Energy in Chemical Reactions II: Reflect

Write a reflective about your learning in this unit. Your reflection should be at least three sentences. Use the following sentence starters as a guide.

- I feel confident about modeling how the energy in a reaction will change, because…
- To try to make sure to consider all of the bonds involved in a change from reactants to products, one strategy I used was…
- If I am not sure about the bond, energies and potential energies in a reaction, one strategy, I can use is…
- If I am not sure about how the energy moves between the system and the surroundings in a reaction on strategy, I can use it…

The energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But it can be converted from one form to another. When a person runs, The chemical energy in their food is transformed into mechanical and thermal energy. The correct option is C.

The mechanical energy of an object is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies which is used to do a particular work. It represents the energy of an object due to its motion or position or both.

The body takes chemical energy in the form of food. when a person runs this chemical energy is utilized by our body and converted into kinetic energy (Mechanical). The body get heated by running which then releases thermal energy.

Thus the correct option is C.

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As a result of friction, kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy, which lowers velocity as a byproduct.

Motion is a characteristic of moving objects. Our daily lives involve a lot of motion, a phenomenon. For instance, the vehicle you are currently in moves, as does the universe, the planet, the air we breathe, the blood in our veins, and a host of other things.

The total force acting on an item determines its motion; if that total force is not zero, the object will move in a different direction. More mass means the object is heavier.

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Milk has a pH of roughly 6.60.

The following equation, pH = log [H+], which refers to the molar hydrogen ion concentration, gives the definition of pH. You'll see that to get pH, we must use the common (base 10) logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

The formula for calculating pH is: pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions (also known as hydronium ions) in moles per liter.

Given that the [H+] in a liter of milk is about 2.51 × 10–7, we can calculate the pH as follows:

pH = -log(2.51 × 10–7)

pH = -log(2.51) - log(10–7) (using the logarithmic rule that log(ab) = log(a) + log(b))

pH = -0.399 - (-7) (taking the negative logarithm of 2.51)

pH = 6.60

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Answer:

B) increases

Explanation:

1)  The troposphere is cool while the stratosphere, mesosphere and the thermosphere are hot.

2) The ozone layer is in the stratosphere

3) The ionosphere is in the thermosphere.

This is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface up to about 7-20 kilometers (4-12 miles) depending on the location. This is where weather occurs, and it is where we live and breathe. Temperature decreases with height in the troposphere.

The thermosphere is the fourth layer of the atmosphere, extending from about 85-600 kilometers (53-373 miles) above the Earth's surface. This layer is characterized by high temperatures due to absorption of solar radiation, and it is also where the auroras occur.

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Answer: As an example, we can decompose copper carbonate into its constituent elements, copper, oxygen, and carbon, weighing each and taking the ratios of these masses. The result is that every sample of copper carbonate is 51.5% copper, 38.8% oxygen, and 9.7% carbon.

Explanation:

Answer:

49.05

Explanation:

weight = mass × gravity

49.05 = 5 × 9.81

Answer:

5kg is still 5kg on Earth

In pounds it would be 11.02lbs

Plant cells have large, round vacuoles they primarily use for water storage so that will be option A.

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle found in plant, fungus, and animal cells, as well as certain protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are simply confined compartments filled with water holding inorganic and organic molecules in solution, including enzymes, while in certain situations they may also include solids that have been absorbed.

Vacuoles are generated by the fusing of several membrane vesicles and are just bigger versions of these. The organelle has no fixed form or size; its structure changes depending on the needs of the cell.

The role and relevance of vacuoles vary substantially depending on the kind of cell in which they are found, with plants, fungi, and some protists having far more prominence than animals and bacteria. In general, the vacuole performs the following functions:

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Complete question:

Plant cells have large, round vacuoles they primarily use for -

A) water storage

B) energy production.

C) protein synthesis.

D) waster removal

80.0 liters of hydrogen gas at STP can produce 37.1 grams of ammonia.

To answer this question, we need to know the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and ammonia:

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

From this equation, we can see that 3 moles of hydrogen are required to produce 2 moles of ammonia.

Now, we need to convert 80.0 liters of hydrogen to moles. We can use the ideal gas law to do this:

PV = nRT

where;

Assuming standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is 0°C (273 K) and 1 atm, respectively, we can use the following values:

Plugging these values into the ideal gas law, we get:

n = PV/RT = (1 atm)(80.0 L)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(273 K)

n = 3.27 moles of H2

Now, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the number of moles of NH3 produced:

3 moles of H2 produces 2 moles of NH3

Therefore, 3.27 moles of H2 produces:

(2 moles of NH3 / 3 moles of H2) x 3.27 moles of H2 = 2.18 moles of NH3

Finally, we can use the molar mass of NH3 to convert moles to grams:

2.18 moles of NH3 x 17.03 g/mol = 37.1 g of NH3

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Answer:

it is 6E23 moles

Explanation:

Answer:

T

=

447

K

≈

174

∘

C

.

Explanation:

This is what we're given:

P

(pressure), which is

1.95 atm

.

V

(volume), which is

12.30 L

.

n

(number of moles), which is

0.654

moles of neon gas.

We have to find

T

, or temperature. To do this, we'll need to use the Ideal Gas Law, which is:

P

V

=

n

R

T

Rearranging this equation to get temperature on one side, we get:

T

=

P

V

n

R

Pressure is in

a

t

m

and volume is in

L

. This tells us that we'll need to use the value of

0.08206 L atm/K mol

for

R

, the ideal gas constant.

Plugging in all of the values, we can solve for temperature:

T

=

p

V

n

R

T

=

1.95

atm

×

12.30

L

0.654

mol

×

0.08206

L

atm

K

−

1

mol

T

=

447

K

We can then convert to celsius, which equals to around

174

∘

C

.

Answer link

Explanation:

At 824.1 torr + 55.9°C, dry butane has a of 0.937 L. The basic formula for size is length, breadth, and height, as volume opposed to length, width, and height for the surface of a rectangular shape.

Any three-dimensional solid's volume is the area it takes up. The shapes of these solids include cubes, cuboids, cones, cylinders, and spheres. Forms come in a wide range of volumes.

Volumes will be calculated using three different techniques: geometrically (measured lengths); water displace; and pycnometry, to demonstrate the effects of precision on data.

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When you apply a force to a rubber band, it changes shape and then returns to its previous shape when you remove the force.

It is solid in nature, but because to the elastic nature of the rubber band, it may change shape when force is applied. For modest applied forces, the stretching action of rubber bands follows Hooke's Law, F=k x.

The limit of force for which the rubber band obeys Hooke's law is determined by the band's physical parameters, such as cross-sectional area. The stronger the attraction, the longer it lasts. In other words, a greater force causes the rubber band to stretch further.

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Answer:

Explanation:

To calculate the percent yield of a reaction, we need to compare the actual yield (the amount of product obtained in the experiment) with the theoretical yield (the amount of product that should have been obtained based on stoichiometric calculations).

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium bromide (MgBr2) and hydroiodic acid (HI) is:

MgBr2 + 2HI → MgI2 + 2HBr

From this equation, we can see that 1 mole of MgBr2 reacts with 2 moles of HI to produce 1 mole of MgI2 and 2 moles of HBr. We can use this information to calculate the theoretical yield of HBr that should have been obtained based on the amount of MgBr2 used:

Calculate the moles of MgBr2 used:

moles of MgBr2 = mass / molar mass = 24.5 g / 184.11 g/mol = 0.133 moles

Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the moles of HBr that should have been produced:

moles of HBr = 2 x moles of MgBr2 = 2 x 0.133 moles = 0.266 moles

Calculate the mass of HBr that should have been produced:

mass of HBr = moles of HBr x molar mass = 0.266 moles x 80.91 g/mol = 21.47 g

So the theoretical yield of HBr is 21.47 g.

The actual yield of HBr obtained in the experiment is 8.23 g.

We can now calculate the percent yield as:

percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%

percent yield = (8.23 g / 21.47 g) x 100%

percent yield = 38.4%

Therefore, the percent yield of the reaction is approximately 38.4%.

The mass of 6.45 x 10^25 atoms of Cu is 682.3 grams. For example, the atomic weight of carbon is 12.011, so the molar mass of carbon is 12.011 g/mol.

What is Molar Mass?

Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mole). It is a fundamental concept in chemistry and is used in various calculations, such as determining the mass of a sample of a substance, the number of moles in a sample, or the number of atoms or molecules in a sample.

The molar mass of an element is equal to its atomic weight, which is the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of that element, taking into account their relative abundance.

Determine the number of moles of Cu atoms:

6.45 x 10^25 atoms Cu x (1 mole Cu / 6.022 x 10^23 atoms Cu) = 10.73 mol Cu

Use the molar mass of Cu to convert from moles to grams:

10.73 mole Cu x (63.55 g Cu / 1 mole Cu) = 682.3 g Cu

Therefore, the mass of 6.45 x 10^25 atoms of Cu is 682.3 grams.

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2.50 g of helium gas at STP would occupy a volume of 14.0 liters.

Standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 1 atm, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP, which is 22.4 L/mol.

1. Helium seems to have a molar mass of 4.00 g/mol.

Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of helium as:

moles of He = mass of He divided by molar mass of He

= 2.50 g / 4.00 g/mol

= 0.625 mol

Then, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP to calculate the volume of helium gas:

volume of He = moles of He x molar volume of gas at STP

= 0.625 mol x 22.4 L/mol

= 14.0 L

2.50 g of helium gas at STP would occupy a volume of 14.0 liters.

2. The molar mass of sodium is 22.99 g/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of sodium as:

moles of Na = number of atoms of Na divided by Avogadro's number

= 5.0 x 10²⁵ atoms / 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

= 83.0 mol

Then, we can use the molar mass of sodium to calculate the mass of sodium:

mass of Na = moles of Na x molar mass of Na

= 83.0 mol x 22.99 g/mol

= 1900 g

Therefore, 5.0 x 10²⁵ atoms of sodium have a mass of 1900 g.

3. The molar mass of Ni is 58.69 g/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of Ni as:

moles of Ni = mass of Ni divided by molar mass of Ni

= 3.95 g / 58.69 g/mol

= 0.0673 mol

Then, we can use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of atoms of Ni:

number of atoms of Ni = moles of Ni x Avogadro's number

= 0.0673 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

= 4.05 x 10²² atoms

Therefore, 3.95 g of Ni contain 4.05 x 10²² atoms.

4. The molar mass of Xe is 131.29 g/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of Xe as:

moles of Xe = mass of Xe divided by molar mass of Xe

= 15 kg / 131.29 g/mol

= 114 mol

Then, we can use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of atoms of Xe:

number of atoms of Xe = moles of Xe x Avogadro's number

= 114 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol

= 6.87 x10²⁵ atoms

Therefore, a 15 kg sample of Xe gas contains 6.87 x 10²⁵ atoms.

5. A gas's molar volume at STP is 22.4 L/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of Ar as:

moles of Ar = number of atoms of Ar divided by Avogadro's number

= 45,000,000 atoms / 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

= 7.47 x 10⁻¹⁷ mol

Then, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP to calculate the volume of Ar gas:

volume of Ar = moles of Ar x molar volume of gas at STP

= 7.47 x 10⁻¹⁷ mol x 22.4 L/mol

= 1.67 x  10⁻¹⁵ L

Therefore, 45,000,000 atoms of Ar would occupy a volume of 1.67 x 10⁻¹⁵ liters at STP.

6. The molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of CO₂ as:

moles of CO₂ = mass of CO₂ divided by molar mass of CO₂

= 75 g / 44.01 g/mol

= 1.70 mol

Then, we can use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of atoms of CO₂:

number of atoms of CO₂ = moles of CO₂ x Avogadro's number

= 1.70 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol

= 1.02 x 10²⁴ atoms

Therefore, a 75 g sample of CO₂ contains 1.02 x 10²⁴ atoms.

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The type of chemical reaction of ammonia + oxygen -> nitric acid + water is a combustion reaction.

The chemical reaction between ammonia (NH₃) and oxygen (O₂) to form nitric acid (HNO₃) and water (H₂O) is an oxidation-reduction reaction, specifically a combustion reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O

followed by the oxidation of NO to form NO₂ and then the formation of nitric acid by the reaction of NO₂ with water:

2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂

3NO₂ + H₂O → 2HNO₃ + NO

So, while the overall reaction involves oxidation and reduction, the formation of nitric acid involves an acid-base reaction.

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The given statement is true. In order for an electron to go back to the ground state, the atom emits the excess energy in the form of a photon.

After absorbing the energy, the electron advances to a higher energy state. In the opposite process, called emission, the electron releases the excess energy it had taken up and goes back to its ground state.

The energy of the electron drops when it changes levels, and the atom releases photons. The emission of the photon occurs as the electron transitions from a higher to a lower energy state. The energy of the photon is precisely the energy that is lost when an electron moves to a level with less energy.

Because each element has a different amount of electrons and hence a diverse range of energy levels, each element's spectra are distinct.

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Answer:

controls involuntary movements of other organ systems

Explanation:

Answer: 6.04 atm

Explanation:

PV = nRT

plug in the given values and solve for P:

n = 1.5 moles

V = 5.8 L

R = 0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K) (gas constant)

T = 294 K

P = nRT/V

P = (1.5 mol) x (0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K)) x (294 K) / (5.8 L)

P = 6.04 atm

Therefore, the pressure inside the chamber is 6.04 atm

a. The measurements on the target do not represent accuracy well.

b. The measurements on the target represent precision fairly well.

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value. Since they are off target, the measurements are not accurate.

Precision refers to the consistency and reproducibility of measurements, and in this case, the shots are clustered around certain areas, with two points in the second circle and two points in the third circle. This indicates that the person taking the shots was able to consistently hit a certain area.

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The ozone hole over Antarctica is created in the spring where there are more polar stratospheric clouds.

What is an ozone hole and how is it caused?

The ozone hole refers to a thinning of the protective layer of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere, which can lead to increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface.  Ozone depletion is caused by the release of man-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are commonly used in refrigerants, air conditioners, and aerosol sprays. When CFCs are released into the atmosphere, they rise into the stratosphere, where they are broken down by the sun's ultraviolet radiation. This process releases chlorine and other chemicals, which can react with ozone molecules, breaking them apart and depleting the ozone layer.

The ozone hole over Antarctica is created in the spring (August to October) where there are more polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) formed due to extremely cold temperatures. These clouds provide a surface for chemical reactions involving human-made chlorine and bromine gases, which destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere.

Therefore, The ozone hole over Antarctica is created in the spring where there are more polar stratospheric clouds.

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Answer: 2.67 moles KCl.

Explanation:

4 moles O2 X 2 moles KCl / 3 moles O2 =2.67

As per the result, the reaction's percent yield is about 38.4%.

The % ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield is referred to as percent yield. We must compare the actual yield with the theoretical yield in order to determine the percent yield of a reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydroiodic acid (HI) and magnesium bromide ([tex]MgBr_2[/tex]) is as follows:

[tex]MgI_2 + 2HBr ----- > MgBr_2 + 2HI[/tex]

This equation shows that when 1 mole of[tex]MgBr_2[/tex] is combined with 2 moles of HI, 1 mole of MgI2 and 2 moles of HBr are created. With this knowledge, we can determine the theoretical yield of HBr that ought to have been attained given the quantity of [tex]MgBr_2[/tex] used:

MgBr2 moles are equal to mass/molar mass, which is 24.5 g/184.11 g/mol, or 0.133 moles.

0.266 moles of HBr are equal to 2 moles of [tex]MgBr_2[/tex] multiplied by 0.133 moles.

0.266 moles of HBr times a molar mass of 80.91 g/mol results in 21.47 g of HBr mass.

Hence, 21.47 g is the theoretical yield of HBr.

8.23 g of HBr were really produced during the experiment.

So, we can determine the % yield as follows:

(Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100% Equals percent yield

percent yield = (8.23 g / 21.47 g) x 100%

percent yield = 38.4%

Thus, the percent yield of the reaction is approximately 38.4%.

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The mole fraction of NaCI in the solution is 0.079 when  7.7 g of NaCl is dissolved in 40 g of water.

Mole is defined as the unit of amount of substance . It is the quantity measure of amount of substance of how many elementary particles are present in a given substance.

It is defined as exactly 6.022×10²³ elementary entities. The elementary entity can be a molecule, atom ion depending on the type of substance. Amount of elementary entities in a mole is called as Avogadro's number.

Number of moles of NaCl =7.7/40=0.1925 and number of moles of water =40/18=2.22 thus mole fraction= 0.1925/2.414=0.079.

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Chemical bonds involve the interaction between nuclei and electrons. Option D.

Chemical bonds are formed through the interaction between atoms, where electrons in the outermost energy level (valence electrons) are shared, gained or lost between atoms.

This results in the formation of a more stable compound. In these interactions, the positively charged nucleus of each atom attracts the negatively charged electrons of the other atom, creating a bond.

The strength of the bond is determined by the distance between the nuclei and the number of electrons shared between them.

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The fact that the earth is too dry is what most likely prevents mangrove trees from growing in deserts.

All of these trees flourish in low-oxygen soil regions with slowly flowing rivers that permit the accumulation of fine sediments. Because mangrove trees cannot withstand subfreezing conditions, they can only be found close to the equator in tropical and subtropical latitudes.

Mangroves are only found close to protected beaches in tropical or subtropical ltiatudes since they are unable to withstand subfreezing temperatures. They all possess the unique capacity to thrive in salted soil that is within the range of the tides.

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A change in water temperature is likely to have a negative effect on reproduction in both organisms that live near a freshwater ecosystem.

Since both organisms are adapted to the water temperature of their environment, and any increase or decrease in temperature can cause their reproductive processes to be disrupted. For example, an increase in water temperature can cause an increase in the metabolic rate of the organisms, leading to a decrease in the amount of energy available for reproduction.

Also, an increase in water temperature can cause an increase in water evaporation, leading to a decrease in the amount of water available for the organisms, which can also negatively affect their reproductive processes.

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