The activation by concanavalin A Con A of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in the presence of monocytes as accessory cells were once investigated in cultures uncovered to microgravity prerequisites in Spacelab. Activation of T cells used to be measured as the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma, and expression of IL-2 receptors. Whereas, as observed in earlier experiments, the activation of resuspended T cells is strongly inhibited, activation of cells attached to microcarrier beads is greater than doubled in microgravity. The results suggest that the depression of the activation in resuspended cells may also be attributed to a malfunction of monocytes performing as accessory cells. Though the ultrastructure of resuspended monocytes is now not altered in microgravity, the secretion of IL-1 is strongly inhibited. Our data propose that (1) IL-2 is produced independently of IL-1, (2) IL-1 production is brought about only when monocytes (and lymphocytes?) adhere to microcarriers, (3) the expression of IL-2 receptors depends on IL-1, and (4) furnished enough IL-1 is available, activation is better in microgravity. Finally, cultures of resuspended PBLs and monocytes in microgravity represent a whole and natural gadget in which monocytes are now not operational. This can also be beneficial for research of the position of accent cells and cell-cell interactions in T lymphocyte activation.
A lymphocyte is a kind of white blood cell. Enlarge. Blood cells. Blood consists of many types of cells: white blood cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), pink blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets. Blood circulates through the body in the arteries and veins.
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the nomenclature of cell death: recommendations of an ad hoc committee of the society of toxicologic pathologists*
the nomenclature of cell death: recommendations of an ad hoc committee of the society of toxicologic pathologists*
In current years, there has been quite a few misunderstanding surrounding the terms "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in pathology.
The Society of Toxicologic Pathologists created the Committee at the Nomenclature of mobile demise in response to this situation, with the purpose of offering advice on a way to use the phrases "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in toxicity studies.
No of the way the cells perished, the Committee advises the usage of the term "necrosis" to explain findings containing lifeless cells in histological sections. when vital, it's far suggested to include the modifiers "apoptotic" and "oncotic" or "combined apoptotic and oncotic" to describe the principle morphological cell dying mechanism or pathways.
those may also be used at the side of other commonplace modifiers that describe the unfold and severity of the lesion.
Apoptotic, oncotic, or blended types of "person mobile necrosis" (every now and then known as "single cellular necrosis") might also arise. Oncotic necrosis is regularly described the use of greater conventional terminology like "coagulation necrosis," which has a similar that means.
Pathologists need to use language that as it should be and succinctly conveys the diploma of facts vital for the research. Toxicologic pathologists need to also actively make contributions to spreading the phrase about these guidelines among different biologists and regulatory bodies.
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a spirochete moves in a screw-like manner that is mediated by axial fibrils located in the cell's periplasmic space.
Axial fibrils in the periplasmic region of a cell control the spirochete's screw-like movement through the septum cross.
Gram-negative, mobile, spiral bacteria with a length of 3 to 500 m (1 m = 0.001 mm) are known as spirochetes. Depending on the species, spirochetes can have 2 to more than 100 endocellular flagella (axial fibrils, or axial filaments) per organism. Spirochetes, such as the Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira species, have specialized flagella that are found in the periplasm. Spirochetes are a collection of six species of spiral-shaped, thin bacteria of varied length that swim ahead in a corkscrew-like motion thanks to the spinning of the periplasmic flagella. They either live freely or are attached to a host.
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Ivan pavlov conducted an experiment where he wanted to train his dogs to drool at the sound of a bell. Which one of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?.
In Ivan pavlov experiment food is the unconditioned stimulus and dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned stimulus.
What is unconditioned response stimulus?
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response occurs naturally in reaction to unconditioned stimulus. For example smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and feeling of hunger in response to smell is an unconditioned response.
Here Ivan pavlov conducted experiment with dogs which salivated in response to a bell ring. Pavlov fed the dog by ringing the bell each time, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of food.
Pavlov noticed that the dogs physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first dogs would salivate only in the presence of food but after conducting experiment dogs gets addicted to the sound which was rang before it is fed with food.
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how an organism appears. examples include the presence of flagella, gram stain behavior, and cellular arrangement.
Phenetic or phenotypic classification is how an organism appears, and examples include the presence of cellular arrangement, gram stain behavior, and flagella.
The phenetic, or phenotypic classification, is a primary approach used in biology to divide organisms into categories. The phenetic technique combines species following their observable phenetic characteristics; two species will be classified together if they resemble one another more than either does any other species. Species can be classified according to the cellular arrangement, gram stain behavior, and flagella.
The complete categorization makes up a taxonomic hierarchy of levels where individuals from higher and higher levels of a group appear to be less and less similar to one another. The classification of species phenetically does not require any knowledge of evolution, in contrast to the phylogenetic principle. The species are categorized based only on similarities in observable characteristics, and the same idea can be used to classify any collection of things, alive or inanimate.
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is a popular medicinal mushroom and has been used in oriental medicine because of its promoting effects on health and life expectancy. g. lucidum contains various compounds with a high grade of biological activty, which increase the immunity and show antitumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. several of these substances belong to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides classes. proteins, lipids, phenols, sterols, etc. are also present. in the present review, an extensive overview of the presence of antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase compounds in g. lucidum extracts will be given, along with an evaluation of their therapeutic effects.
Lingzhi, or Ganoderma lingzhi, is a polypore fungus that belongs to the genus Ganoderma and is also referred to as reishi.
What medicinal properties does Ganoderma lucidum have?Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) is a popular medicinal mushroom and has been utilized in oriental medicine because of its beneficial effects on health and life expectancy. The plant G. lucidum contains a number of highly biologically active compounds that boost immunity and have antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. Several of these substances are classified as polysaccharides and triterpenoids. In addition, there are phenols, sterols, proteins, and lipids. The presence of antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiacetylcholinesterase compounds in G. lucidum extracts was researched with an assessment of their therapeutic effects.Learn more about the antioxidants with the help of the given link:
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help pleasee dont under this
Answer: C 6.3
Explanation: Count the lines :)
Answer:
6.3 cm
Explanation:
following an action potential, a nerve cell goes through a brief refractory period during which it cannot be stimulated. what is true during this refractory period?
following an action potential, a nerve cell goes through a brief refractory period during which it cannot be stimulated. It facilitates the unidirectional flow of the action potential.
Action potential are the electric signal generated by the neurons which occurs to transfer the signal around the body. It occurs by temporary shift in the neuron's membrane potential which is caused due to sudden inflow of the ions.
It is divided into depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarizatio and refractory period.
In refractory period the nerve cell enters a resting phase and are not able to transfer any action potential.
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1.1.1 An important component of a chlorophyll molecule is: A. Calcium B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Phosphorus
Answer:
magnesium (c)is the important component of chlorophyll
Match the following vocabulary terms to their correct definitions.
Question 1 options:
Does NOT contain carbon.
Ex: minerals
Two or more different atoms of an element chemically joined together
Two or more atoms of an element chemically joined together
Smallest object that retains the properties of an element.
Contains carbon compounds or comes from a once living organism.
Ex: coal
1.
Atom
2.
Molecule
3.
Compound
4.
Organic
5.
Inorganic
[tex]{ \qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]
Here we go ~
1. Two or more different atoms of an element chemically joined together
- Compound2. Two or more atoms of an element chemically joined together
- Molecule3. Smallest object that retains the properties of an element
- Atom4. Contains carbon compounds or comes from a once living organism.
- Organic5. Does NOT contain carbon
- Inorganicgpfeifer m, kugler kg, sandve sr, zhan b, rudi h, hvidsten tr, et al. genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat. science. 2014;345:1250091.
Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid that originated by hybridization between a cultivated tetraploid wheat(Triticum turgidum L.) and the wild goatgrass (Aegilops).
Approximately 20% of calories are consumed by humans which are provided by Allohexaploid bread wheat because highly similar bread wheat genomes (A, B, and D) and lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous have delayed the analysis of the grain transcriptome.
In the developing wheat grain to analyze the cell type of homeologous genes plus endosperm development, to identify distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progression, unknown genome information was used. which led to the observation of that stage-dependent genome dominance and cell type, asymmetric expression in gene families, and the wheat genome into transcriptionally active chromosomal regions, are related to the baking quality.
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A substance freezes, changing from a liquid to a solid.
Freezing occurs when a liquid is cooled and turns to a solid. That's your answer.
which condition is optimal for predation by the owl on mice? which condition is optimal for predation by the owl on mice? moonlit nights are better for hunting. the moon light has no effect on predation success. dark nights are better for hunting.
The correct answer is Dark nights are preferable optimal for predation by the owl on mice.
Owls are a type of predator organism. They eat smaller organisms like mice. As a result, the mice serve as prey for the owls. Owls are high on the food chain of forest organisms as predators. The sound spectrogram of a vole's rustling noises reveals a diverse range of frequencies. The noises provide the owl with all of the information it needs to locate the prey. The rustling noises of the prey provide the owl with all of the information it needs to locate it in space. Most owls do not bother tearing small prey like mice and voles apart, preferring to swallow them whole. The bird has absorbed all of the nutrients available in the eaten prey after eight to sixteen hours.
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Please help due soon.
Answer:
shallow costal water is the answer .
Define the term, "stratigraphy".
1. identifying landforms
2. graph keeping the record of small microbes
3. measures earthquake vibrations
4. process of describing the patterns in which rock layers are deposited
The correct answer is 4. process of describing the patterns in which rock layers are deposited.
A subfield of geology called stratigraphy studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is mostly applied to the study of layered volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks.The scientific field of stratigraphy is concerned with describing geological successions and interpreting them in terms of a broad time scale. In addition to serving as the foundation for historical geology, petroleum geology and archaeology have both found use for its principles and methodologies.Sedimentary rocks are the focus of stratigraphic research, but they may also cover layered igneous rocks (such as those produced by successive lava flows) or metamorphic rocks that were created from either such extrusive igneous material or sedimentary rocks.The separation of a series of rock layers into mappable units is a common objective of stratigraphic investigations.Therefore, option 4. is correct.
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Is this statement true or false?
There is nothing we can do to help prevent soil erosion. Only scientists and farmers can work on solutions.
Answer:
FALSE!
Explanation:
The more you anticipate and pre meditate ways to help this field of economical science, there is at least 1 or more ways to help this situation. We could help by doing research and doing community service dealign with this specific issue and help fix the problem community by community! hope this helps!
What is the best description of Galileo Galilei
Answer:
he was a philosopher and an astronomer that helped developed the scientific method
Explanation:
If you were given five new substances and were asked to describe them by their physical properties what would you look for what should you not do while observing the physical properties
If you were given five new substances and were asked to describe them by their physical properties, the following listed below will be looked out for:
ColorDensity,HardnessOdor etc.What is Physical property?This is the type of features of the matter which can be measured without changing the chemical identity of it or the constituents.
Examples of physical properties include color, odor, boiling and melting points etc which are usually often seen or felt by individuals depending on the type of substance. This is therefore the reason why the above parameters will be considered in the case of the physical properties.
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damage from a concussion is not to the skull or brain itself, the "hardware," but rather to the functional ability, the "software," which causes a disruption or dysfunction of the brain.
The damage from a concussion is not to the skull or brain itself, the "hardware," but rather to the functional ability, the "software," which causes a disruption or dysfunction of the brain is known to be the effect of concussion.
What are the effects of Concussive Forces on the Brain?A concussion is known to be a kind of a functional injury that is seen not as a structural kind of injury.
Here. the “software” of the brain is said to be affected due to the injury but there is no harm done to the hardware.
Note that if concussion takes place often, there is bond to be no visible damage e.g. bleeding, fracture, etc.
Therefore, The damage from a concussion is not to the skull or brain itself, the "hardware," but rather to the functional ability, the "software," which causes a disruption or dysfunction of the brain is known to be the effect of concussion.
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of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?
Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution.
Isotonic solutions are those that have the same amount of water and other solutes in them as the cytoplasm of a cell. Since there is no net gain or loss of water, placing cells in an isotonic solution will not cause them to either shrink or swell.
Cytoplasm- A viscous liquid termed cytoplasm, which is contained within the cell membrane, fills each cell. Water, salts, and proteins make up the majority of it. Eukaryotic cells are entirely enclosed within their cytoplasm, both inside and out.
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Question 9 (1 point)
Decide which vocabulary word best descibes the scenario below:
A community that is in its mature form with an abundance of biodiversity. There are large and complicated food webs within this community.
There is a deep layer of topsoil and hardwood trees.
O a
Ob
Oc
Od
Established community
Protoecosystem
Mature community
Climax community
A community that is fully developed and rich in biodiversity. Within this society, there are extensive and intricate food webs. A thick layer of dirt and hardwood trees are present is Climax community
A climax community is the final ecological successional stage that a plant community may attain. Animal and plant succession occur at the same rate. When pioneer species have demonstrated that life is feasible in the region, more advanced plants and animals will move in and establish themselves as well. Climax communities arise because the local environment has allowed for ecological equilibrium to be attained, according to their presence. Climate conditions determine the kind of plant communities that may persist, leading to the complicated ecological relationships and vast variety of niches that are the distinguishing characteristics of a climax community. a natural environment where plant and animal populations are steady and get along well with one another and their surroundings. A climax community is the final stage of succession, and it exists until it is destroyed by a natural disaster or human activity. additional info at succession.
Examples include tropical, deciduous, and coniferous rain forests as well as deserts, tundra, grasslands, and grasslands. To ensure stability, a process known as succession is undertaken, in which relatively basic communities are replaced by more complex ones.
Therefore, grass may encroach into a sand deposit along a beach. In the humus that the grass has produced, oaks, pines, and other smaller plants establish themselves, displacing the grass and generating fresh, modified humus. Such soil subsequently produces maple and beech trees, which eventually displace the pine and oak trees to form a climax community. A range of new living forms can also be found in each subsequent community, with the climax community having the most variety.
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these monosaccharide molecules combine to make a more complex sugar, called a disaccharide. before this can happen, one of the molecules must lose a hydrogen atom while the other must lose a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom. what happens to the lost h and oh? why is this important
The formation of a disaccharide is through the combination reaction between two monosaccharide molecules with the lost of a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.
What is a disaccharide?A disaccharide is defined as the carbohydrate that contains two units of the monosaccharide molecule.
Typical examples of disaccharides include the following:
sucrose, lactose, and maltose.A disaccharide can be found by a condensation reaction of two monosaccharide molecules with the removal of water.
It is important for the hydrogen and oxygen atoms to be lost because two OH groups, one from each sugar molecule, come together to release water and form an oxygen bridge between.
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how would you define sustainability of the environment ?
Answer:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.
Explanation:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.
Answer:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and avoid jeopardizing the ability for future generations to meet their needs
Explanation:
Climate action: Acting now to stop global warming. Life below water: Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean. Life on land: Planting trees to help protect the environment. Responsible consumption and production: Recycling items such as paper, plastic, glass and aluminum
In short, environmental sustainability states that the rates of renewable resource harvest, non-renewable resource depletion, and pollution assimilation can be naturally maintained indefinitely.
Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life.
specific macrophage populations promote both cardiac scar deposition and subsequent resolution in adult zebrafish
Specific macrophage populations help by promoting both cardiac scar deposition and subsequent resolution in adult zebrafish. It is a correct statement.
What is the effect of macrophages on zebrafish?When tissue is injured, an inflammatory reaction occurs. It is a crucial step in the mending process. In many tissues, including the heart tissue, scar tissue deposition is a primary downstream effect of this type of reaction.
Mature zebrafish are not just capable of replacing lost cardiomyocytes. In tissues such as the heart, they can also remodel and remove an extrinsic scar. This scar mediation is not well known.
Therefore, specific macrophage populations help by promoting both cardiac scar deposition and subsequent resolution in adult zebrafish.
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spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins. this information indicates that the infectious agent is a(n)
Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins, and this information indicates that the infectious agent is a prion because infectious proteins replicate by converting a normal cellular protein into multiple copies of the prion.
As we know, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), commonly called spongiform encephalopathies which, is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent and it affects the brain and nervous system of animals.
Therefore, the presence of an infectious agent called prion on the surface of a normal protein cell makes it an abnormal prion cell, and this clump in the brain and causes brain damage. Gradually with time, it increases and makes the animal mad, and this is scientifically called a neurological disorder called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
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How does the size of the fetal face relate to the cranium? how does this compare to the adult skull?.
The size of the fetal face is one-third the size of the fetal cranium while the adult skull is two-thirds the size of the adult cranium.
The face of a fetus is foreshortened and overshadowed by its cranium. Also, his mandible and maxilla are very tiny. On the contrary, the adult cranium is comparatively smaller and his facial bones are comparatively larger than the cranium.
Cranium is the outer protective layer of the skull. It comprises 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. It has two main parts: cranial roof and cranial base. The cranial roof consists of frontal, occipital and two parietal bones. The cranial bases also comprises these three types of bones and also includes sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal bones.
The cranial bones are connected by connective tissues during infancy to allow their growth and form one piece. The primary function of cranium includes protecting the brain and providing a link for the attachment of facial muscles.
The size of the fetus ' face increases as it matures and thus has a very small face compared to its cranium. The cranium in the adult is all grown up and does not grow further. It has a larger size than that of a fetus. The bones in the adult cranium are also fixed while those in a fetus are still growing.
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Given that penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?.
The prokaryote that should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin is a gram-positive bacteria. The correct option is A).
What is penicillin?Penicillin is an antibiotic that is made by mold. The mold is penicillin mold. It is used to treat bacterial infections. They kill the bacteria and save the organism from bacteria infection.
Penicillin affects the outer layer of the bacteria. The outer layer of gram-positive bacteria is made up of peptidoglycan is made. Penicillin breaks the peptidoglycan layer.
Thus, the correct option is A) gram-positive bacteria.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
A) gram-positive bacteria
B) spore-bearing bacteria
C) gram-negative bacteria
D) archaea
E) mycoplasmas
What determines each organism’s unique traits? in other words, what creates the variation that we see in organisms?.
Answer:GENE
Explanation:
Controlling osmosis is important in helping a cell maintain
___________ which is a stable internal environment.
Answer:
I think it might be water balance or Homeostasis
what are cutting animals name the different kinds of aquatic animals
Answer:
animals that live in around the surface of water bodies are called aquatic animals fish octopuses and tortoise and C lines
Cellulose is an especially strong polymer that is difficult to digest because __________. (Check all that apply.)
its long, branched chains make it insoluble
β 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chainsβ 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chains
α 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chainsα 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chains
its long, unbranched chains form tough fibers
its fructose monomers form very strong bonds
Cellulose is an especially strong polymer that is difficult to digest because β 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chainsβ 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chains.
What is cellulose?Cellulose is a biopolymer composed of glucose molecules linked by β 1→4 glycosidic bonds. It is a biomolecule synthesized by plants, but animals do not have the enzymatic material to be able to digest this molecule, neither do human beings.
Therefore, we can confirm that cellulose is an especially strong polymer that is difficult to digest because β 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chainsβ 1→4 linkages of glucose monomers produce very strong chains.
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