Answer:
Introduction
Does cell cycle control matter? If you ask an oncologist – a doctor who treats cancer patients – she or he will likely answer with a resounding yes.
Cancer is basically a disease of uncontrolled cell division. Its development and progression are usually linked to a series of changes in the activity of cell cycle regulators. For example, inhibitors of the cell cycle keep cells from dividing when conditions aren’t right, so too little activity of these inhibitors can promote cancer. Similarly, positive regulators of cell division can lead to cancer if they are too active. In most cases, these changes in activity are due to mutations in the genes that encode cell cycle regulator proteins.
Here, we’ll look in more detail at what's wrong with cancer cells. We'll also see how abnormal forms of cell cycle regulators can contribute to cancer.
What’s wrong with cancer cells?
Cancer cells behave differently than normal cells in the body. Many of these differences are related to cell division behavior.
For example, cancer cells can multiply in culture (outside of the body in a dish) without any growth factors, or growth-stimulating protein signals, being added. This is different from normal cells, which need growth factors to grow in culture.
Cancer cells may make their own growth factors, have growth factor pathways that are stuck in the "on" position, or, in the context of the body, even trick neighboring cells into producing growth factors to sustain them^1
1
start superscript, 1, end superscript.
Diagram showing different responses of normal and cancer cells to growth factor presence or absence.
- Normal cells in a culture dish will not divide without the addition of growth factors.
- Cancer cells in a culture dish will divide whether growth factors are provided or not.
Diagram showing different responses of normal and cancer cells to growth factor presence or absence.
Normal cells in a culture dish will not divide without the addition of growth factors.
Cancer cells in a culture dish will divide whether growth factors are provided or not.
Cancer cells also ignore signals that should cause them to stop dividing. For instance, when normal cells grown in a dish are crowded by neighbors on all sides, they will no longer divide. Cancer cells, in contrast, keep dividing and pile on top of each other in lumpy layers.
The environment in a dish is different from the environment in the human body, but scientists think that the loss of contact inhibition in plate-grown cancer cells reflects the loss of a mechanism that normally maintains tissue balance in the body^2
2
squared.
Another hallmark of cancer cells is their "replicative immortality," a fancy term for the fact that they can divide many more times than a normal cell of the body. In general, human cells can go through only about 40-60 rounds of division before they lose the capacity to divide, "grow old," and eventually die^3
3
cubed.
Cancer cells can divide many more times than this, largely because they express an enzyme called telomerase, which reverses the wearing down of chromosome ends that normally happens during each cell division^4
4
start superscript, 4, end superscript.
Cancer cells are also different from normal cells in other ways that aren’t directly cell cycle-related. These differences help them grow, divide, and form tumors. For instance, cancer cells gain the ability to migrate to other parts of the body, a process called metastasis, and to promote growth of new blood vessels, a process called angiogenesis (which gives tumor cells a source of oxygen and nutrients). Cancer cells also fail to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, under conditions when normal cells would (e.g., due to DNA damage). In addition, emerging research shows that cancer cells may undergo metabolic changes that support increased cell growth and division^5
5
start superscript, 5, end superscript.
Diagram showing different responses of normal and cancer cells to conditions that would typically trigger apoptosis.
- A normal cell with unfixable DNA damaged will undergo apoptosis.
- A cancer cell with unfixable DNA damage will not undergo apoptosis and will instead continue dividing.
Explanation:
spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.
Answer:
Metaphase.
In prometaphase, kinetochores appear at the centromeres and mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores. In metaphase, chromosomes are lined up and each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber. In anaphase, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles.
In mammals the digestive tract is made up of multiple
such as the stomach, pancreas and intestines. These all work together to form the
we use to digest food.
Answer:
The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal (also called the digestive tract) and other organs, such as the liver and pancreas. The alimentary canal is the long tube of organs — including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines — that runs from the mouth to the anus.
In mammals, the digestive tract is made up of multiple organs such as the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. These all work together to form the alimentary canal we use to digest food.
The digestive system in mammals is a complex network of organs and structures responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. The digestive tract, also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract, consists of several organs that collaborate to facilitate the digestion and absorption process.
Stomach: The stomach is a muscular organ that receives and churns food, mixing it with gastric juices containing enzymes and acids to begin the process of digestion. It plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins.
Pancreas: The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Its exocrine functions involve producing digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Mouth: The mouth is where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that start to break down carbohydrates.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
Small intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract. It is where most of the nutrients from food are absorbed.
Large intestine: The large intestine is shorter than the small intestine. It absorbs water and salts from food and stores waste products until they are eliminated from the body.
Rectum: The rectum is the last part of the digestive tract. It stores waste products until they are eliminated from the body.
The digestive tract is a vital organ system that is essential for the survival of mammals. It allows mammals to obtain the nutrients they need from food to stay alive and healthy.
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why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?
Answer:
Because lactose intolerance isn't a disease, it just mean the individual's stomach isn't able to digest the lactose found in milk.
Explanation:
compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning
In classical conditioning, the involuntary response is seen, while operant conditioning is based upon the learning experience. An organism will perform more or less based on its experience with operant conditioning.
What are classical conditioning and operant conditioning?In classical conditioning, the stimulus is given and an involuntary response is observed. The Pavlov experiment on dogs is one example. He gave food to the dog and rang the bell at the same time for some days. After that, he only rang the bell, and the dog salivated without the food. Here, salvation is an involuntary response to the stimulus (bell ringing).
In operant conditioning, animals perform actions based on their experience. Example: A mouse is put in a box with an electric supply and food supply. When the mouse accidentally presses the electric switch, it gets an electric shock. This is negative reinforcement, and the mouse is less likely to perform the same function again. When it pushes the food lever, the food comes from the food box. This is positive reinforcement. The mouse is more likely to perform this.
Hence, in classical conditioning, the involuntary response is seen. Operant conditioning is based on learned experience.
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the presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.
Answer:
Nitrogen
Explanation:
The presence of Nitrogen chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.
what two main products result from photosynthesis?
Using the information in Model B as a reference. Which of the following from the elephant is directly available to the lion?
Grass
Respiration
Biomass
Waste
I need this answer quick please!
Answer:
Biomass
Explanation: Grass is not available in its original condition as it's digested.
Respiration doesn't make any sense.
Waste including faecal matter is removed from the organism via urinary and digestive systems.
Biomass is what the lion consumes.
Somebody help me please
a. diaphragm
b. stage clips
c. revolving nosepiece
What features are present in both a plant cell and bacterial cell
A. Cell membrane, cell wall , and chloroplasts
B. Chloroplasts ,ribosome, and nucleus
C. Cell wall, cell membrane, and ribosome
D. Cell membrane, ribosome, and nucleus
The features which are present in both a plant cell and bacterial cell are: D. Cell membrane, ribosome, and nucleus.
A cell can be defined as the basic (fundamental) functional and smallest unit of life found in all living organisms.
Cell organelles can be defined as the organs that are typically responsible for the performance of various tasks and functions in the body of a living organism, especially for the survival of the organism.
Some examples of cell organelles found in living organisms are:
Chloroplast. Mitochondria. Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Chromosome. Golgi apparatus (bodies). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Vesicles.Ribosome.In both a plant and bacterial cell, the following features are present:
Cell membrane.Ribosome.Nucleus.Read more: https://brainly.com/question/19559847
How do the
terms polymer and
monomer apply to the structure of
protein molecules?
what types of symmetry do enchinoderms have and when do they have them?
Answer:
Hi hope this is right
Explanation:
Echinoderms have a spiny endoskeleton. They have radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as larvae. Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system with tube feet. This allows slow but powerful movement.
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Water is a polar molecule because
Answer:
Water is a polar molecule because of its unequal sharing of electrons.
Answer:
The reason why Water is considered a polar molecule is because of Unequal sharing of electrons.
Explanation:
This makes the oxygen end of the molecule slightly negative. Since the electrons are not near the hydrogen end as much, that end is slightly positive. When a covalent bonded molecule has more electrons in one area than another, it is called a polar molecule.
what replaces the electrons excited by sunlight in photosystem?
Answer:
To replace the electron in the reaction center, a molecule of water is split. This splitting releases an electron and results in the formation of oxygen (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+) in the thylakoid space.
Explanation:
pls help 25 pointss plssss
can u pls help me write a little summary about Food Web’s and include
-Trophic Levels
-Food Chains
-Biomass
-Bioaccumulation
Answer:
Sorry i just need Points
Explanation:
Ill answer thus later HAHAHA
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
At a large desk or on the floor, choose a position to represent the Sun, and place Mercury a few inches from it. Predict the relative distances between each of the other planets, and space them out accordingly. Do you think the average distances between each of the planets stays relatively consistent or varies greatly? What leads you to this conclusion?
Assuming we are to perform this model to scale, with accurate and reliable data, we can conclude that the average distance between each of the planets would increase as we go.
Most science projects which involve creating a model of the solar system place each planet in perfect orbits at equal distances from one another. Accurate scientific data tells us that this is not the case.
The position of the planets in our solar system follow two trends:
Not all planets have perfectly circular orbits, and therefore are not always at the same distance The spacing between planets grows as we get further from the sun.The distance from the sun weakens the effects of the Sun's gravity on the planets, causing them to be further apart as well as causing increasingly erratic orbits. This leads us to the conclusion that the average distance between planets varies greatly.
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Answer:
The distance from the sun weakens the effects of the Sun's gravity on the planets, causing them to be further apart, as well as, causing increasingly erratic orbits. This leads us to the conclusion that the average distance between planets varies greatly.
Explanation:
Edmentum
BIOLOGY HELP!!! NO LINKS PLEASE!!!
1. Robert Hooke first observed cork cells in 1665 Which statement describes the flaw in Robert Hookes initial conclusion about his observations?
A.) Hooke observed dead cells and concluded that cells are empty structures.
B.) Hooke observed box shaped cells and concluded that all cells are the same shape
C.) Hooke observed structures within the cells and concluded that all cells contain the same structures
D.) Hooke observed similarly sized cells and concluded that all cells are the same size
2. What would happen if the cell membrane of a cell was damaged?
A.) Energy production within the cell would stop
B.) The cell could no longer make proteins
C.) The cell could no longer perform photosynthesis
D.) Cytoplasm and other molecules could leak out of the cell
3. What could happen to a cell if it’s ribosomes did not function properly?
A.) The cell could not convert light energy into sugars
B.) The cell could not send or receive chemical signals
C.) The cell could not synthesize proteins
D.) The cell could not store energy
4. Where do most cellular activities occur?
A.) The endoplasmic reticulum
B.) The mitochondria
C.) The nucleus
D.) The cytoplasm
5. Why are muscle cells packed with mitochondria?
A.) Mitochondria provide important structural support to maintain muscle cell shape
B.) Muscle cells use a lot of ATP generated by mitochondria
C.) Muscle cells relax and contract depending on the number of mitochondria present in the cell
D.) Muscle cells require large numbers of proteins produced by mitochondria
PLEASE HELP!!! Again no links please!
Answer:
1)A
2)D
3)C
5)B
I hope this helps:)
Answer:
1.) Hooke observed dead cells and concluded that cells are empty structures.
2.) Cytoplasm and other molecules could leak out of the cell.
3.) The cell could not synthesize proteins.
4.) The cytoplasm
5.) Muscle cells use a lot of ATP generated by mitochondria.
Explanation:
I took the test and all of these are correct! :D Hope this helps people i the future!
identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.
Answer:
The capitulum of a rib sits between and articulates with two successive centra, for which most thoracic vertebrae possess costal demifacets. These are anteriorly and posteriorly paired facets, so that a vertebra typically has four demifacets.
Explanation:
which activity results from the action of hydrochloric acid on protein in the stomach?
Answer:
Hydrochloric acid contributes to protein digestion by supplying H+ which activates pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin. Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells in the gastric glands of the body and antrum of the stomach
I hope this will be helpful
Activation of pepsin results from the action of HCl. Pepsin is important for the digestion of proteins. Thus, partial digestion of proteins happens in stomach.
What are the functions of stomach?Stomach has an important role in the digestion of food. It is regarded as organ for temporary food storage.
Stomach contains various digestive enzymes, gastric juice and hydrochloric acid that prepares the food for complete digestion in the duodenum.
The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid which is responsible for imparting acidity to food. It is also important for killing of any bacteria present in the food. The acidic pH activates the enzyme pepsin which is required for the digestion of proteins into peptones.
Stomach also contains the gastric juice which kills any microbes present in the food. It is also important for nutrient absorption. Stomach also contains enzyme lipase to favour partial digestion of lipids.
Thus, stomach is important for the partial digestion of proteins and lipids.
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the rate of photosynthesis is much greater in the green than red light spectrum.
Answer:
False.
Explanation: (poor in green light because chlorophyll does not absorb green light).
Good luck on your Quiz/Test!
clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments are called ________.
Answer:
Photosystems
Explanation:
In all photosynthetic organisms studied to date, except one class of photosynthetic bacteria, light is captured by clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules, which together are called photosystems.
Hope this helps :)
the part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing
Answer:
Part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands.
Explanation:
which animal was the first to be domesticated by early humans?
Answer:
it is dog because the dog is the best friend of the human
Answer:
Goats
Explanation:
Goats and/or sheep were the first animals to be domesticated by early humans.
PLEASE HELP ASAP I REALLY NEED HELP PLEASEEE 02.08 What's Your Big Idea?
You have previously written the introduction to your compare and contrast article. Now you will write the two body paragraphs to continue your compare and contrast article.
Note: One body paragraph is to compare similar features of both of your two chosen articles, and the other body paragraph is to contrast different features of both of your chosen articles. The body paragraphs are not summaries of each article.
View the grading rubric as you complete your assignment. This is your guide to a super submission.
You have previously written the introduction to your compare and contrast article. Now you will write the two body paragraphs to continue your compare and contrast article.
Be sure to use the information you previously wrote in your Compare and Contrast Organizer.
In your body paragraphs, remember to include:
Topic sentence for each body paragraph that relates to thesis
Support for your topic sentence with facts from your research
Signal phrases to identify ideas that are not your own
One direct quote, correctly punctuated
Transition phrases at the beginning of each paragraph
Technical language to show your understanding of the topic
Body paragraphs that compare and contrast two helpers
Write three or more complete sentences in each paragraph
Write in formal style using the third person point of view.
Use correct grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Add your introduction to the body.
Save your work to your computer or drive.
Submit your work in 02.08 What's Your Big Idea?
If needed, review your chosen articles.
Read the articles.
Article 1-Minutes That Matter
Article 2-Defeating Dragons
Article 3-Food That Fuels
Answer:
To start off, let's discuss how these two heroes are similar. First, these heroes we are talking about are teens. Yes, you heard it here folks these people are in between the age of 14 - 18. They also both help others. For example, Brittany Bergquist and her brother Robbie take time out of their day to provide more talk time for soldiers. On the other hand, team made up of girls and boys help people that need medical assistance 24 hours a day. But most importantly they both enjoy, love, and are amazed by what they are doing.
thats paragraph one youre going to do paragraph 2 yourself because im still working on paragraph 2
Explanation:
The distinguishable between Food that fuels and minutes that matter is one's to benefit soldiers to help communicate with his family while they fight for our country.
On the other hand is to help keep their families warm during the winter for the parents working to make ends meet.
First similarity of these two are that they both used recycled items to solve their problem within their families and meet the needs in their community.
But don't forget about the smart kids that came up with the idea to recycle their belongings to solve the problem and let nothing go to waste.
Another difference is that the solution to the obstacle affected the families and households different because the circumstances were totally opposite and now a family warm while a solider can call home to his family but all with smiles on their faces.
What is Food?Food is a substance consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and other nutrients used in the body of an organism to sustain growth and vital processes and to furnish energy.
The absorption and utilization of food by the body is fundamental to nutrition and is facilitated by digestion.
Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source.
Animals that feed on plants often serve as sources of food for other animals.
What is Fuel?Fuel is a substance that is burned to provide nuclear energy, heat or power.
Materials like coal, wood, oil, or gas can provide heat when burned. Methanol, Gasoline, Diesel, Propane, Natural gas, Hydrogen are types of fuel. Nuclear energy is produced by burning plutonium.
From fuel efficiency or fuel economy, we can measure how long any vehicle could travel, which is the opposite of fuel consumption.
Fuel consumption is the amount of fuel vehicle uses to travel a particular distance.
Fuel efficiency can be measured in kilometers per liter. The efficiency with which the fuel does a conversion of energy is known as fuel efficiency.
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.
help pls answer the question at the bottom
Answer:
no
Explanation:
the lizerd is cold blooded
what is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?
Answer:
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined by a common centromere.
Explanation:
Homologous chromosomes may or may not be the same as each other because they are derived from different parents.
how does the phospholipid bilayer form
Answer:
Being cylindrical, phospholipid molecules spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments. In this energetically most-favorable arrangement, the hydrophilic heads face the water at each surface of the bilayer, and the hydrophobic tails are shielded from the water in the interior.
Explanation:
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Give an example of how ethical question related to people and their interactions with the environment.
Answer:
Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation, the threat of extinction are few of the issues from which our planet is suffering. Environmental ethics are a key feature of environmental studies that establishes the relationship between humans and the earth.
There are many ethical decisions that human beings make with respect to the environment. For example: Should humans continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption? Why should humans continue to propagate its species, and life itself? Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
There are many ethical decisions that human beings make concerning the environment.
What are ethical changes?Ethical issues is a circumstance in which a moral conflict arises in the workspace.
Ethical issues in the workplace:
Unethical leadership.Toxic workplace culture.Abuse of leadership authority.Environmental ethics are a feature which establishes relationship between humans and the earth. Humans are cutting trees and harming nature for own greed.
Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation are the few issues from which our planet is suffering. Humans should take care of nature and should grow trees. Industries should also make some eco freindly products.
There are many ethical decisions that human beings make concerning the environment.
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Wood storks thrive in wetland environments by feeding on small freshwater fish.
Wood storks are absent in the Everglades ecosystem because the environment is
no longer suitable to sustain abundant wading bird life. What term describes a
Wood Stork?
#1-Indicator species
#2-Keystone species
#3-Endemic species
#4-Invasive species
Answer:
Invasive Species
Explanation:
“The environment is no longer suitable to sustain abundant wading bird life”
Please awnsersgsh in the image
Answer:
48 degrees
Explanation:
the prominence on the inferior side of the sternal end of the clavicle is called the
Costal tuberosity (Impressio ligament costoclavicularis) is a roughened oval elevation on the inferior surface of the bone, near the medial (sternal) end. ... This marking is also called the impression for costoclavicular ligament