Answer:
The complete explanation of the immune response to a pathogen through the oral (oral-anus) and respiratory route is given below in explanation part .
Explanation:
In order to provide host protection against pathogens wherever they can enter or spread, the immune system can be seen as an organ distributed throughout the body. A collection of anatomically distinct compartments can be distinguished within the immune system, each of which is specifically adapted to produce a response to pathogens present in a specific set of body tissues. The basic concepts underlying the initiation in the compartment of the peripheral lymph nodes and spleen of an adaptive immune response. This is the compartment that responds to antigens that have dispersed through the blood or penetrated the tissues. The mucosal immune system (commonly represented by the MALT) is a second compartment of the adaptive immune system of equal size to this, and situated near the surfaces where most pathogens enter. Body cavities (peritoneum and pleura) and skin are two other distinct compartments. These compartments are characterized by two main characteristics. The first is that immune responses induced within one compartment are generally restricted to that specific compartment in terms of speech. The second is that by expressing homing receptors that are bound by ligands, known as addressins, which are specifically expressed within the tissues of the compartment, lymphocytes are limited to particular compartments. The body's mucosal surfaces are particularly susceptible to infection. Because of their physiological roles in gas exchange (the lungs), food absorption (the gut), sensory roles (eyes , nose , mouth, and throat), and reproduction (uterus and vagina), they are thin and permeable barriers to the interior of the body. Obvious susceptibility to infection is provided by the need for permeability of the surface lining of these sites and it is not surprising that the vast majority of infectious agents via these routes enter the human body.
When contemplating the immunobiology of mucosal surfaces, a second essential aspect to bear in mind is that the gut serves as a conduit of entry in the form of food to a large array of foreign antigens. The immune system has developed mechanisms to prevent, on the one hand, a robust immune response to food antigens and, on the other, to detect and destroy the entry of pathogenic organisms via the gut. The majority of the gut is heavily colonized by commensal microorganisms, which live in symbiosis with their host, to further complicate matters. In certain ways, these bacteria are beneficial to their hosts. They provide protection by occupying the ecological niches for bacteria in the gut against pathogenic bacteria. By synthesizing vitamin K and some of the components of the vitamin B complex, they also serve a nutritional role in their host.
Peyer's patches of the small intestine, the appendix, and solitary lymphoid follicles of the large intestine and rectum are the other major sites inside the gut mucosal immune system for the activation of immune responses. The patches of Peyer are an extremely important location in the small intestine for the activation of immune responses and have a distinctive shape, forming domelike structures that reach into the intestinal lumen. Specialized epithelial cells reside in the overlying layer of follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patches. Instead of the microvilli present on the absorptive epithelial cells of the intestine, they have microfolds on their luminal surface and are known as microfold cells or M cells. By endocytosis or phagocytosis, M cells pick up molecules and particles from the gut lumen. This material is then transported to the basal cell membrane, where it is released into the extracellular space, via the interior of the cell in vesicles. This mechanism is referred to as transcytosis. The cell membrane of M cells is extensively folded at their basal surface around underlying lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that take up the transported material released from the M cells and process it for the presentation of antigen.
Why do scientists think duck-billed dinosaurs lived in groups ANSWER FAST!!!!!!!
Answer:
Scientists thought duck-billed dinosaurs lived in groups because most of their fossils were together unlike tyrannosaurus rex
Explanation:
A plant is moved from direct sunlight and placed into complete darkness.
Which structure in the plant's cells would be most affected by this change
How many different types of substrates can enzymes react with?
Answer:
In some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products. In others, two substrates may come together to create one larger molecule
Explanation:
Species A contains 50 chromosomes in
each of its skin cells. How many
chromosomes are normally found in
each of its sex cells?
Answer:
14
Explanation:
It's a diploid, voila. If it were to have down syndrome, though, it would have 14 and 1/2 due to the fact that your 24th chromosome set is both a set in your connective system and a sex cell.
Which field is not a branch of biology?
Answer:
Computer science ig
Explanation:
What sort of overall charge will this atom of phosphorus have?
Answer:
negative
Explanation:
Tha last shell has 5 in its valency
It needs to gain in order to reach a full outer shell
What are the names of the two treatments that are nearing FDA approval (not quite approved just yet but are under priority review) for Zaire Ebola?
**include source**
Answer:
Regeneron and mAb114
Explanation:
The Ebola virus disease is a harmful viral hemorrhagic disease caused by ebolaviruses, which have a high risk of death (approximately 20% to 90%). In December 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Ervebo, which is the first vaccine approved by the FDA with the aim to prevent the Ebola virus disease. Nowadays, there is no antiviral treatment approved by the FDA for patients with Ebola; however, there are two antiviral drug treatments named regeneron (REGN-EB3) and mAb114, which have shown good efficacy to treat the Evola virus. Currently, both antiviral drugs are being used in patients with Ebola.
Describe the relationship of dissolved materials inside and outside a cell in isotonic, hypotonic,
and hypertonic solutions.
PLEASE HELP ASAP!! WILL MARK BRAINLIST TO FIRST WHO ANSWERS!
hypertonic is when blood cells shrivel under hot temperatures
isotonic is equilibrium between concentration of blood and salt
hypotonic is less concentration on outside compared to inside
Answer:
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell. ... If placed in a hypotonic solution, a red blood cell will bloat up and may explode, while in a hypertonic solution, it will shrivel—making the cytoplasm dense and its contents concentrated—and may die.
This is the 3rd time I am asking. I have gotten 0 help. I am stuck on these three questions. Correct answer will get 68 points, 5 stars and a heart!
Which molecules would REQUIRE a channel or transport protein to cross the cell membrane?
A) CO2
B)H2O
C)k+
D)O2
the tallest mountain of earth are in mountain range, which is made by two continental plates converging
Answer: The Himalayas
Explanation: The Himalayas are the world's tallest mountains. They are forming as two continents collide. The Appalachian Mountains are the remnants of a larger mountain range.
Wind, humidity, and rocks are all ____________________in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Answer:
Abiotic factors
Explanation:
how many kinds of dna is in a nucleotide molecule?
Answer:
four
Explanation:
Answer:
Because there are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases, there are four different types of DNA nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)
on 3
Which of the following best describes the impact of disturbance upon
the diversity of species found in an ecosystem.
ed
out of
n
Select one:
O a. Disturbances are not a natural part of ecosystems. When they
occur they always lower the biodiversity of an ecosystem
b. Disturbances are a natural part of ecosystems and as such any
disturbance results in an increase in biodiversity
c. Disturbances are a part of natural ecosystems, but the more
frequently they occur, the lower the biodiversity of the system
d. Each ecosystem has a preferred disturbance frequency,
Disturbances that occur at the right frequency, not too frequent or
infrequent, will promote diversity at the landscape scale.
Disturbances that are too frequent or to infrequent will result
in biodiversity decreases
Answer:
B)
Explanation:
B) is the answer of question
D. Each ecosystem has a preferred disturbance frequency, Disturbances that occur at the right frequency, not too frequent or infrequent, will promote diversity at the landscape scale. Disturbances that are too frequent or to infrequent will result in biodiversity decreases.
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety and abundance of different species that exist within an ecosystem or region. It includes the diversity of different species, as well as the diversity within species (such as genetic diversity) and the diversity of ecosystems.
Biodiversity is important because it helps to maintain the health and functioning of ecosystems, and it is also a source of economic, cultural, and recreational value. Biodiversity can be affected by a variety of factors, including habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and the introduction of non-native species.
Disturbances are a natural part of ecosystems, but that the frequency of disturbances can affect the diversity of species in the ecosystem. It also suggests that each ecosystem has its own "preferred" disturbance frequency, and that disturbances that occur at the right frequency can promote biodiversity, while disturbances that are too frequent or too infrequent can lead to decreases in biodiversity.
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Does a toucan eat a frog ?
Answer:
Explanation
toucans take delight in eating the eggs of smaller birds, small juicy insects, tree frogs and reptiles including lizards and snakes.
you go out to dinner with your best friend. during dinner you consume the following meal: spinach green with sunflower seeds, a Dr. Pepper and a piece of unbuttered french bread. identify the biological molecules that would likely be present and what would they be processed into after
Answer:
The biology Molecules that will.be present in what she consumed are Carbohydrates from unbuttered bread, vitamins green spinach, Fat and oil or lipids from sunflower seeds, proteins...
The Carbohydrates is processed into glucose, proteins is processed into amino acids, lipids is processed into fatty acids and glycerol.
Explanation:
From the food consumed, The biology Molecules that will.be present in what she consumed are Carbohydrates from unbuttered bread, green spinach contains vitamins like vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B12 , minerals like magnesium, iron, Fat and oil or lipids from sunflower seeds, proteins...
The Carbohydrates is processed into glucose after enzymes like salivary amylase acts on it from the chewing and in the stomach which produces glucose which makes it easily absorbable , proteins is processed into amino acids by the activity of hydrochloric acids and protease that processed it into amino acids, lipids is processed into fatty acids and glycerol by the activities of the enzymes lipase.
The minerals and vitamins present are in a way they can be absorbed.
The molecules that will be present in the foods shown above would be sugar, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, proteins, and magnesium.
We can arrive at this answer because:
French bread will supply the body with carbohydrates. These carbohydrates will be turned into sugars, mainly glucose.The proteins present in spinach will be transformed into amino acids that will be used in the production of other proteins.The lipids present in sunflower seeds will be transformed into fatty acids, glycerol, and fat.The calcium present in spinach will be absorbed by the bones.Vitamins, phosphorus, and potassium will be broken down and dissolved in the bloodstream.Fiber will be metabolized by the intestine.Based on this, we can say that proper nutrition is important because it promotes essential molecules for the functioning of the body.
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-The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary in
order to
*
Answer:
arrive at a conclusion
Explanation:
The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary in order to arrive at a conclusion that will address the aim of the experiment.
Without data analysis, valid conclusions about the experiment cannot be made and what the experimenter would have is just raw data that cannot say or answer anything about the experiment.
The data collected from experiments can be analyzed in two ways:
Descriptive data analysis Inferential data analysisIn descriptive data analysis, the collected data is summarized, arranged, or described in such a way that a pattern can be seen at a glance. It includes tables, charts, histograms, etc.
In inferential data analysis, the collected data is treated in such a way that an inference can be arrived at based on the study. This includes testing for a significant difference between means, testing for the goodness of fits, correlations, etc.
What can help a scientist identify any object in a group of objects? O the object's size the object's colors O the object's characteristics O the object's shape Mark this and return Save and Exit Next Subinit
Answer:
c
Explanation:
took the test
Answer:
C(the object's characteristics)
Explanation:
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are part of the carbon cycle. Which statement best compares these two processes? Both release carbon dioxide as waste. Both provide organisms with usable energy. Both add bacteria to the soil. Both require fixation in order to convert molecules.
Answer:
Both provide organisms with usable energy.
Explanation:
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, a component of the carbon cycle provides an organism with usable energy.
Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants manufacture their food using carbon dioxide and water using sunlight to produce energy rich glucose and oxygen gas as a by-product.
During cellular respiration is an oxygen driven aerobic process in which organisms breaks down glucose to produce energy rich ATP.
Both processes furnishes an organism with energy in the end. Although, photosynthesis is an energy building process, cellular respiration breaks down materials to liberate energy. This energy is used by both plants and animals for their living activities.Therefore, photosynthesis and cellular respiration provides an organism with usable energy.
Answer:
The answer is B
Explanation:
Which system of units is used by only a small number of countries in the
world, including the U.S.?
what structures are found in every living cell
Answer:
The parts include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA.
Explanation:
The structures found in every living cell are:
Plasma membraneCytoplasmDNACells are the smallest anatomical unit of organisms that perform all the characteristic functions of living beings, their structures are functionally related in order to keep the cell alive and reproduce it.
The outer limit of the cell is the plasma membrane.
It has two basic functions:.
• Receive signals from the environment or from other neighboring cells.
• Be a selective barrier of substances, allowing to concentrate those that the cell needs for its metabolism and to eliminate its waste.
The cytoplasm is the compartment found inside the plasma membrane, which consists of an aqueous substance in which various molecules and macromolecular complexes are immersed, as well as different types of organelles.
All living cell store in the form of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, the information necessary to control their activities (reproduction, metabolism), and to establish their own structure. DNA is a polymer formed by a linear sequence of monomers, called nucleotides.
Therefore, we can conclude that the main structures found in every living cell are the plasma membrane, and the compartment that it encloses, called cytoplasm, which contains the hereditary material (DNA), where cellular activities are governed.
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if coral reef continue to die off how do you think that would affect specialist species such as butterfly fish overtime?
Answer:
If coral reefs continue to die off, I think it would have a huge impact on specialist species such as the Butterfly Fish overtime. If there are less reefs for fish to call home, that leaves less hiding places from predators, less food for such creatures, and higher risk of extinction.
Does a frog eat a chameleon ?
Answer:
Frog cannot eat a chameleon, due to it's tongue size and body structure, on the other hand chameleon can eat frog due to its coiled tongue, it can eat small sized frogs.
wrinkled seeds show up in the F2 Generacion even though they were not present in the F1 generations
Answer:
It could have been the recessive gene showing up in F2.
Explanation:
True or false: Large molecules called monomers are made of smaller subunits called polymers. A True B False
The statement, large molecules called monomers are made of smaller sub-units called polymers is false.
Polymers are macromolecules formed by agglomeration of small molecules called monomers. Monomers are very small molecules which can join together to form long chains.
The subunits of polymers are monomers. Hence, the statement, large molecules called monomers are made of smaller sub-units called polymers is false.
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Can you find the atomic number of an element on the periodic table?
Answer:
yes!
Explanation:
hi, the atomic number of an element is usually right above the element symbol on the periodic table, and represents the amount of protons in the atom.
I put Biology but it is actually Astronomy.
Drag each tile to the correct box. Not all tiles will be used.
The presence of liquid water on Earth is an important factor in moderating the planet’s temperature. Place the tiles in the correct order to explain how water regulates the planet’s temperature.
1. Heat released by water prevents Earth from freezing at night.
2. Daytime temperature remain moderate.
3. Water absorbs solar radiation during the day.
4. Water absorbs heat from the land during the day.
5. At night, water releases heat.
What is the correct order?
**please help me im stuck thx**
Answer:
It goes in order like this:
1. Water absorbs solar radiation during the day.
2. Daytime temperatures remain moderate.
3. At night, water releases heat.
4. Heat released by water prevents Earth from freezing at night.
I hope this helps! :)
The correct order to explain how water regulates the planet’s temperature is as follows:
Water absorbs solar radiation during the day.Daytime temperatures remain moderate.At night, water releases heat.The Heat released by water prevents Earth from freezing at night.What is Solar radiation?Solar radiation may be defined as a type of electromagnetic radiation which is constantly emitted from the sun. Such type of radiation can be captured and transformed into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity through the utilization a variety of technologies.
The process of regulating the temperature initiates with the absorption of solar radiation during the daytime, due to this, the temperature of the daytime remains moderate.
This absorbed radiation at night time liberates heat. This liberated heat at night prevents the water to freeze for this specific duration.
Therefore, the correct order to explain how water regulates the planet’s temperature is briefly mentioned above.
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water freely enters and leaves cells through channels by membrane proteins by
Answer:
Your answer is Osmosis
Either by protein channels or by sliding through the lipid tails of the membrane itself, water may also travel easily through the cell membrane of all cells.
What evidence supports the theme of the bike by gray soto
there are many enzymes found in the body what is the function of these enzymes
Answer:
Enzymes create chemical reactions in the body. They actually speed up the rate of a chemical reaction to help support life. The enzymes in your body help to perform very important tasks. These include building muscle, destroying toxins, and breaking down food particles during digestion
Explanation: