can somebody help me out with this its chemicals pls help asap im gonna fail if i dont finish them

Lithium and bromine are created when lithium bromide is heated, according to the following skeleton equation: [tex]Li(s) + Br2 = LiBr(s) (g).[/tex]

A skeleton equation is a condensed description of a chemical reaction that only displays the reactants and products—not their quantities or the circumstances under which the reaction takes place—of the process. It is a simple description of the reaction that can be used to pinpoint the components involved and the reaction's overall nature. A skeleton equation, however, does not fully describe the reaction because it does not account for the quantity of atoms or the charges of the ions involved. It is required to balance the equation, take into account the state and charge of each ion, as well as the reaction conditions, in order to completely comprehend the reaction.

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Explanation:

The ΔG° of a reaction can be calculated using the formula:

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

where ΔH° is the standard enthalpy change, ΔS° is the standard entropy change, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.

From Table B-12 in the CRG, we have:

ΔH° = -65.2 kJ/mol for the reaction

ΔS° = -111.7 J/(mol*K) for the reaction

We need to convert ΔS° to kJ/(molK):

ΔS° = -111.7 J/(molK) × (1 kJ/1000 J) = -0.1117 kJ/(mol*K)

Now we can calculate ΔG°:

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

ΔG° = -65.2 kJ/mol - (298 K) × (-0.1117 kJ/(mol*K))

ΔG° = -65.2 kJ/mol + 33.4 kJ/mol

ΔG° = -31.8 kJ/mol

The negative value of ΔG° indicates that the reaction is spontaneous at standard temperature. Therefore, the answer is: 6.5 kJ, yes. However, this is not one of the options provided.

If the pH of a solution is 11.2, then the concentration of [OH-] is 1.585×10³M.

The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), which in turn is a measure of acidity.

Given : pH of a solution=11.2

we know that pH + pOH = 14

pOH = -log[OH-]

pOH = 14 - pH

       = 14 - 11.2

pOH = 2.80

-log[OH-] = 2.80

log[OH-] = -2.80

[OH-] = 10∧-2.80

[OH-] = 1.585 ×10∧-3 M.

They would all have the same atomic number but they would have different mass numbers.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Since the number of neutrons affects the atomic mass of an element, isotopes of the same element can have different masses.

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, which determines the element's atomic number. Isotopes can have different physical and chemical properties due to their different masses.

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Answer:

315 kg

Explanation:

If the ore is 65% waste material, then the mass of the actual sodium in 1 tonne of ore is:

mass of sodium = 0.35 x 1000 kg = 350 kg

The process of electrolysis separates the sodium from the other components of the ore. The amount of sodium extracted will depend on the efficiency of the electrolysis process, which is typically measured by its Faraday efficiency.

The Faraday efficiency is the ratio of the amount of substance actually produced by electrolysis to the amount predicted by the theoretical stoichiometry of the reaction. For the electrolysis of sodium, the theoretical stoichiometry is:

2 Na+ + 2 e- → 2 Na

This reaction requires 2 moles of electrons (2 Faradays) to produce 2 moles of sodium.

If we assume a Faraday efficiency of 90%, this means that 90% of the theoretical amount of sodium is actually produced by electrolysis. Therefore, the mass of sodium extracted from 1 tonne of ore would be:

mass of sodium extracted = 0.9 x (2/2) x 350 kg = 315 kg

So, the company would extract 315 kg of sodium from 1 tonne of ore that is 65% waste material, assuming a Faraday efficiency of 90%.

Answer:

0.085049833

Explanation:

use the formula n=number of particles/Avogadro's number and find the value of n which is miles and then use the formula n=mass/molar mass. The molar mass you multiply the mass number of oxygen by 2

molar mass= 32g/mol

Avogadro's number=6.02*10^23

number of particles=1.6*10^21

The sample of oxygen will occupy approximately 18.5 mL at -70 °C and the same pressure.

The force exerted by a gas on specific area is known as gas pressure..

As we know, (P₁ V₁) /(T₁) = (P₂V₂) /(T₂)

Given, P₁ is the initial pressure (452 torr); V₁ is initial volume (32.2 mL)

T₁ is initial temperature in Kelvin (30 °C + 273.15 = 303.15 K)

P₂ is final pressure (452 torr); V₂ is final volume (what we want to find)

T₂ is the final temperature in Kelvin (-70 °C + 273.15 = 203.15 K)

Now, V2 = (P₁ V₁ T₂) / (P2 T₁)

V₂ = (452 torr x 32.2 mL x 203.15 K) / (452 torr x 303.15 K)

V₂ ≈ 18.5 mL

Therefore, the sample of oxygen will occupy approximately 18.5 mL at -70 °C and the same pressure.

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Answer:

171.5 liters

Explanation:

PV = nRT

convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T = 112 C + 273.15 = 385.15 K

substitute the given values into the ideal gas law:

V = (nRT)/P

V = (9.6 mol x 0.0821 L•atm/mol•K x 385.15 K)/2.17 atm

V = 171.5 L

The volume of the container is around 171.5 liters.

The reaction was spontaneous and results in a standard free energy shift of 61.5 kJ.

We define the normal state of any solid or liquid material as the most solid region of that material at the a stress of one bar at any given temperature.For instance, water's standard condition for a temperature of 10 C is ice at the a tension of one bar, and for a temperature of +10 C is liquid at the a compression of one restaurant.

India's average temperature for 2021 was 25.93 ° Celsius, a little increase from 25.78 degrees Centigrade the year before.In that year, the minimum temperature was 20.9 °C.

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The percent yield for this reaction is 147.2%.

What is a good percentage yield?

A good percentage yield depends on the specific reaction and the conditions under which it is performed. In general, a high percentage yield (e.g. 90% or higher) is desirable, as it indicates that the reaction is efficient and that little of the starting material was wasted. However, a 100% yield is often not possible in practice due to factors such as incomplete reactions, impurities in the reactants, and loss of product during isolation and purification.

The balanced equation for the electrolysis of MgCl2 is:

2 MgCl2(l) → 2 Mg(l) + Cl2(g)

To calculate the percent yield, we need to first find the theoretical yield of magnesium. This can be calculated using stoichiometry and the given amount of MgCl2:

Molar mass of MgCl2 = 95.211 g/mol

Moles of MgCl2 = 1311 g / 95.211 g/mol = 13.77 mol

From the balanced equation, 2 moles of Mg are produced for every 2 moles of MgCl2.

Therefore, moles of Mg produced = 13.77 mol / 2 = 6.885 mol

Theoretical yield of Mg = 6.885 mol x 24.305 g/mol = 167.38 g

Now we can calculate the percent yield using the actual yield of Mg:

Percent yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100%

Percent yield = (246.43 g / 167.38 g) x 100% = 147.2%

Therefore, the percent yield for this reaction is 147.2%.

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 33.108 grams of NH₄HO are formed if excess ammonium sulfate reacts with 35.0 grams of calcium hydroxide.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

(NH₄)₂SO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaSO₄ + 2 NH₄HO

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amount of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

By reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

The following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 74 grams of Ca(OH)₂ form 70 grams of NH₄HO, 35 grams of Ca(OH)₂ form how much mass of NH₄HO?

mass of NH₄HO= (35 grams of Ca(OH)₂ ×70 grams of NH₄HO) ÷74 grams of Ca(OH)₂

mass of NH₄HO= 33.108 grams

Finally, 33.108 grams of NH₄HO are formed.

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   Adding more oxygen gas to rusting iron metal will increase the reaction rate. This is because the rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of the reactants. By adding more oxygen gas, the concentration of oxygen molecules will increase, which will result in more frequent collisions between iron and oxygen molecules. This, in turn, will increase the rate of the reaction and the formation of rust.

   Putting a beaker of reacting nitric acid and sodium hydroxide into the refrigerator will decrease the reaction rate. This is because the rate of the reaction is dependent on temperature. Lowering the temperature will decrease the kinetic energy of the molecules, which will decrease the frequency of collisions between the nitric acid and sodium hydroxide molecules, leading to a slower reaction rate.

Answer: check explanation my son

Explanation: 1. Adding more oxygen gas to rusting iron metal will increase the reaction rate. This is because oxygen is a reactant in the rusting reaction and by increasing the amount of oxygen, there will be more molecules available to collide and react with the iron metal, resulting in an increased rate of reaction.

2. Putting a beaker of reacting nitric acid and sodium hydroxide into the refrigerator will decrease the reaction rate. This is because the colder temperature will reduce the kinetic energy of the molecules, causing them to collide less frequently and slowing down the rate of reaction.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Can solve for q= m xCp X ▲T

4.0 X 4.18 X 2 = 33

The percent yield of the compound C₅H₁₂ when 3. 00 g of C₅H₁₂ were obtained in the reaction of 5. 00 g of C₃H₄ is 4.16%.

In the actual world, chemical processes do not always happen as intended. Apart from spills and other experimental failures, there are frequently losses as a result of an incomplete reaction, unwanted side reactions, and so on. Chemists require a metric that reflects the success of a reaction. This is referred to as the percent yield.

To calculate the percent yield, first establish how much of the product should be created using stoichiometry. The theoretical yield is the greatest quantity of product that can be created from the given quantities of reactants. The amount of product created when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory is referred to as the real yield.

We have equation as,

5C₃H₄ + 8H₂ → 3C₅H₁₂

We have 3 grams of C₅H₁₂

we have 5 grams of C₃H₄

Theoretical yield = C₅H₁₂ = 5 x 12 + 12 x 1 = 72

So percent yield  = actual yield / Theoretical yield x 100

= 3/ 72 x 100

= 0.04167 x 100

= 4.16 %

So percentage yield is 4.16%.

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Because it costs the least per kilogram, sodium chloride is the most cost-effective option for a road deicer based on the information provided.

Silicon dioxide is less effective at melting ice and costs significantly more than calcium chloride. However, it is important to take into account factors like temperature, humidity, and the presence of other materials on the road surface when selecting a deicer because different deicing materials may be more effective in different conditions.

The process of removing or preventing the formation of ice on roads and highways during winter weather conditions is known as road deicing. Since ice can make roads dangerously slick and slippery, this is essential for maintaining safe driving conditions.

Rock salt, or sodium chloride, is the most common deicing material. It is applied to the road surface to melt the ice and prevent new ice from forming. Deicing can also be done with other materials like calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

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The chemical change of decomposition of barium fluoride will give barium and fluoride ions.

Chemical changes are defined as changes which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical change.

There are several characteristics of chemical changes like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical change there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.

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The empirical formula of the compound formed when 2.7g of aluminum forms 5.1g of its oxide is Al2O3.

To find the empirical formula, first calculate the molar mass of aluminum oxide by multiplying the molar mass of aluminum (26.98 g/mol) and the molar mass of oxygen (15.99 g/mol) and adding them together (26.98 g/mol + 15.99 g/mol = 42.97 g/mol).
Next, divide the given mass of aluminum oxide (5.1g) by the molar mass of aluminum oxide (42.97 g/mol) to calculate the number of moles of aluminum oxide (5.1g/42.97 g/mol = 0.119 mol).
Next, divide the given mass of aluminum (2.7g) by the molar mass of aluminum (26.98 g/mol) to calculate the number of moles of aluminum (2.7g/26.98 g/mol = 0.100 mol).
Now calculate the mole ratio of aluminum to oxygen by dividing the number of moles of aluminum by the number of moles of oxygen (0.100 mol/0.119 mol = 0.8403).
Finally, express this ratio in terms of whole numbers. The empirical formula of the compound formed is Al2O3.

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If the adhesion and cohesion forces were equal in a graduated cylinder, there would be no meniscus formation. This is because the shape of a meniscus is a result of the difference in strength between the adhesive and cohesive forces between the liquid and the surface it comes into contact with.

If the adhesive forces were equal to the cohesive forces, the liquid would not be attracted more strongly to the surface of the container than to its own molecules. As a result, the surface of the liquid would be flat and level with the edge of the container. This is the case with mercury, which has approximately equal cohesive and adhesive forces, resulting in a flat surface in a container.

However, in most cases, the adhesive forces between a liquid and a container are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules themselves, resulting in a concave meniscus. This is because the liquid is attracted more strongly to the surface of the container than to its own molecules, causing the surface of the liquid to curve downward at the edges. On the other hand, if the cohesive forces were stronger than the adhesive forces, the liquid would form a convex meniscus, with the surface of the liquid curving upward at the edges. This is the case with water in a hydrophobic container, such as a wax-coated or greasy container.

According to the question  the volume of dry butane at 824.1 torr and 55.9 °C is 0.945 L.

Volume is the measure of the three-dimensional space that an object or substance occupies. It is usually measured in cubic units such as milliliters (ml), liters (L), or cubic centimeters (cm3). Volume is an important physical property of substances because it helps to determine the amount of a material present in a given space.

We can use the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the volume of the dry butane gas.

The Ideal Gas Law states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of butane gas, n, using the molar mass of butane, which is 58.12 g/mol.

n = (mass of gas)/(molar mass of gas)

n = (1.00 L * 754.4 torr * 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K * (283.15 K))/(58.12 g/mol * 101.325 kPa/atm)

n = 0.077 moles

Now that we know the number of moles of butane gas, we can calculate the volume of the dry butane gas at the new pressure and temperature.

V = (nRT)/P

V = (0.077 moles * 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K * (328.04 K))/(824.1 torr)

V = 0.945 L

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The statement "Gravity causes stars to cluster" describes the formation of galaxies. Galaxies are vast collections of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.

What is gravity?

A fundamental force in the cosmos that draws things together is called gravity. All objects with mass are attracted to one another because to this force, which also keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.

Einstein's theory of general relativity, which asserts that matter warps space-fabric time's and creates a gravitational field that causes objects to travel along curved pathways, is used to explain gravity. The mass of the objects and the separation between them determine the gravitational force's strength; bigger masses and closer separations provide a stronger gravitational pull.

The statement "Gravity causes stars to cluster" describes the formation of galaxies. Galaxies are vast collections of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. The formation of galaxies is a complex process that involves the gravitational collapse of a large cloud of gas and dust, leading to the formation of stars and the clustering of those stars into galaxies. This process is influenced by various factors, including the initial conditions of the gas cloud, the amount of dark matter present, and the interactions between galaxies.

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Galaxies are created as a result of the phenomenon known as star clustering due to gravity.

What is Gravity?

Gravity is a fundamental force of nature that causes physical objects to attract each other. It is the force that causes objects with mass to be drawn towards each other. Gravity is a universal force that affects all objects with mass, no matter how small or large they are. The strength of gravity depends on the mass of the objects involved and the distance between them. The force of gravity was first described by Sir Isaac Newton in his law of universal gravitation, and it was later refined by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Gravity plays a fundamental role in shaping the structure of the universe, from the smallest particles to the largest structures such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

Galaxies are formed when gravity pulls together vast clouds of gas and dust, causing them to collapse and form stars. Over time, these stars cluster together to form galaxies. The other statements also describe various aspects of star and galaxy formation, but the statement that best describes the formation of galaxies is the one about gravity causing stars to cluster.

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156

because it has the electorns in the state by the groubd

The mass of 2.23 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms of sulfur will be approximately equal to 11.9 grams.

One Sulphur atom has a mass of about 32.06 atomic mass units (u). As a result, the mass of 2.23 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] Sulphur atoms can be estimated as follows:

Mass is determined by multiplying the number of atoms by the mass of one atom.

mass = 7.15 × [tex]10^{24}[/tex] u

We can use the following conversion factor to change the mass from atomic mass units to grammes:

1 u = 1.66054 × [tex]10^{24}[/tex] g

Mass = 1.19 x 101 g mass = 7.15 × [tex]10^{24}[/tex] u x 1.66054 x 10-24 g/u mass = 11.9 grams

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where L represents ice's 334 J/g latent heat of fusion. To account for the energy required to melt the ice, we must include this term. The response is 13.7 g.

Let's use the following formula:

Q = mcΔT

where Q is the amount of heat gained or lost, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

For water, the specific heat capacity is 4.18 J/g°C, and for ice, it is 2.09 J/g°C.

First, let's calculate the amount of heat lost by the water:

Q1 = mcΔT = 30 g × 4.18 J/g°C × (45°C − 0°C) = 5658 J

Now, let's calculate the amount of heat gained by the ice:

Q2 = mcΔT + mL = m × 2.09 J/g°C × (0°C − (−15°C)) + m × 334 J/g = m × (314.15 J/g)

where L is the latent heat of fusion for ice, which is 334 J/g. We need to add this term to account for the energy needed to melt the ice.

Since Q1 = Q2, we can solve for m:

m = Q1 / (mcΔT + mL) = 5658 J / (30 g × 2.09 J/g°C × (0°C − (−15°C)) + 30 g × 334 J/g) ≈ 13.7 g

Therefore, the answer is 2. 13.7 g.

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The parts of an ecosystem are population, community, organism.

The term "ecosystem" was originally used in an article by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in 1935. Tansley requested that Arthur Roy Clapham think of the term, and he did. Tansley came up with the concept to emphasise the importance of material exchanges between living things and their environment.

Humans have an impact on and alter fundamental ecological processes as ecosystem components, which in turn affects us as individuals and members of society.

An ecosystem that is flourishing and diverse provides its inhabitants with an abundance of necessities like food, water, shelter, economic livelihood, leisure, and scenic beauty.

All the zebras form a population.

Zebras, gazelle, giraffes, trees form a community

A giraffe: organism

Gazelle, zebras, giraffes, water, trees, soil: ecosystem

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Complete question -

Use the image to match the parts of an ecosystem to each description.

All the zebras form a ___________.

Zebras, gazelle, giraffes, trees form a _______________

A giraffe: _____________-

Gazelle, zebras, giraffes, water, trees, soil: _________

Answer:

Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules. The height to which capillary action will take water in a uniform circular tube (picture to right) is limited by surface tension and, of course, gravity.

Capillary action is the phenomenon where a liquid rises in a narrow tube, such as a glass capillary or a plant stem, due to the adhesive and cohesive forces between the liquid and the tube. This phenomenon can be explained by a combination of intermolecular forces, namely adhesion and cohesion.

Adhesion refers to the attractive forces between unlike molecules. In the case of capillary action, the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the capillary tube allow the liquid to "wet" the tube, which means that the liquid molecules adhere to the tube's surface. The strength of the adhesive forces depends on the chemical nature of the liquid and the tube's material. For example, water is attracted to glass due to the presence of polar groups on the glass surface.

Cohesion, on the other hand, refers to the attractive forces between like molecules. The cohesive forces between the liquid molecules cause them to stick together, forming a meniscus, which is the curved surface of the liquid in the tube. The cohesive forces are usually stronger than the adhesive forces, causing the liquid to rise in the tube against the force of gravity.

The height that the liquid rises in the tube depends on the balance between the adhesive and cohesive forces, as well as the diameter of the tube. A narrower tube will have a greater capillary rise than a wider one because the liquid experiences a greater amount of adhesive forces with the tube's surface in a narrower tube.

In summary, capillary action is a result of the interplay between adhesive and cohesive forces, which causes a liquid to rise in a narrow tube. Adhesion allows the liquid to wet the tube, while cohesion causes the liquid molecules to stick together, forming a meniscus that rises in the tube against the force of gravity.

Answer:

The Kinetic Molecular Theory states that gas particles are in constant motion and exert no attractive forces on each other. This means that gas particles can move around freely and have no interactions with each other. Real gases, however, have molecules that are much larger than ideal gas molecules and are subject to attractive forces. These attractive forces between molecules cause the gas particles to be attracted to each other, resulting in increased pressure, lower temperature, and lower volume than that of an ideal gas in the same situation. This means that real gases do not behave ideally, as they are not in a perfect state of random motion, and their pressure and temperature are lower than those of an ideal gas

Explanation:

The absorption of a free-moving neutron by the atom's nucleus is what causes the atom's nucleus to become unstable in nuclear fission reactions.

What is nuclear fission?

Nuclear fission is a process where the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei, along with the release of a large amount of energy. This process typically occurs when a free neutron collides with the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239. When the nucleus absorbs the neutron, it becomes highly unstable and splits apart into two or more smaller nuclei, which can then go on to collide with other nuclei and split apart in a chain reaction.

The energy released in the process of nuclear fission is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants, and also has applications in nuclear weapons. However, the process also creates radioactive waste materials that must be carefully managed and disposed of due to their potential hazards to human health and the environment.

C. The absorption of a free-moving neutron by the atom's nucleus is what causes the atom's nucleus to become unstable in nuclear fission reactions.

When a neutron is absorbed by the nucleus, it can cause the nucleus to become so unstable that it splits apart into two smaller nuclei and releases additional neutrons and energy in the process. This chain reaction of nuclear fission can be controlled and harnessed for use in nuclear power plants.

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A wave is defined as a disturbance which transfer energy and momentum from one point to another in a medium. They are mainly of two types, they are longitudinal and transverse.

The distance travelled by the wave during one complete oscillation is defined as the wavelength. The SI unit of wavelength is meter (m). It can also be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave.

The number of oscillations of a wave per unit time is frequency and the time needed to form one complete wave is called the period.

The total number of waves = 6

Period (T) = 60/6 = 10 s

The wavelength of the wave = 10 m

Frequency = 1/T = 1 / 10 = 0.1 Hz

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The atom economy for this reaction to produce nickel is approximately 44%.

What is Percentage Composition?

Percentage composition is a term used in chemistry to describe the percentage by mass of each element in a chemical compound. It is calculated by dividing the mass of each element by the total mass of the compound and multiplying by 100%. For example, the percentage composition of water (H2O) can be calculated by dividing the mass of hydrogen by the total mass of the compound (2 x 1.008 g / 18.015 g) and multiplying by 100%, which gives approximately 11.2%.

To calculate the atom economy, we need to compare the mass of the desired product (Ni) with the total mass of all the reactants.

The molar mass of NiO is 74.71 g/mol, and the molar mass of CO is 28.01 g/mol.

The equation shows that 1 mol of NiO reacts with 1 mol of Ni to produce 1 mol of Ni and 1 mol of CO.

The mass of 1 mol of Ni is 58.69 g.

74.71 g (NiO) + 58.69 g (Ni) = 133.4 g

The mass of the desired product (Ni) is 58.69 g.

Therefore, the percentage atom economy is:

(58.69 g / 133.4 g) x 100% = 44.04%

So the atom economy for this reaction to produce nickel is approximately 44%.

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