Answer:
Designs by Candice
Her costs include:
Costs of materials, labor, overheads.
Then in charging her customers she would include the profit target of $7,623 (representing 11% of her capital investment).
Explanation:
As a graphic design studio, Design by Candice would buy stationery and design materials, including 3D printers and other software. Candice would also incur labor costs on those doing the design proper. There are also manufacturing overheads, including rent, utilities, etc. and not to forget other indirect costs like selling and marketing and administrative expenses.
Roll over each item on the left to read the description. Identify whether each of the statements is an argument for or an argument against a specific exchange rate regime, then place each item in the correct place on the chart.
2/5 points awarded Government adjusts Fluctuation with limits Scored Reduces uncertainty Argument for Argument Against Market-based Floating exchange rate Uncertainty Market-based Unknown elements Continual government intervention Fixed exchange rate No uncertainty Continual government intervention Managed-float Difficult Fluctuation with limits Difficult Pegged exchange rate Limited options Government adjusts Limited options Target Zone Reduces uncertainty Unknown elements No uncertainty
Answer:
Floating exchange rate
Here the market decides the value of the currency as it trade freely in the market based on supply and demand.
Argument For;
Market Based - It is market based therefore it reflects the true value of the currency.
Argument Against;
Uncertainty - As it trades according to the whims of supply and demand, telling which direction it will go in terms of value is a difficult undertaking therefore financial decisions based on such are riskier.
Fixed exchange rate
Here the value of the currency is fixed either to the value of another currency or to the price of gold.
Argument For;
No Uncertainty - As the currency is tied to another currency which is usually more stable or gold, the rate of the currency is more predictable.
Argument Against;
Unknown Elements
Managed float
In this exchange rate regime, the Central bank of a country intervenes in the Foreign exchange market to push or pull the currency in the direction that it prefers.
Argument For;
Government intervention - The Government Intervention ensures that the currency's value remains stable as well as allowing the Central bank to maintain a good balance of payments.
Argument Against;
Difficult - Maintaining the currency within the band preferred in a difficult undertaking that requires constant intervention in the Forex market.
Pegged exchange rate
The Central bank in this instance pegs the currency to a basket of currencies after setting an exchange rate it would prefer and then intervenes in forex market to keep it that way.
Argument For;
Reduces uncertainty - The movement of the currency is more predictable due to it being pegged to a basket of currencies.
Argument Against;
Continual government intervention - As this requires the currency to remain at a certain value, the government will keep intervening to ensure that it stays at that exact level.
Target zone
Here the Central Bank allows the currency to fluctuate on the market albeit with limits placed on how much it can do so.
Argument For;
Fluctuation with limits - By combining fixed regimes with floating regimes, the currency can maintain a semblance of true value whilst still be less uncertain.
Argument Against;
Limited options.
Floating exchange rate
Here the market determines the value of the currency as it trades willingly in the market based on supply and demand.
What are Supply and Demand?
Argument For;
Market-Based - It is market-based thus it reflects the true value of the currency.
Argument Against;
Uncertainty - As it trades according to the impulses of supply and demand, suggesting which direction it will go in terms of significance is a difficult undertaking therefore financial decisions based on such are riskier.
Fixed exchange rate
Here when the value of the currency is fixed either to the value of another currency or to the price of gold.
Argument For;
No Uncertainty - As the currency is tied to another currency which is usually additional stable or gold when the rate of the currency is more predictable.
Argument Against;
Unexplored Elements
Managed float
In this interaction rate regime, when the Central bank of a country intervenes in the Foreign exchange market to push or pull the currency in the direction that it prefers.
Argument For;
Government intervention - When The Government Intervention ensures that the currency's value stays stable as well as allows the Central bank to maintain a good balance of payments.
Argument Against;
Difficult - When the Maintaining the currency within the band is preferred in a difficult undertaking that is required constant intervention in the Forex market.
Pegged exchange rate
The Central bank in this instance pegs the currency to a basket of currencies after setting an interaction rate it would prefer and also then intervenes in the forex market to keep it that way.
Argument For;
Reduces uncertainty - When The movement of the currency is more predictable due to it being pegged to a basket of currencies.
Argument Against;
Continual government intervention - Now, As this requires the currency to remain at a certain value, the government will keep intervening to ensure that it stays at that exact level.
Target zone
When Here the Central Bank allows the currency to fluctuate on the market albeit with limits placed on how much it can do so.
Argument For;
Fluctuation with limits - By combining improved regimes with floating regimes, the currency can maintain a semblance of true value whilst still being less uncertain.
Argument Against;
Limited choices.
Find more information about Supply and Demand here:
https://brainly.com/question/6702244
Rudy Smith was an wealthy individual and has passed away with many assets in his estate. What value would be used to assess property for estate purposes
Answer:
fair market value
Explanation:
The current estate tax (2020) only applies for estates worth over $11.58 million. For taxation purposes, estates are taxed at fair market value. E.g. Rudy bought a building 10 years ago at $10 million, but it is now worth $15 million, the current market value ($15 million) will be used to determine any applicable estate taxes.
The Terrafugia Transition is a 19-foot, two-seater road-drivable, light-sport aircraft with an anticipated price of $279,000. The most likely prospective customers for this flying car would include:__________
Answer: executives for whom time is very essential and important
Explanation:
From the question, we are told that the Terrafugia Transition is a 19-foot, two-seater road-drivable, light-sport aircraft with an anticipated price of $279,000.
The most likely prospective customers for this flying car would be the executives as the price could only be afforded by the rich or those at the helm of affairs in their companies.
The flying car is noted for its speed therefore the executives will consider time as a very important factor when purchasing it.
The market has an expected rate of return of 11.4 percent. The current nominal expected yield on U.S. Treasury bills is 4.3 percent. The inflation rate is 2.2 percent. What is the market risk premium? (round answer to whole number with two decimal points: i.e., use 1.23 percent instead of 0.0123)
Answer:
7.1%
Explanation:
According to the CAPM,
expected market return = risk free rate + market risk premium
11.4% = 4.3% + market risk premium
market risk premium = 11.4% - 4.3% = 7.1%
g The Fed makes an open market operation purchase of $200,000. The currency drain ratio is 33.33 percent and the desired reserve ratio is 10 percent. By how much does the quantity of money increase?
Answer: $618,000
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that the Fed makes an open market operation purchase of $200,000 and that the currency drain ratio is 33.33 percent and the desired reserve ratio is 10 percent.
We first have to calculate the money multiplier which will be:
= (1 + the currency drain ratio)/( the currency drain ratio + the reserve ratio)
= (1 + 33.33%)/(33.33% + 10%)
= ( 1 + 0.33)/(0.33 + 0.1)
= 1.33/0.43
= 3.09
The quantity of money increase will be:
= 3.09 × $200,000
= $618,000
A bond with a $1,000 face value and an 8 percent annual coupon pays interest semiannually. The bond will mature in 15 years. The yield to maturity is 11 percent. The price of the bond should be: Do no round intermediate computations. Round the final answer to two decimal places.
Answer:
$781.99
Explanation:
The price of the bond can be computed using excel pv function given below:
=-pv(rate,nper,pmt,fv)
rate is the semiannual yield to maturity i.e11%*6/12=5.5%
nper is the number of semiannual coupons the bond would i.e 30 semiannual coupons in 15 years
pmt is the amount of semiannual coupon=$1000*8%*6/12=$40
fv is the face value of $1000
=-pv(5.5%,30,40,1000)=$781.99
1. A small-scale businessman deposits money at the beginning of each year into his savings account, depending on the level of the business’ returns. He deposits $1000 in the first year, $3000 in the second year, $5000 in the third and $7000 in the fourth year and annual interest rate of 7%. What is the value of the investment at the time of his first deposit?
Answer:
The value of the investment at the time of his first deposit is $1,000.
At the end of the first year, the investment will be worth $1,070.
Explanation:
The value of a deposit investment is determined by the interest rate and time. Time affects the value of an investment by this small-scale businessman in many ways. The passage of time increases the value of his investment. However, the total increase may not be due to the interest rate, but inflation also affects asset's value. For this businessman to make a gain in the investment, the interest rate must be higher than the inflation rate. Otherwise, the investment loses money due to the effects of inflation, which reduces the real value of an asset over time.
John, Paul, Mark, and Luke have been operating an LLC, and according to the operating agreement, the term of the LLC is set to expire in the near future. What options do the four partners have
Answer with its Explanation:
The partners of Limited Liability partnership are obliged to pass a resolution about the continuing of business or abandoning business. The resolution requires majority vote, which is three fourth majority.
If they want to revisit the terms and conditions for each partners of the business then they will have to form a new agreement on new terms and conditions for business purposes. The new terms might include the new deadline for expiration date of partnership or extension of partnership date.
Stock in Daenerys Industries has a beta of 1.05. The market risk premium is 7 percent, and T-bills are currently yielding 3.4 percent. The company’s most recent dividend was $2.35 per share, and dividends are expected to grow at an annual rate of 4.1 percent indefinitely. If the stock sells for $43 per share, what is your best estimate of the company’s cost of equity? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer:
The best estimate of Cost of equity is 10.27%
Explanation:
Cost of equity as per CAPM= Risk free rate + Beta * Market risk premium
Cost of equity as per CAPM = (3.4%+ (1.05*7%)
Cost of equity as per CAPM = 0.034 + 1.05*0.07
Cost of equity as per CAPM = 0.034 + 0.0735
Cost of equity as per CAPM = 0.1075
Cost of equity as per CAPM =10.75%
Note: CAPM is capital asset pricing model
Cost of equity as per growth model = (Recent Dividend (D1) / Current price) + Growth rate
= (2.35 * 1 + 4.1%) / 43 + 41%
= (2.35 * 1.041) / 43 + 0.041
= 2.4464 / 43 + 0.041
= 0.05689 + 0.041
= 0.09789
= 9.7891%
Best estimate of Cost of equity = Average of Cost of equity as per CAPM and Cost of equity as per growth model
= (10.75+9.789186) / 2
= 20.5391 / 2
= 10.2695
= 10.27%
Hence, the best estimate of Cost of equity is 10.27%
Horizon Financial Inc. was organized on February 28. Projected selling and administrative expenses for each of the first three months of operations are as follows: March $52,400 April 64,200 May 68,900 Depreciation, insurance, and property taxes represent $9,000 of the estimated monthly expenses. The annual insurance premium was paid on February 28, and property taxes for the year will be paid in June. Seventy percent of the remainder of the expenses are expected to be paid in the month in which they are incurred, with the balance to be paid in the following month. Required:Prepare a schedule of cash payments for selling and administrative expenses for March, April, and May.
Answer:
Schedule for cash payments is prepared as follows
Explanation:
Expected selling and administrative Cash payment
March April May
Expected expense 52,400 64,200 68,900
Depreciation, insurance, and property tax (9,000) (9,000) (9,000)
Total expected payment 43,400 55,200 59,900
As the 70% of expense are expected to be paid in the month in which they are incurred, with the balance to be paid in the following month.
Schedule of cash payments for selling and administrative expenses for March, April, and May is prepared as follows
Schedule March April May
Total expected cash payment 43,400 55,200 59,900
Cash payment in march (43,400x70%) 30,380
Cash payment in march (43,400x30%) 13,020
Cash payment in April (55,200x70%) 38,640
Cash payment in april (55,200x30%) 16,560
Cash payment in may (59,900x70%) 41,930
Total cash payment $30,380 $51,660 $58,490
Inflation is a general rise in the level of prices experienced by people in a nation.
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Inflation is an economic term that can be defined as the increase in the prices of a product on the market in a given period.
It can occur due to several factors, when there is an imbalance between supply and demand, then it is correct to say that when the demand for a product is greater than the supply, there will be an increase in prices and, consequently, inflation.
It can also occur when there are situations of monopoly, which is the pricing of a product controlled by a company.
Another factor that causes inflation is the increase in a company's production costs, which can be caused by factors such as scarcity, or economic crisis.
Uncontrolled inflation has a negative impact on the consumer's life, which starts to lose its purchasing capacity and has its quality of life reduced.
Delta Company sells mini-flash drives. The selling price is $10 each and the variable costs are $8. If fixed costs are $3,000, how much in sales dollars must Delta have to break even
Answer:
Break-even point (dollars)= $15,000
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
The selling price is $10 each and the variable costs are $8.
Fixed costs are $3,000.
To calculate the break-even point in dollars, we need to use the following formula:
Break-even point (dollars)= fixed costs/ contribution margin ratio
Break-even point (dollars)= 3,000 / [(10 - 8)/10]
Break-even point (dollars)= $15,000
Paulson Company issues 6%, four-year bonds, on January 1 of this year, with a par value of $200,000 and semiannual interest payments.
Semiannual Period-End Unamortized Discount Carrying Value
(0) January 1, issuance $13,466 $ 186,534
(1) June 30, first payment 11,782 188,218
(2) December 31, second payment 10,098 189,902
Answer: Incomplete question.
the complete queston is
Use the above straight-line bond amortization table and prepare journal entries for the following.
(a) The issuance of bonds on December 31, 2020.
b) The first interest payment on June 30, 2021.
(c) The second interest payment on December 31, 2021.
find answer in explanation column.
Explanation:
Semiannual Period-End Unamortized Discount Carrying Value
(0) January 1, issuance $13,466 $ 186,534
(1) June 30, first payment 11,782 188,218
(2) December 31, second payment 10,098 189,902
1. to record issue of bonds payable
Date Account Debit Credit
Dec 31,2020 Cash(carrying value) $ 186,534
Discount on bonds payable $13,466
Bonds payable $200,000
2. To record first interest payment
Date Account Debit Credit
june 30, 2021 Interest expense $7,684
discount on bonds payable $1, 684
Cash $6,000
Calculation =
Cash paid towards interest every semi annual period = $200,000 X 6% X1/2 =$6,000.
interest expense = cash paid + discount on bonds payable written off.
= $6000 + $1, 684 = $7,684
discount on bonds payable = unamortised discount on 31 dec - unamortised discount on 30th june) ($13,466 -11,782 ==$1,684)
3.To record second interest payment on december 31,2021.
Date Account Debit Credit
Dec. 31 ,2021 Interest expense $7,684
discount on bonds payable $1.684
Cash $6,000
Calculation
discount on bonds payable = unamortised discount on 30th june - unamortised discount on 31st december 2021 =11,782-10,098 = $1.684
SuspendHers Inc., a maker of fashionable belts and accessories for women, plans to expand in the EU marketplace. To do so, the EU requires the company to
Answer:
Certify its product under ISO 9000.
Explanation:
ISO 9000 refers to the International Organization for Standardization that focused on the management of the quality related to the product and services by complying with the documents required so that the quality could be maintained. It is to be applied with any industry whether it is small, middle or large
Therefore while making fashionable belts and accessories for women and planned to diversify it that required the ISO 9,000 and the same is to be considered
The Pennington Corporation issued a new series of bonds on January 1, 1987. The bonds were sold at par ($1,000); had a 12% coupon; and mature in 30 years, on December 31, 2016. Coupon payments are made semiannually (on June 30 and December 31).
A. What was the YTM on January 1, 1987?
B. What was the price of the bonds on January 1, 1992, 5 years later, assuming that interest rates had fallen to 10%?
C. Find the current yield, capital gains yield, and total return on January 1, 1992, given the price as determined in part b.
D. On July 1, 2010, 6 1/2 years before maturity, Pennington's bonds sold for $916.42. What were the YTM, the current yield, the capital gains yield, and the total return at that time?
E. Now assume that you plan to purchase an outstanding Pennington bond on March 1, 2010, when the going rate of interest given its risk was 15.5%. How large a check must you write to complete the transaction?
Answer:
A. What was the YTM on January 1, 1987?
since the bonds were sold at par, the YTM = coupon rate = 12%
B. What was the price of the bonds on January 1, 1992, 5 years later, assuming that interest rates had fallen to 10%?
0.5 = {60 + [(1,000 - m)/50]} / [(1,000 + m)/2]
25 + 0.025m = 60 + 20 - 0.02m
0.045m = 55
m = 55/0.045 = $1,222.22
C. Find the current yield, capital gains yield, and total return on January 1, 1992, given the price as determined in part b.
current yield = coupon / market price = $120 / $1,222.22 = 9.82%
capital gains yield = (P₁ - P₀)/P₀ = ($1,222.22 - $1,000)/$1,000 = 22.22%
total return = [(P₁ - P₀) + D]/P₀ = [($1,222.22 - $1,000) + $600] /$1,000 = 82.22%
D. On July 1, 2010, 6 1/2 years before maturity, Pennington's bonds sold for $916.42. What were the YTM, the current yield, the capital gains yield, and the total return at that time?
YTM = {60 + [(1,000 - 916.42)/13]} / [(1,000 + 916.42)/2] = 66.965 / 958.21 = 6.98856 x 2 (annual yield) = 13.98%
current yield = coupon / market price = $120 / $916.42 = 13.09%
capital gains yield = (P₁ - P₀)/P₀ = ($916.42 - $1,000)/$1,000 = -8.36%
total return = [(P₁ - P₀) + D]/P₀ = [($916.42 - $1,000) + $2,820] /$1,000 = 273.64%
E. Now assume that you plan to purchase an outstanding Pennington bond on March 1, 2010, when the going rate of interest given its risk was 15.5%. How large a check must you write to complete the transaction?
accrued interest = $60 x 2/6 = $20
0.075 = {60 + [(1,000 - m)/13]} / [(1,000 + m)/2]
0.03875(1,000 + m) = 136.92 - 0.07692m
38.75 + 0.03875m = 136.92 - 0.07692m
0.11567m = 98.17
m = 98.17 / 0.11567 = 848.71 + 20 (accrued interest) = $868.71
Jon Stewart suggest that bringing disease into the immigration debate is just a scare tactic. Using one of the video clips Hoffman cites, give an example of a way that emotions are appealed to in the arguments presented
Answer:
The Joe Stewart and Hoffman are committing thread of Hominem fallacy. It occurs when arguer attacks the qualities of the opponent instead of the opponent's argument.
Explanation:
The video clips of Hodgman cites appeal to emotions like fear that includes suggesting that immigrants will bring diseases to the country. There is a likely hood that diseases spread will increase which will create health emergency in the country. The immigrants will then involve in violent gang activities like smuggling, drugs, drink and molessting children.
Truckload carriers offer which of the following? a. Any size shipment that fits in a truck b. Direct door-to-door service between two locations for a single shipper c. Extra services like assembly d. All of the above e. Only a and b
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
A truckload carrier is a trucking company that generally contracts an entire trailer-load to a single customer
Land of Many Lakes (LML) sells butter to a broker in Albert Lea, Minnesota. Because the market for butter is generally considered to be competitive, LML does not a. have any fixed costs of production. b. choose the quantity of butter to produce. c. set marginal revenue equal to marginal cost to maximize profit. d. choose the price at which it sells its butter.
Answer: d. choose the price at which it sells its butter.
Explanation:
In a competitive market, the individual sellers do not choose a price to sell at but rather the market does. This is due to the high number of sellers in the market so individual sellers do not have bargaining power.
The price will therefore equal the firm's marginal revenue as well as Average revenue.
Which of the following is NOT an option for remedying a cost disadvantage associated with activities performed by forward channel allies (wholesale distributors and retail dealers)?
a. Change to a more economical distribution strategy such as putting more emphasis on cheaper distribution channels (perhaps direct sales via the Internet) or perhaps integrating forward into company-owned retail outlets
b. Enhance differentiation through activities such as cooperative advertising) at the forward end of the value chain
c. Pressure distributors/dealers and other forward-channel allies to reduce their costs and markups
d. Insisting on across-the-board cost cuts in all value chain activities—those performed by suppliers, those performed in- house, and those performed by distributors/dealers
e. Collaborate with forward channel allies to identify win-win opportunities to reduce costs
Answer: d. Insisting on across-the-board cost cuts in all value chain activities—those performed by suppliers, those performed in- house, and those performed by distributors/dealers
Explanation:
The cost disadvantage is from the forward channel allies and not an across the board problem which involves all value chain activities. As such, the solution should be garnered towards the forward channel allies.
Insisting on cuts in areas that could be already functioning efficiently could lead to a loss of that efficiency.
Insisting on across-the-board cost cuts in all value chain activities is therefore not an option for remedying a cost disadvantage associated with activities performed by forward channel allies.
A company earned $7,605 in net income for October. Its net sales for October were $19,500. Its profit margin is:
Answer: 39%
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that company earned $7,605 in net income for October and that its net sales for October were $19,500.
To calculate its profit margin, we have to divide the net income by the net sales. This will be:
= 7605/19500
= 0.39
= 39%
Mayan Company had net income of $132,000. The weighted-average common shares outstanding were 80,000. The company has no preferred stock. The company sold 3,000 shares before the end of the year. There were no other stock transactions. The company's earnings per share is:
Answer:
EPS = $1.71 per unit
Explanation:
Earnings per share is the total earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders divided by the number of units of common stock .
It represents profit per unit of stock unit held by common stock holder investor. The higher the more profitable and the better.
Earnings per share = Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders / units of common stock
Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders= Net income after tax - preference dividend
Net income = 132,000
Preference dividend = Nil
Number of shares at the end of the year = Number of shares at the beginning - number of shares at the end
Number of shares at the end of the year = 80,000 - 3000 = 77,000 units
Earnings = = 132,000 - 0 = 132,000
Earnings per shares(EPS) = $132,000 / 77,000 units = $1.71 per unit
EPS = $1.71 per unit
Grouper Architects incorporated as licensed architects on April 1, 2022. During the first month of the operation of the business, these events and transactions occurred:
Apr. 1 Stockholders invested $22,410 cash in exchange for common stock of the corporation.
1 Hired a secretary-receptionist at a salary of $467 per week, payable monthly.
2 Paid office rent for the month $1,120.
3 Purchased architectural supplies on account from Burmingham Company $1,618.
10 Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $2,365 for services.
11 Received $871 cash advance from M. Jason to design a new home.
20 Received $3,486 cash for services completed and delivered to S. Melvin.
30 Paid secretary-receptionist for the month $1,868.
30 Paid $373 to Burmingham Company for accounts payable due.
Journalize the transactions. (If no entry is required, select "No entry" for the account titles and enter Ofor the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.)
Answer:
April 1.
Cash $22,410 (debit)
Common Stock $22,410 (credit)
April 1.
Salaries Expense $1,868 (debit)
Salaries Payable $1,868 (credit)
April 2.
Rent Expense $1,120 (debit)
Cash $1,120 (credit)
April 3.
Supplies $1,618 (debit)
Account Payable : Burmingham Company $1,618 (credit)
April 10.
Accounts Receivables $2,365 (debit)
Service Revenue $2,365 (credit)
April 11.
Cash $871 (debit)
Unearned Revenue $871 (credit)
April 20.
Cash $3,486 (debit)
Service Revenue $3,486 (credit)
April 30.
Salaries Payable $1,868 (debit)
Cash $1,868 (credit)
April 1.
Account Payable : Burmingham Company $1,618 (debit)
Cash $1,618 (credit)
Explanation:
Note the following :
1.Revenue received but not earned is recorded in a liability account known as Unearned Revenue.This account will subsequently be de-recognized as the revenue is earned.
2. When the Suppliers are paid amounts owing to them, de-recognize the Accounts Payable Account of those suppliers and also de-recognize the Cash Assets.
Suppose you have $1,000,000 today and starting a year from now you intend to spend this money over the next 30 years. Assume the nominal rate of interest is 9.2%, inflation rate of 5% and the real rate of interest is 4%. How much can you spend annually in real dollar terms over the next 20 years to ensure constant spending in real terms?
Explanation:
Here Initial amount = $10,00,000
Nominal Interest Rate = 9.2%
inflation Rate = 5%
Real Interest Rate = 4%
in question it was asked to give in real then we will use the real discount rate to know annual spent amount
Present Value = PMT×PVIFA ( at 4% and 20 years)
Therefore, PMT = Present Value of Cash / PVIFA ( at 4% and 20 years)
= 1000000 / 13.5903
= $73581.75
Where, PMT = Annual Spent Amount
PVIFA = Present Value interest Factor Annuity
Having the ability to effectively communicate is one of the most important skills a business executive can possess. As French businesswoman and author Mirelle Guilliano has said, "Intelligence, knowledge or experience are important and might get you a job, but strong communication skills are what will get you promoted." My own business experience supports this statement. By the time individuals have a few years of experience, they have great technical skills and can assemble, analyze, and categorize data to make solid business decisions. In the end, however, they are often unable to communicate the results of their analysis effectively. When I speak to senior executives and inquire about educational needs, the conversation invariably turns to communications. In accounting, by necessity, we focus on financial and quantitative data, but it is important to remember that as accountants we must be able to present the results of our analysis or studies to management. Through effective communications, accountants can truly impact business decisions and make their careers soar. The best way to get better at anything is to practice. That’s the basis for this assignment – to practice written communication.
Grayslake Novelty produces and sells a small novelty item through tourist shops in Chicago and other northern Illinois locations. Last year the company sold 198,400 units. The income statement for Grayslake Novelty for last year is shown below:
Sales $992,000
Less: Variable Expenses 545,600
Contribution Margin 446,400
Less: Fixed Costs 180,000
Net Operating Income $266,400
While the company has been profitable, as shown in the above income statement, sales began falling near the end of last year and have continued to decline this year. There is concern that new competitors are beginning to take market share from Grayslake Novelty. As a result, Sarah Burroughs, the company president, has asked you to provide some information to assist her in making decisions about the company’s strategy for this product. These alternatives should be evaluated individually as stated. You are free to offer your own alternative based on any of the parameters given in the data.
Required:
a. While the company is currently profitable, the president wants to know the contribution margin and the breakeven in both units and dollars using last year’s level of sales. Additionally, compute the margin of safety, margin of safety
ratio, and degree of operating leverage based on last year’s sales.
b. One of the possible strategies (Alt 1) is to reduce the current price by 8%. Using last year’s level of sales, what is the new contribution margin and break-even in units and dollars based on the price reduction? Additionally, compute
the margin of safety, margin of safety ratio, and degree of operating leverage based on last year’s sales.
c. A second strategy (Alt 2) is to reduce the current variable cost by 0.20 per unit. The company has identified available efficiencies that can be implemented without any additional changes to the current cost. What is the new
contribution margin and break-even in units and dollars based on the variable cost reduction of 0.20 per unit? Additionally, compute the margin of safety, margin of safety ratio, and degree of operating leverage based on last year’s
sales.
d. A third strategy (Alt3) is to decrease the current price by 8% and reduce the variable cost per unit by 0.20. What is the new contribution margin and break-even in units and dollars based on making both changes? Additionally,
compute the margin of safety, margin of safety ratio, and degree of operating leverage based on last year’s sales.
Answer:
Grayslake Novelty
Effective Communication by a business executive:
a. Using last year's level of sales:
a1. Contribution Margin:
= Selling price minus variable cost
= $5.00 - $2.75 = $2.25
a2. Breakeven in units:
= Fixed Costs/Contribution margin
= $180,000/$2.25 = 80,000 units
a3. Breakeven in dollars:
= Fixed Cost/Contribution margin ratio
= $180,000/45% = $400,000
a4. Margin of Safety:
= Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars)
= $992,000 - $400,000
= $592,000
a5. Margin of Safety Ratio:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars))/Sales x 100
= ($992,000 - 400,000)/$992,000 x 100
= 59.68% or 60%
a6. Degree of operating leverage:
= (Sales minus Variable)/(Sales minus Variable and Fixed Costs)
= ($992,000 - $545,600)/($992,000 - $545,600 - $180,000)
= $446,400/266,400 = 1.68
OR
= Contribution /Net Operating Income
= $446,400/$266,400 = 1.68
b: Alternative 1: Reduction of the current price by 8%:
b1.Contribution Margin:
= Selling price minus variable cost
= $4.60 - $2.75 = $1.85
b2. Breakeven in units:
= Fixed Costs/Contribution margin
= $180,000/$1.85 = 97,297 units
b3. Breakeven in dollars:
= Fixed Cost/Contribution margin ratio
= $180,000/40%
= $450,000
b4. Margin of Safety:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars)
= $912,640 - $450,000 = $462,640
b5. Margin of Safety Ratio:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars))/Sales x 100
= $912,640 - $450,000)/$912,640 x 100
= 51%
b6. Degree of operating leverage:
= Contribution /Net Operating Income
= $367,040/187,040 = 1.96
c: Alternative 2: Reduction of current variable cost by $0.20 per unit:
c1.Contribution Margin:
Selling price - variable cost
= $5.00 - $2.55 = $2.45
c2. Breakeven in units:
=Fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit
= $180,000/$2.45 = 73,469 units
c3. Breakeven in dollars:
=Fixed cost/Contribution margin ratio
= $180,000/49% = $367,347
c4. Margin of Safety:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars)
= $992,000 - $367,347
= $624,653
c5. Margin of Safety Ratio:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars))/Sales x 100
= $624,653/$992,000 x 100
= 63%
c6. Degree of operating leverage:
= Contribution /Net Operating Income
= $486,080/$306,080
= 1.59
d: Alternative 3: Reduction of Current price by 8% and Variable Cost by $0.20 per unit:
d1.Contribution Margin:
= Selling price - variable cost
= $4.60 - $2.55 = $2.05
d2. Breakeven in units:
= Fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit
= $180,000/$2.05
= 87,805 units
d3. Breakeven in dollars:
= Fixed cost/Contribution margin ratio
= $180,000/45%
= $400,000
d4. Margin of Safety:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars)
= $912,640 - $400,000
= $512,640
d5. Margin of Safety Ratio:
= (Current Sales - Break-even Point (in dollars))/Sales x 100
= $512,640/$912,640 x 100 = 56.2%
d6. Degree of operating leverage:
= Contribution /Net Operating Income
= $406,720/$226,720
= 1.8
Explanation:
1) Data and Calculations:
Last Year Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3
Sales $992,000 $912,640 $992,000 $912,640
Less: Variable Expenses 545,600 545,600 505,920 505,920
Contribution Margin 446,400 367,040 486,080 406,720
Less: Fixed Costs 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000
Net Operating Income $266,400 $187,040 $306,080 $226,720
Unit selling price = Sales/Quantity sold = $992,000/198,400 = $5.00
Alternative 1, selling price = $5.00 x 92% = $4.40
Sales = $4.60 x 198,400 = $912,640
Last year's
Contribution Margin ratio = Contribution Margin/Sales Value = 45%
Contribution per unit = Selling price x Contribution margin ratio
= $5 x 45% = $2.25
Variable cost per unit = Selling price - Contribution per unit
= $5 - $2.25 = $2.75 or 55% of selling price.
Alt 1:
Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin/Sales = 40.22%
Contribution per unit = $4.60 x 40.22% = $1.85
Variable cost = Selling price - Contribution per unit = $4.60 - $1.85 = $2.75
Alt 2:
Variable cost = $2.75 - $0.20 = $2.55
Contribution per unit = $5 - $2.55 = $2.45
Contribution margin ratio = $2.45/$5 x 100 = 49%
Alt 3: Alternative 3: Reduction of Current price by 8% and Variable Cost by $0.20 per unit:
Sales = 198,400 x $4.60 = $912,640
Variable Cost per unit = $2.75 - $0.20 = $2.55
Total Variable cost = 198,400 x $2.55 = $505,920
Contribution margin per unit = $4.60 - $2.55 = $2.05
Contribution margin ratio = $2.05/$4.60 x 100 = 45%
The above ratios on the financial performances of Grayslake Novelty under different scenarios communicate some information to the president about the outcome of each alternative. From the analysis, it is easier for management to make a choice of the strategy to pursue in order to achieve its objectives.
Note that the operating leverage measures how the operating income responds to changes in sales for Grayslake Novelty given the alternatives.
Balance sheet and income statement data indicate the following: Bonds payable, 12% (due in 15 years) $1,219,553 Preferred 8% stock, $100 par (no change during the year) $200,000 Common stock, $50 par (no change during the year) $1,000,000 Income before income tax for year $370,069 Income tax for year $111,021 Common dividends paid $60,000 Preferred dividends paid $16,000 Based on the data presented above, what is the times interest earned ratio (round to two decimal places)? a.2.53 b.1.77 c.0.77 d.3.53
Answer:
d.3.53
Explanation:
times interest earned ratio = EBIT / interest expense
interest expense = bonds payable x interest rate = $1,219,553 x 12% = $146,346.36EBIT = Income before income tax for year + interest expense = $370,069 + $146,346.36 = $516,415.36times interest earned ratio = $516,415.36 / $146,346.36 = 3.5287 ≈ 3.53
Preferred dividends are not considered interest expense.
Kesterson Corporation has provided the following information: Cost per Unit Cost per Period Direct materials $ 6.30 Direct labor $ 3.30 Variable manufacturing overhead $ 1.25 Fixed manufacturing overhead $ 15,000 Sales commissions $ 1.30 Variable administrative expense $ 0.60 Fixed selling and administrative expense $ 4,200 If 7,000 units are produced, the total amount of indirect manufacturing cost incurred is closest to:
Answer:
Total indirect manufacturing cost= $23,750
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Variable manufacturing overhead $1.25
Fixed manufacturing overhead $ 15,000
Production= 7,000 units are produced
The indirect manufacturing cost is the sum of the total fixed overhead and total variable cost:
Total indirect manufacturing cost= 15,000 + 7,000*1.25
Total indirect manufacturing cost= $23,750
Automobile bumpers590 810 Valve covers310 570 Wheels350 620 1,250 2,000 Plating Department Automobile bumpers195 1,150 Valve covers200 700 Wheels195 750 590 2,600 Total1,840 4,600 Required: 1. Determine the single plantwide factory overhead rate, using each of the following allocation bases: (a) direct labor hours and (b) machine hours. Direct labor hour overhead rate$ 130 per direct labor hour Machine hour overhead rate$ per machine hour 2. Determine the product factory overhead costs, using (a) the direct labor hour plantwide factory overhead rate and (b) the machine hour plantwide factory overhead rate. Automobile BumpersValve CoversWheels Direct labor hours$ $ $ Machine hours$ $ $
Answer:
OVERHEAD APPLIED USING DIRECT LABOR
Stamping // Labor Hours // Applied Overhead
bumpers 590 $ 76,700
Valve 310 $ 40,300
Wheels 350 $ 45,500
1250 $ 162,500
Planting // Labor Hours // Applied Overhead
bumpers 195 $25,350
Valve 200 $26,000
Wheels 195 $25,350
590 $76,700
OVERHEAD APPLIED USING MACHINE HOURS
Stamping // Machine Hours // Applied Overhead
bumpers 810 $42,120
Valve 570 $29,640
Wheels 620 $32,240
2000 $104,000
Planting // Machine Hours // Applied Overhead
bumpers 1150 $59,800
Valve 700 $36,400
Wheels 750 $39,000
2600 $135,200
Explanation:
As the overhead rate using labor hours is $130 Then:
Total expected overhead: $130 x 1,840 labor hours = $239,200
Machine Hours overhead rate:
$ 239,200 / 4,600 hours = $52
To get the amount of overhead applied on each product we multiply their use of the cost drive by the overhead rate.
A(n) ________ in U.S. interest rates will cause a decrease in the demand for U.S. dollars and a(n) ________ in the (per dollar) exchange rate.
Answer:
decrease decrease
Explanation:
if there is a decrease in U.S. interest rates, the return that investors would derive from investments in the US would be lower, as a result investors including foreign investors would demand less of the US dollars - there would be a decrease in demand for US dollars. this would lower the exchange rate per dollar.
What term does Heckscher-Ohlin use to refer to the extent to which a country is enriched with resources such as land, labor, and capital
Answer:
Factor endowments
Explanation:
According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, factor endowments refer to the factors of production (land, labor, capital) that are abundant in a country and allow its citizens to have a comparative advantage over other countries regarding the production of goods and services, and trade.
Different countries have different factor endowments, e.g. Japan has abundant capital and labor, but few land, therefore, it produces and trades manufactured goods. Brazil has abundant land and labor, therefore, it produces and trade agricultural products.
Using ABC to compute product costs per unit
Jaunkas, Corp., manufactures mid-fi and hi-fi stereo receivers. The following data have been summarized:
Mid-Fi Hi-Fi
Direct materials cost per unit $ 400 $ 1,300
Direct labor cost per unit 400 300
Indirect manufacturing cost per unit ? ?
Indirect manufacturing cost information includes the following:
Activity Allocation Rate Mid–Fi Hi–Fi
Setup $1,700/per setup 39 setups 39 setups
Inspections $ 400/per hour 45 hours 15 hours
Machine maintenance $ 10/per machine 1,900 machine 1,200 machine
hour hours hours
The company plans to manufacture 200 units of the mid-fi receivers and 250 units of the hi-fi receivers.
Requirement
Calculate the product cost per unit for both products using activity-based costing.
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Activity Allocation Rate Mid–Fi Hi–Fi
Setup $1,700/per setup 39 setups 39 setups
Inspections $ 400/per hour 45 hours 15 hours
Machine maintenance $ 10/per machine 1,900 machine 1,200 machine
First, we need to allocate indirect costs using the following formula:
Allocated MOH= Estimated manufacturing overhead rate* Actual amount of allocation base
Mid-Fi:
Allocated MOH= 1,700*39 + 400*45 + 10*1,900= $103,300
Hi-Fi:
Allocated MOH= 1,700*39 + 400*15 + 10*1,200= $84,300
Now, we can calculate the unitary cost.
Mid-Fi:
Unitary indirect costs= 103,300/200= $516.5
Unitary cost= 400 + 400 + 516.5= $1,316.5
Hi-Fi:
Unitary indirect cost= 84,300/250= $337.2
Unitary cost= 1,300 + 300 + 337.2= $1,937.2