The energy carrying molecules are made in stroma where the calvin cycle takes place.
What function do ATP and NADPH serve in light-independent reactions?
In photosynthesis, light energy is utilized to cause the photosystem I molecule to make ATP by transferring electrons from chlorophyll to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (Figure 5). In the light-independent processes of photosynthesis, this metabolic energy is utilized to fixation CO2 (Calvin cycle).
The calvin cycle or light independent reaction of photosynthesis happens in the stroma of the Chloroplast. It has certain enzymes that work with NADPH and ATP.
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In the Population Lab, what part of the world had the highest population?
*
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America
Northern America
The part of the world that has the highest population is B. Asia
What is population?The term "population" usually refers to the total number of people living in a certain area, such as a city or town, region, nation, continent, or the entire world. The population should be in harmony with available means and resources because it is one of the key aspects in maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
It should be noted that Asia has the highest population. China is the country that has the highest population. Also, India too has a great population.
Therefore, the part of the world that has the highest population is Asia.
In conclusion, the correct option is B.
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By studying how a storm is moving,
meteorologists can
A. predict the direction a storm is heading
B. know exactly how much damage a storm will have
C. not tell anything about a storm
A, predict the direction a storm is heading.
what is the physical state of dna after being denatured by heat? what is the physical state of dna after being denatured by heat? single-stranded individual nucleotides individual bases, sugars, and phosphates double-stranded
The physical state of dna following heat denature is single-stranded.
Definition of denature:To make unfit for consumption or consumption while retaining utility in other purposes, particularly by adding methanol to (ethyl alcohol).
What in an enzyme has been denatured?Enzymes become inactive due to denaturation, which is defined as conformational changes in the protein structure and active site of the enzyme.
How does protein denature occur?As a result of denaturation, many of the weak connections or bonds (such as hydrogen bonds) that give proteins their highly organized structure in their native (natural) state are broken. Most denatured proteins are insoluble and have a looser, more erratic structure.
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increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: correlation with intracellular glutathione levels
The role of oxidative pressure in mediating cell dying in chondrocytes remoted from the articular cartilage of glutathione levels and old grownup human tissue donors.
Cell dying prompted through the oxidant becomes evaluated within the alginate bead way of life system by the use of fluorescent probes to assess membrane integrity. generation of peroxynitrite by way of the decomposition of SIN-1 became shown by fantastic immunostaining of dealt with cells for 3-nitrotyrosine.
Evidence that multiplied oxidative stress with growing older makes chondrocytes greater liable to oxidant-mediated mobile demise through the dysregulation of the glutathione antioxidant machine.
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2. Using the ABO blood type alleles, cross a type O parent and a parent with AB blood.
Provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
The IA allele offers kind A, IB offers kind B, and IO offers kind O. As each, IA and IB are dominant over IO, best IO/IO human beings have kind O blood.
Individuals with IA/IA or IA/IO have kind A blood and people with IB/IB or IB/IO have kind B. IA/IB human beings have each phenotypes due to the fact A and B explicit a unique dominance relationship is codominance, because of this that that kind A and B dad and mom will have an AB baby. A couple with kind A and kind B also can have a kind O baby if they're each heterozygous (IB/IO, IA/IO).
So, the viable blood organizations of the offspring of the dad and mom with blood institution O and AB are A and B due to the fact their dad and mom' genotypes are IO/IO and IA/IB. So, below crossing, we get best A and B blood organizations.
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please help me on this question
The statement that is most likely true about the patient that has a BP of 138/88 is that the patient has a daily diet that mainly consists of greasy food, causing an increase in blood flow.
What is blood pressure (BP)?Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and veins.
The blood pressure varies during the heartbeat cycle, and according to a person's age, health and physical condition.
According to this question, a patient has a blood pressure of 138/88mm/Hg, which is quite high compared to the normal blood pressure of 120/80mmHg.
This suggests that the patient blood's flow has increased due to certain reasons.
Therefore, statement that is most likely true about the patient that has a BP of 138/88 is that the patient has a daily diet that mainly consists of greasy food, causing an increase in blood flow.
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Two parents are concerned that their new baby, who has blonde hair, may have been switched in the hospital. The mother is homozygous for her brown hair, and the father is heterozygous with brown hair as well. Some members of the family have blonde hair. Is this possible? Did the hospital make a mistake? Justify your answer. Be very detailed in your explanation in order to receive full credit. Be sure to include the genotypes the parents would need to have.
Answer:
Yes, this is possible because the baby could have inheritted it fromthe parents family
Explanation:
Although the genes passed down from a child's parents determine hair color, variations can result in a child having a different hair color than both parents. The genetics of hair color is the result of many genes working together to control the amount and type of melanin
Ruminants are mammals that have a specialized stomach
adapted for digesting plant material. Use the Internet and
other sources to find information to help you answer the
following questions:
(a) Give three examples of ruminant animals.
(b) Name the four compartments of the stomach of ruminants. Briefly explain the function of each.
(c) How is the specialized stomach of the ruminant adapted to digesting plant material?
(d) What does the word ruminate mean in everyday language?
a. The examples of ruminants include cattle, sheep, and goats.
b. It should be noted that ruminant stomachs have four compartments absthay are the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum
c. Animals that eat plants, such as ruminants, have specialized four-chambered stomachs with a distinctive microbial flora for breaking down stiff cellulose. The enzyme needed to break down cellulose, cellulase, is not produced by the majority of vertebrates; instead, microorganisms in the rumen do it.
d. Ruminate means to go over in the mind repeatedly.
What are ruminants?Ruminants are herbivores who digest their meal several times. They repeatedly chew and re-digest grass or other vegetation in different parts of their stomachs.
It should be noted that the compartment areas serve as storage for chewed grain and plant matter, absorb vitamins and nutrients, denature proteins, help with the start of digestion, and break down materials into bits that can be processed.
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Sensory and motor neurons of the nervous system are associated with activities traditionally.
Sensory and motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
What is the nervous system?
The nervous system is the system of the living body that is associated with controlling and functioning the body functions.
The somatic nervous system contains the afferent nerve fibers that link with the senses of the body to the central nervous system. It voluntarily controls the body.
Thus, the somatic nervous system is associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
A. A worker for the Dept. of Wildlife Resources counted how man y deer he saw on 5 different plots of land on
November 15. Graph the following information in a BAR graph. Label and number the x and y-axis.
Plot
A
B
C₁
D
E
# of deer
36
32
12
20
24
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable?
3. What is an appropriate title?
the condition called macular degeneration involves decreased function of the macula of the retina. what is the effect of this condition on vision?
The condition called macular degeneration involves decreased function of the macula of the retina. The effect of this condition on vision is that: there occurs a loss of the central part of the field of vision.
Macular degeneration is caused due to damage in the blood vessels that leak any fluid or blood into the macula of the retina. As a result central vision is lost as the condition worsens with time. In older people, the disease may also cause permanent blindness.
Retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye which is most light-sensitive. It receives the light of the image and send the signals to the brain. As a result, the image of the object is formed.
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How many moles of iron will be made from 13.54 moles of carbon?
81.51×10^23 molecules
are present in 13.54 moles of carbon.
1 mole of carbon = 6.02×10^23 molecules
13.54 moles of carbon = 13.54×6.02×10^23 =
81.51×10^23 molecules.
Divide the quantity of particles by
Avogadro's number.
To reduce a mole to a particle (such as an atom or a molecule): Multiply the quantity of moles by Avogadro's number.
One typical sort of skin development is the
mole (nevi).
They frequently take the form of tiny, dark brown spots and are brought on by clumps of pigment-forming cells (melanocytes). The majority of people have between 10 and 40 moles, which usually form during childhood and adolescence and may change or disappear over time.
A molecule
is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps its content and properties. It is made up of two or more atoms that are joined together by
chemical bonds.
Therefore,
81.51×10^23 molecules
are present in 13.54 moles of carbon
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How many molecules of carbon will be made from 13.54 moles of carbon?
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Which of the following statements about succession is not true?
a.
Succession is the cause of ecosystem destruction.
b.
Succession is a process that allows communities to recover from disruptive events.
c.
The process of succession is necessary to maintain and establish stable communities.
d.
Succession can follow both human and natural events.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
for edgen 2022
Answer:
A is not true
Explanation:
Succession is not the cause of ecosystem destruction, it is what follows up after destruction of an ecosystem.
Succession is the cause of ecosystem destruction is not true. Therefore, the statement is false.
What is succession?Succession refers to the changes in the composition and structure of plant and animal communities over time. It is a process taking place after a disturbance, such as a wildfire or human activity like mining.
Succession allows the ecosystem to establish a new equilibrium state to support a variety of species and establish a stable community by enabling the replacement of species that are better adapted to the new conditions.
In a forest after a disturbance, the first organisms to colonize are fast-growing species like grasses and herbs. As the forest matures, the new species become dominant until a stable, climax community is established. Succession provides habitat and food resources for a variety of species, thereby, regulating the ecosystem.
Therefore, succession helps ecosystems to recover and establish new equilibria.
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You conduct an experiment to determine the concentration of ions in an unknown solution. You place
300mL inside a dialysis bag and place the bag into a beaker of water with an ion concentration of 100
ppm (parts per million). When you check the experiment an hour later, the bag is swollen and has
taken In water. What can you conclude?
A. The concentration of ions of the unknown solution is more than 100
ppm.
B. Not enough information to determine.
C. The concentration of ions of the unknown solution is less than 100 ppm.
D. The solutions have the same concentrations.
Answer:
You can confidently conclude that the concentration of the unknown solution is less than 100ppm. Because the concentration of the liquid in the beaker is higher than that of the unknown solution that is why water move out of the dialysis bag into the beaker of water. Thus, the solution inside the beaker is an hypertonic solution, that is why it deflated the dialysis bag.
who is the first true experiment and in which century
The first formal psychological experiment was carried out by Wundt, who attempted to gauge the speed of cognition by timing how long it took test subjects to reach a conclusion.
What was the first true experiment in psychology?The first formal psychological experiment was carried out by Wundt, who attempted to gauge the speed of cognition by timing how long it took test subjects to reach a conclusion.
The first genuine experimental study with a direct connection to physical activity and sports psychology was published by Norman Triplett. His interest in how to direct competition between two people affects performance served as the basis for his study.
A real experiment is one in which every effort is made to maintain control over all factors aside from the one being studied. This kind of control is frequently simpler to implement in a lab environment. As a result, genuine experiments have frequently been mistaken for laboratory studies.
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Why it is important that the plant is kept at room temperature and given plenty of light , water and minerals during the experiment?
Answer:
To make it germinate well
Explanation:
A planted seed need the requirements to be able to grow well
Because without the listed above the plant will never grow
natalizumab treatment 28 days after infection led to stabilization of neuronal injury, reduced numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced productive infection.
The discussion of natalizumab treatment 28 days after infection led to stabilization of neuronal injury, reduced numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced productive infection is given in below paragraph-
HIV peripheral neuropathy's pathogenesis depends on the flow of activated monocytes into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In SIV-infected macaques, we have demonstrated that increase of freshly recruited (bromodeoxyuridine+ MAC387+) monocytes is linked to severe DRG pathology and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers. Here, we used natalizumab, which binds to 4-integrins, to treat mice to prevent leukocyte flow. When natalizumab was administered either early (the day of infection) or late (28 days after infection), SIV-infected CD8-depleted macaques were compared to untreated SIV-infected animals slain at comparable dates.
Histopathology revealed diminished DRG pathology with natalizumab therapy, including diminished neuronophagia, inflammation, and Nageotte nodules. When given natalizumab, DRG tissues had less bromodeoxyuridine+ (early), MAC387+ (late), CD68+ (early and late), and SIVp28+ (late) macrophages. Natalizumab treatment had no impact on the quantity of CD3+ T cells in DRGs. All mice given natalizumab experienced decreased levels of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, which regulates leukocyte flow. These results indicate a role for monocyte traffic and activation in HIV peripheral neuropathy by demonstrating that restricting monocyte traffic to the DRG, but not T lymphocyte traffic, reduces inflammation and disease.
What are macrophages?Macrophages are a specific type of white blood cell that surround and eliminate pathogens, clear away dead cells, and activate other immune system cells.
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the organelle within the cytoplasm that is involved in the oxidative conversion of foodstuffs into usable cellular energy is the .
The mitochondria are an organelle found in the cytoplasm that is involved in the oxidative transformation of food into useful cellular energy.
function of mitochondria
Foods are degraded in part to release the energy from chemical bonds into the energy-dense complex adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores the chemical energy from food molecule breakdown and releases it to power other cellular functions.
What do the mitochondria mostly do?By using the energy created during the breakdown of the food we eat, oxidative phosphorylation—the traditional function of mitochondria—generates ATP. The majority of biochemical and physiological functions, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, all require ATP as their main energy source.learn more about mitochondria here
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adjacent neurons are separated by the: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices synaptic gap. myelin sheath. dendrite. axon.
The synaptic gap separates adjacent neurons.
What are neurons and what do neurons perform?Neurons are the primary functional components of the nervous system, and they generate electrical signals called action potentials, which allow them to quickly convey information over large distances. Although glia primarily support the neurons, they are nonetheless crucial for the proper operation of the nervous system.
What makes neurons so important?Information is transported throughout the human body by neurons. They assist in coordinating all of the vital operations of life by using electrical and chemical signals.
What three types of neurons are there?However, we may say that there are three different types of neurons in the spinal cord, sensory, motor, and interneurons.
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a firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. it is likely that her have released epinephrine and norepinephrine. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices neural networks adrenal glands somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems reflex pathways
It is likely that her adrenal glands have released epinephrine and norepinephrine and is denoted as option B.
What is Adrenal gland?This is described as a small triangular-shaped glands which are located on top of both kidneys. They are responsible for various metabolic processes in the body due to their release of different types of substances.
The substances include epinephrine and norepinephrine and they act as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. They also play an important role in the body's fight-or-flight response as a result of the firefighter alarm which means a likely fire incident.
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regarding thermoregulation a. in endotherms, the thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures over which the animal is able to thermoregulate without changing metabolic rate. b. ectotherms bur not endotherms use behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate. c. as ambient temperature decreases, metabolic rate in an ectotherm decreases to maintain body temperature. d. both a) and b) are correct, and c) is incorrect e. a), b) and c) are all correct
The regarding thermoregulation -
both a) and b) are correct, and c) is incorrect
a) An animal with a excessive unit metabolic fee that remains the equal over a range of ambient temperatures is probably an endotherm
b) At low ambient temperature ectotherms use extra electricity and endotherms uses less energy
endotherm For ambient temperatures inside the thermoneutral quarter of an endotherm, a decrease in environmental temperature ends in accelerated vasoconstriction with out a alternate in metabolic rateWith appreciate to an animal's thermal price range, evaporation is the most effective form of heat switch that can not result in warmness advantage.some endotherms exhibit hibernation, a form of avoidance in which thermoregulation maintains with a lower body temperature setTo know more about endotherm visit : https://brainly.com/question/14523739
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The example states that humans killed off the dogs that couldn't be trained. this is an example of
Answer:
A trait's inheritance in a population
The diagram shows a model of an atom. The model contains three
different subatomic particles. Particles X and Y are inside the
nucleus, and particle Z is outside of the nucleus.
Model of an Atom
Which statements best describe the charges on the particles in this
model?
A Both particles X and Y have a positive charge.
Particle Z has a negative charge.
B. Both particles X and Y have a negative charge.
Particle Z has a positive charge.
C Either particle X or particle Y has a positive charge.
Particle Z has a negative charge.
D Either particle X or particle Y has a negative charge.
Particle Z has a positive charge.
In the Bohr atomic model, protons (+ charge) and neutrons (0 charge) compose the nucleus. Electrons (- charge) are circulating in orbits around the nucleus. C) Either particle X or particle Y has a positive charge. Particle Z has a negative charge.
What is the Bohr atom model?The atom Bohr model is a representation of atoms composition of and the interaction between these elements.
The model proposes a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, and orbits around the nucleus with electrons on them.
There are different orbits around the nucleus, each with a certain energy. Each of these orbits is then the energy level. Electrons can gain or lose energy and jump from one level to another.
The model states that
Protons are particles with a positive charge occupying a small volume of the atom's size. Protons contain most of the atomic mass. Neutrons are particles that have no charge. Electrons are particles with negative charges circulating in orbits around the nucleus.There can be many orbits, each with a different size and energy level.The energy level is proportional to the orbit size. Each orbit has a different number of electrons. As electrons gain or lose energy, they move from one orbit to another.
In the exposed model,
X and Y - Protons and NeutronsZ - ElectronsNow, let us analyze the options,
A) Both particles X and Y have a positive charge. Particle Z has a negative charge.NO. X and Y do not have a positive charge, only one of them has.
B) Both particles X and Y have a negative charge. Particle Z has a positive charge.
NO. X and Y are positive and neutral, while Z is negative.
C) Either particle X or particle Y has a positive charge. Particle Z has a negative charge.
YES. Either X or Y are representing protons and neutrons, with positive and neutral charges, respectively. Z represents electrons with a negative charge.
D) Either particle X or particle Y has a negative charge. Particle Z has a positive charge.
NO. X and Y can have a positive or neutral charge. Z only negative charge.
According to this model description, the correct option is C).
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Which of the following statements is true for sexual reproduction?
Choose 2 answers:
a)Single organism makes an exact copy of itself
b)Occurs in prokaryotes
c)Sperm fertilizes egg
d)Provides genetic variation, but time-consuming
Answer:
answer would be the options C and D.
The true statements about sexual reproduction are: (c) Sperm fertilizes egg; (d) Provides genetic variation, but time-consuming.
In sexual reproduction, two specialized reproductive cells known as gametes from different individuals, typically male and female, unite to form a zygote. In many organisms, sperm from the male fertilizes the egg from the female, resulting in the development of a new organism.
Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation because it involves the recombination of genetic material from two parents, creating offspring with a unique combination of traits. This genetic diversity is beneficial for the survival and adaptation of species to changing environments.
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ellie may, a mother with type B blood, had a child with O type blood. She claims that Jethro who has type A blood
A triallelic gene determines a person's blood type according to the allele combination. This gene expresses complete dominance and codominance. Option B) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
What is the ABO blood type?
The ABO blood type is determined by a triallelic gene I. Depending on the allelic interaction, this gene can express complete dominance or co-dominance. Let us see,
Alleles
IAIBi→ IA and IB are codominant, meaning that when they are together in the same genotype, both of them are expressed.
→ IA and IB express complete dominance over i, meaning that the dominant IA and IB alelles hide the expression of the recessive allele i in heterozygous individuals.
Genotypes Phenotype
IAIA, IAi ⇒ Blood type A
IBIB, IBi ⇒ Blood type B
IAIB ⇒ Blood type AB
ii ⇒ Blood type 0
Now, let us analyze the situation,
Ellie May has B blood type. Her genotype might be either homozygous IBIB or heterozygous IBi.Ellie May had a child who has 0 blood type (genotype ii). This child inherited two recessive alleles, one from each parent. This fact suggests that Ellie May is heterozygous (IBi), and she provided an i recessive allele to the child. The other recessive allele must have been inherited from the father.Jethro has A blood type and he is homozygous IAIA, which means he could not provide the other recessive allele to the child. He can not be the father. The biological father can be either IAi, IBi, or ii.
The correct option is b) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
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Complete question
Ellie May, a mother with type B blood, has a child with type O blood.
She claims that Jethro, who has type A blood, is the father.
He claims that he cannot possibly be the father.
Further, blood tests ordered by the judge reveal that the father is homozygous.
The judge rules that:
a) Ellie May is right and Jethro must pay up.
b) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
c) Ellie May cannot be the real mother of the child. There must have been an error made at the hospital.
d) It is impossible to reach a decision based on the limited data available.
e) none of these are correct.
Which of the following is the standard seeding rate for corn planted in Southwestern drylands? 16,500 to 23,500 seeds per acre 16,500 to 23,500 seeds per acre 28,000 to 30,500 seeds per acre 28,000 to 30,500 seeds per acre 35,000 to 42,500 seeds per acre 35,000 to 42,500 seeds per acre 14,500 to 18,500 seeds per acre
The standard seeding rate for corn planted in Southwestern drylands is 14,500 to 18,500 seeds per acre and is denoted as option D.
What is Seeding rate?This is referred to as the amount of seed which is planted in a given area of land which is usually measured in hectares or acres so as to ensure that there is normal density of sprouts.
This is usually calculated so as to achieve a maximum yield or productivity and varies according to the climatic conditions and soil types. In the case of Southwestern drylands, the seeding rate is 14,500 to 18,500 seeds per acre.
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name two problems in developing a new and better system of classification
Two problems in developing a new and better system of classification are
Reliability, or how consistent diagnoses are, and validity, or if the syndromes in the system are actual, are two problems with categorization.
As more and more novel creatures are found, a new approach must be applied to categorize them. To categorize species based on their shared traits, a new classification system is continually established.
The categorization system offers a wealth of knowledge regarding the traits of creatures. Therefore, using a scientific term as a shorthand to describe a plant or animal might be useful.
Aristotle was the first scientist to categorize organisms. He identified straightforward morphological traits and used them to divide organisms into the categories of plants, shrubs, trees, and herbs. Animals with red blood cells (Enaima) and those without red blood cells (other species) were divided into two categories by him (Anaima).
Modern times have seen the development of classification schemes that are more intricate and distinct. Biological classification systems can be artificial or natural.
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QUE RELACION GUARDAN LAS IMAGENES DE LA DERECHA CON LA BIODIVERSIDAD
No la relación de las imágenes de derecho con la biodiversidad ya que la biodiversidad, la Biodiversidad está relacionada, entre otros factores, con la diversidad de especies y también con las variaciones presentes dentro de una misma especie.
¿Qué tiene que ver con la biodiversidad?La biodiversidad está relacionada, entre otros factores, con la diversidad de especies y también con las variaciones presentes dentro de una misma especie. La biodiversidad se refiere a las diferentes especies de seres vivos que habitan en una región, así como a la diversidad que existe entre estos seres vivos.
How important is biodiversity to our lives?This diversity of life is called biodiversity, which is the variety of life existing in nature. It is thanks to biodiversity that food, clothing, medicines and energy can be obtained, representing one of the greatest riches of planet earth, although it is undervalued.
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Give the translation for the mRNA and then use the codon table to get the amino acids. You only need to write the first three letters of the amino acids in the answer.
DNA - TAC - AAG - GTA - GCA - CAT - GGG
mRNA -
AAs -
(the question is in essay form)
The translation for mRNA is AUG - UUC - CAU - CGU - GUA - CCC
and for AAs it is Met - Phe - His - Arg - Val - Pro
What is transcription and translation?The transcription and translation of genes is an important and closed process, since it is exact. DNA transcription occurs first into an mRNA molecule and then passes from the nucleus to ribosomes for translation of the mRNA molecule into protein by linking amino acids.
These processes occur in all living things within the cell and the mitochondria also has its own translation process. All this process has to be given within the rules that the genetic code has, since each codon that is generated from DNA and RNA has its own corresponding amino acid.
Therefore, we can confirm that the translation for mRNA is AUG - UUC - CAU - CGU - GUA - CCC and for AAs it is Met - Phe - His - Arg - Val - Pro
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phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of t-cell factor signaling following activation of ep2 and ep4
The discussion of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of t-cell factor signaling following activation of ep2 and ep4 is given in below paragraph-
Recently, we demonstrated that the T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef)-mediated transcriptional activation is triggered by the FP(B) prostanoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor that connects to Galpha(q). The EP(2) and EP(4) prostanoid receptors, which couple to Galpha(s), are now reported to also stimulate Tcf/Lef signaling. In HEK cells that were stably transfected with the human EP(2) and EP(4) receptors, transcriptional activity was enhanced by a prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 1 hour in a manner that increased it by around 10-fold over basal levels. Akt kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) were both phosphorylated more frequently as a result of this PGE(2)-dependent activation of reporter gene activity.
The FP(B) prostanoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds to Galpha, has recently been shown to be the cause of the T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef)-mediated transcriptional activation (q). It is now known that the EP(2) and EP(4) prostanoid receptors, which link to Galpha(s), also promote Tcf/Lef signaling. A prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 1 hour elevated transcriptional activity in HEK cells that had been stably transfected with the human EP(2) and EP(4) receptors by an amount that was roughly 10-fold greater than baseline. This PGE(2)-dependent stimulation of reporter gene activity resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3).
What is phosphorylation?The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion is known as phosphorylation in chemistry. Biology frequently uses this mechanism and its opposite, dephosphorylation. Activation or inactivation of several enzymes by protein phosphorylation is common.
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