?
congenital deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, impaired digestion of macromolecules which accumulate and impair cellular functions is called:
The congenital deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, impaired digestion of macromolecules which accumulate and impair cellular functions are called (C) storage cell diseases.
Lysosomal enzymes are the digestive enzymes which can act in acidic environment. They are therefore called acid hydrolases which breakdown several components of the cell, along with worn out cells. These enzymes can also attack the foreign invaders. The examples of acid hydrolases are: glycosidases, proteases and sulfatases.
Storage cell diseases are the metabolic disease caused due to accumulation of excessive substrates as well as toxic agents due to dysfunctional lysosome. The examples of such diseases are Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry disease, etc.
therefore the correct answer is option C.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
Congenital deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, impaired digestion of macromolecules which accumulate and impair cellular functions is called:
A. chronic granulomatous disease.
B. congenital C3 deficiencies.
C. storage cell diseases.
D. familial hyperlipidemia disorders.