Can scientists predict earthquakes now?
O Yes, they use the same methods in predicting volcanic eruptions
Yes, scientist can predict an earthquake right before it occurs, but not enough time to save lives
O No, scientists can only look for early warning signs
OYes, however, they cannot predict the magnitude

Answer:

Q. 1) From the following choices, please identify the three characteristics that represent the Middle East.

Select 3 correct answer(s):

A. Located in Europe, Asia, and Africa

B. Oil is the most valuable natural resource

D. Most countries speak Arabic

Q. 2) Identify two key economic facts of the Middle East. (choose all that apply)

Select 2 correct answer(s):

Aswan High Dam increases agricultural production

Strait of Hormuz drives oil transportation

The three characteristics that represent the Middle East are:

A. Located in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

B. Oil is the most valuable natural resource.

D. Most countries speak Arabic.

Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago are all considered to be parts of the Middle East. Beginning in the early 20th century, the phrase began to replace the phrase "Near East" in everyday speech.

13 out of the 18 countries in the Middle East are Arab nations. Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country in terms of area, with Egypt, Turkey, and Iran having the highest populations in the region.

Two economic factors of the Middle East are-

Therefore, the characteristics and two key economic facts of the Middle East are mentioned above.

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The correct option is B. The Ganges has now become one of the most polluted rivers in the world.

Hinduism has revered the Ganges as a holy river for thousands of years. Hindus, who number in the millions, engage in religious practices like purifying ceremonies and the dumping of the dead in rivers. One of the world's most contaminated rivers is now this one.

Three million liters of sewage are dumped into the Ganges every day, but only approximately half of that has received any sort of treatment. The river is one of the most polluted streams in the world because of how filthy its waters are.

Since ancient times, this river has remained the sacred river for Hindus and people across the world comes to visit various ghats and do many rituals. But due to increasing population and improper discharge of factory water and many other such reasons have contributed to its adverse condition.

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On the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, Mount Tambora, a volcano, erupted in 1815 with the biggest volcanic explosion ever seen by humans.

Explanation: The Mount Tambora eruption in 1815 was a devastating occurrence that affected the climate globally and claimed the lives of an estimated 71,000 people. Massive volumes of ash, gases, and debris were released into the atmosphere during the eruption of the volcano, which had an eruption force 100 times greater than Mount St. Helens' explosion in 1980. Due to the eruption's extreme intensity, global temperatures were reduced by up to 3 degrees Celsius, which caused severe crop failures and hunger in many regions of the world.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The age dependency ratio is a measure that compares the size of the dependent population (people who are too young or too old to work) to the size of the working-age population. It is calculated by adding the percentage of the population under 15 (child population) to the percentage of the population over 65 (old age population) and dividing by the percentage of the population aged 15 to 64 (working-age population).

In this case, we are given that the child population is 42% and the old age population is 8%. This means that the working-age population is 100% - 42% - 8% = 50%.

To calculate the age dependency ratio, we add the percentage of the child population (42%) to the percentage of the old age population (8%) and divide by the percentage of the working-age population (50%):

Age dependency ratio = (42% + 8%) / 50% = 50%

Therefore, the age dependency ratio of this country is 50%, which means that for every 100 people of working age, there are 50 dependents who are either too young or too old to work.

In sub-Saharan countries that are seen as developing, the majority of the population is probably employed in agriculture, which includes raising crops and cattle as well as engaging in fishing and forestry.

The primary source of income and employment for a sizable section of the people in many African countries is agriculture. 60% of jobs in sub-Saharan Africa are in agriculture, which also accounts for 15% of the region's GDP, according to the World Bank. In addition to commercial farmers that grow products for export, there are many others who practice subsistence farming. Mining, manufacturing, and services are other forms of economic activity in the region, but they are less prevalent than agriculture and are more commonly found in metropolitan areas.

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It is the driest continent in the world, is bordered by oceans, has unusual rock formations, and is both a continent and a country.

The Outback, a region of deserts and semi-arid plains, is the dominant feature of Australia's landscape. The vast inland plains of the continent, its location near the arid Tropic of Capricorn, and its proximity to chilly, dry southerly breezes are what give rise to the Outback.

The Great Barrier Reef, the Blue Mountains region, Kakadu National Park, Shark Bay, and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park are just a few of the 20 new additions to the list, which includes sites from every state and territory in Australia.

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The potential sources of destruction that may be caused either directly or secondarily by earthquakes are: aftershocks, fires, tsunamis, landslides, and rock falls. Therefore, the correct option is A, B, D, E.

Explanation:

An earthquake is a tremor or shaking that takes place on the Earth's surface. Earthquakes occur when the Earth's crust is subjected to sudden pressure or tension. Earthquakes are caused by a variety of factors, including tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, and human activity.

The impact of earthquakes can range from minor to catastrophic, depending on the magnitude of the earthquake and the location of the epicenter.

Aftershocks: After the main earthquake, a series of smaller earthquakes occur. These smaller earthquakes are known as aftershocks, and they can cause additional harm to structures that were previously damaged by the primary earthquake.

Fires: Earthquakes can also trigger fires. Broken gas lines and electrical lines may cause fires. Earthquakes can cause structures to collapse, trapping people inside and making it difficult for emergency services to reach them.

Tsunamis: Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. They are particularly dangerous because they can travel hundreds of kilometers and hit coastlines with little warning.

Landslides and rock falls: Earthquakes can cause landslides and rock falls. These events can cause additional harm to buildings and infrastructure.

Lightning strikes: Earthquakes do not cause lightning strikes, so this option is not correct.

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One method of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that is used to control pests is biological control. This involves using natural predators, parasites, and diseases to reduce the population of harmful pests.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pest problems that aims to minimize the negative impact of pests on the environment, human health, and economic resources.

IPM involves a combination of techniques and strategies that are designed to prevent and manage pest infestations. These include:

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The Persian gulf is an important part of the shipping route for oil in the Middle East. Hence, option D is correct.

The Persian Gulf is a narrow body of water that connects the Arabian Peninsula to Iran. One of the biggest and most significant oil fields in the world is located here. It is one of the primary methods used to transport oil from the abundant resources of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and other nations that border its coastline. The Persian Gulf serves as a vital shipping route for all of the nations in that region that generate oil.

Between northeast Africa and Asia, there is an arm of the Indian Ocean known as the Red Sea. It was a crucial component of the spice trade in the Middle Ages and is still important for transportation today.

For Russia, the Black Sea serves as a crucial commercial and transit route. Due to their reliance on the Russian port of Novorossiysk for the shipping of grain and oil, both Russia and Central Asian nations have significant influence over the landlocked region of Central Asia.

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The Al-rich, platy mineral located near the low temperature bottom of Bowen's Reaction Series is Muscovite.

Bowen's Reaction Series is a classification system used in geology to describe the sequence of mineral crystallization from a magma or molten rock as it cools and solidifies.

It was first proposed by Canadian geologist Norman L. Bowen in 1928 and has since become a fundamental concept in the study of igneous petrology.

The bottom of Bowen's Reaction Series is characterized by the crystallization of minerals that are rich in aluminum (Al) and have a platy, or flat, crystal structure. Muscovite is one of the minerals that is commonly found near the bottom of Bowen's Reaction Series.

Muscovite is a type of mica mineral that belongs to the phyllosilicate group. It is composed of aluminum, potassium, silicon, and oxygen atoms arranged in thin, sheet-like layers.

Muscovite typically forms in low-temperature, hydrothermal environments and is commonly found in metamorphic rocks such as schist and gneiss.

In the context of Bowen's Reaction Series, muscovite is one of the first minerals to crystallize from a magma as it cools and solidifies. This is because muscovite has a relatively low melting temperature and is stable at low temperatures.

As the magma cools, muscovite crystals begin to form and settle out of the liquid magma. This process is known as fractional crystallization, and it results in the formation of rocks that are rich in muscovite, such as pegmatites and certain types of granites.

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Yes, the above statement is true. Halides phosphates, sulfates, and nitrates are water pollutants resulting in water pollution.

Water pollution is when bodies of water become contaminated, usually as a result of human movement, which negatively affects how they can be used. Bodies of water include aquifers, reservoirs that hold water lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. Contamination happens when contaminants enter these bodies of water.

Pollutants include things like chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually taint water. The process of eutrophication, also referred to as the proliferation of large aquatic plants and algae, can be triggered by an overabundance of phosphorus. Algal blooms brought on by high phosphorus levels have the potential to produce poisons harmful to both human and animal health.

Sulfates also contribute to the acidity of soil and surface water, as well as to acid rain and fog, which harm ecosystems, forests, and plant life. Sulfates reflect sunlight into space because of their light color.

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Argentina and Australia protect agriculture less heavily than other agricultural producers because they have a comparative advantage in other industries. Both countries have rich natural resources, making them major exporters of minerals and energy products.

The importance of agriculture in these countries' economies has declined over the years due to the rise of other industries. In Argentina, the government has reduced agricultural protectionism due to the economic benefits of liberalization. The country has an excellent climate and fertile land, making it a significant producer of soybeans, corn, and wheat.

However, over time, agriculture has struggled due to natural disasters, currency devaluations, and trade restrictions. Consequently, the government has decreased its protection of agriculture to encourage economic diversification and growth.

In Australia, agriculture has also declined in importance, accounting for only a small percentage of GDP. The country has instead prioritized the mining industry, which accounts for a significant percentage of its exports. However, despite this, the government still offers some protection to farmers to ensure their survival in a competitive global market.

In conclusion, countries like Argentina and Australia have shifted their focus from agriculture to other industries due to their comparative advantage. As a result, they have decreased their protection of agriculture, preferring to prioritize economic diversification and growth.

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Earthquakes related to mid-ocean ridges have hypocenters less than 20 km deep, may occur along the axis of the ridge due to normal faulting or magma intrusions, may occur along steep faults away from the ridge axis as the new crust cools and bends, and may be due to strike-slip motion along transform faults.

Earthquakes related to mid-ocean ridges are generally caused by faults, magma intrusions, and movements, leading to tremors, shaking, and other related activities. Earthquakes related to mid-ocean ridges can occur due to a variety of reasons, including normal faulting and magma intrusions, along with steep faults away from the ridge axis. Moreover, some of the earthquakes can be due to the strike-slip motion along the transform faults that are present in the area. Most of these earthquakes have hypocenters less than 20 km deep, and they are not always along the ridge itself.

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Answer:

Explanation:

CBD, inner city, suburbs, and rural-urban fringe are all terms used to describe different types of urban areas. Here are the differences between them:

CBD: The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial and economic centre of a city. It is typically located in the downtown area and is characterized by tall buildings, high population density, and a concentration of commercial and business activities.

Inner city: The inner city is the older and often more densely populated area surrounding the CBD. It is typically characterized by older buildings, lower-income residents, and higher crime rates.

Suburbs: Suburbs are residential areas located outside of the city centre. They are typically characterized by low population density, single-family homes, and a higher standard of living. Suburbs are often seen as more desirable places to live due to their quieter atmosphere and access to green spaces.

Rural-urban fringe: The rural-urban fringe is the transitional area between the city and the surrounding countryside. It is characterized by low-density development, a mix of residential and agricultural land uses, and a growing interest in sustainable living.

In summary, CBDs are the commercial and economic centre of a city, inner cities are the older and often more densely populated area surrounding the CBD, suburbs are residential areas located outside of the city centre, and rural-urban fringe is the transitional area between the city and the surrounding countryside.

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Answer: 1 Mansa Sulaiman was a ruler of the Mali Empire during the 14th century, and his palace was known for its impressive architecture and grandeur. Visitors to his palace would have been impressed by the intricate designs and artwork, as well as the vast courtyards and gardens.

2 Griots, Ancestor worship, Divination, and Social hierarchies

3 Hospitality: Ibn Battuta noted that the people of Mali were very hospitable and generous. He wrote about the elaborate welcome ceremony that he received when he arrived in Mali, which included a procession of horses and a large group of people who came to greet him. He also mentioned that the people of Mali were very generous with their gifts and would often offer him food, clothing, and other items as a sign of respect and hospitality.

Dress: Ibn Battuta commented on the clothing worn by the people of Mali. He noted that the wealthy people of Mali wore garments made of fine cotton or silk, while the common people wore clothing made of animal hides or coarse cloth. He also observed that many people in Mali wore a type of hat made from the skin of a certain animal, which was considered a symbol of status.

Music and Entertainment: Ibn Battuta observed that the people of Mali were very fond of music and entertainment. He wrote about the griots, who were highly respected musicians and storytellers, and the elaborate musical performances that he witnessed during his travels. He also noted that the people of Mali enjoyed other forms of entertainment, such as wrestling matches and camel races.

4 The process of learning the Qur'an was very structured and disciplined. Students would begin by learning the Arabic alphabet and basic grammar, and then move on to memorizing short passages from the Qur'an. As they progressed, they would memorize longer and more complex passages, until they had memorized the entire text of the Qur'an.

The teaching methods used in these schools emphasized repetition and recitation, with students often memorizing passages by repeating them out loud over and over again. The students would also receive instruction in the proper pronunciation and intonation of the Arabic language, so that they could recite the Qur'an with proper reverence and respect.

5 a. While Ibn Battuta generally had positive things to say about the people of Mali, there were a few aspects that he found unfavorable. One of the main criticisms that he had was with the hygiene practices of the people. He noted that they did not use soap when washing themselves, and that they did not use toilet paper when going to the bathroom. He also found the practice of polygamy to be somewhat problematic, as it often led to family disputes and conflicts.

b. Ibn Battuta had a few criticisms of the customs and practices of Mali as well. One of the main issues that he had was with the practice of animal sacrifice, which he found to be cruel and unnecessary. He also criticized the custom of circumcision, which was commonly practiced in Mali at the time. He felt that the procedure was performed in a crude and unsanitary manner, and that it was often unnecessarily painful for the boys who underwent it. Finally, he expressed some discomfort with the clothing worn by some of the women in Mali, which he felt was immodest and revealed too much of the body.

6 As a devout Muslim, Ibn Battuta's own religious convictions may have influenced his opinion of the people of Mali. For example, he may have been more critical of practices or customs that he felt were not in accordance with Islamic teachings or values. He may have also been more impressed by those aspects of Malian society that were more closely aligned with his own religious beliefs.

For example, Ibn Battuta may have been impressed by the religious devotion of the people of Mali, who were primarily Muslim at the time of his travels. He may have admired their commitment to learning the Qur'an and their adherence to Islamic rituals and practices. On the other hand, he may have been critical of practices or customs that he felt were inconsistent with Islamic teachings, such as the use of animal sacrifice or the practice of polygamy.

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The main causes of the decrease in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, thus avoiding a runaway warming, were ocean absorption of CO2, chemical weathering, and limestone and dolomite deposition in oceans. The correct option is D: "all of the above."

The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that, from 720 to 635 million years ago, the Earth's surface was completely or almost entirely covered in ice and glaciers. This is the period when our planet was subjected to its most extreme ice age. Then, it is supposed that, in a span of just a few thousand years, this snowball Earth scenario was transformed into a planet that was much warmer than today's.

This was caused by the rapid increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which caused a greenhouse effect that kept heat trapped in the Earth's atmosphere. The runaway warming was prevented by various mechanisms that led to a decrease in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. These mechanisms are as follows:

All of the above-mentioned mechanisms contributed to a decrease in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, thus avoiding a runaway warming.

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Average temperature and annual precipitation are the primary determinants of the terrestrial biome that will develop in a given region. These factors can also play a role in the distribution of biomes.

Terrestrial biomes are ecosystems that exist on land, and they are characterized by the dominant plant life and climatic conditions. The temperature and precipitation patterns are important determinants of the type of biome that will form in a given area.The different types of terrestrial biomes include tundra, taiga, temperate forests, tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, and grasslands. Each of these biomes has distinct vegetation, temperature range, and precipitation patterns.

However, other factors can play a role in the distribution of biomes. These include soil type, topography, and the presence of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. Soil type can affect the nutrient availability, and hence the type of vegetation that can grow in an area. The topography can also affect temperature and precipitation patterns, which can influence the type of biome that will form.

In conclusion, while temperature and precipitation are the primary determinants of the type of terrestrial biome that will form in a given area, other factors can also play a role. These factors can affect the availability of nutrients and water, as well as the temperature and precipitation patterns.

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The type of sediment particles that have worn surfaces and rounded corners are typically clastic sediment particles.

Clastic sediment particles are made up of pre-existing rock fragments that have been eroded and transported by wind, water, or ice. During transportation, these particles collide with each other and with other objects, causing them to break and wear down, resulting in their characteristic rounded shape and smooth surfaces. Sorted and unsorted sediment particles can both be clastic, but sorting refers to the degree of uniformity in the size of the particles, rather than their shape. Dissolved particles, on the other hand, are usually ions that are dissolved in water and do not have a physical shape.

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The humid subtropical climate dominates the southeastern United States.

Humid subtropical climate is a type of climate that is characterized by hot and humid summers and mild to cool winters. This climate is found on the eastern side of the continents and is located between the latitudes of 20° and 35° north and south of the equator.

The humid subtropical climate is a type of climate found in the southeastern United States (option B).

Characteristics of the humid subtropical climate are:

Hot summers with high humidity, Mild to cool winters, Moderate rainfall throughout the year Distinct summer rainfall, Maximum rainfall during the summer months (June to September)Moderate risk of hurricanes due to location.

The humid subtropical climate is found on the eastern side of the continents and is located between the latitudes of 20° and 35° north and south of the equator. It is a type of climate found in the southeastern United States.

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Gradient wind balance is primarily applicable in the atmosphere, when the atmospheric flow pattern is characterized by gradient flow.

Gradient flow describes the atmospheric inflow pattern in which wind  haste increases and direction changes with  adding  altitude. This type of inflow is characterized by vertical and  perpendicular pressure  slants created by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the Sun. In this type of inflow, the pressure  grade force and the Coriolis force are the main

forces that affect the wind. The pressure grade force is responsible for creating the wind, and the Coriolis force is responsible for the wind’s direction and speed. The balance between these two forces is known as the  grade wind balance, and it determines the wind speed and direction of the air currents at any given altitude.

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Metamorphism is the process by which sedimentary rock is transformed into metamorphic rock, and several changes can occur during this transformation.

The following are possible changes that can occur when a sedimentary rock is metamorphosed to become a metamorphic rock:                                                                                                                                                                  Rock texture may change (e.g., quartz grains may grow together)

Minerals present may change (e.g., mica may be created where clay existed)

Crystals of minerals may become larger with higher-grade metamorphism

The rock melts completely and then recrystallizes

Therefore, the correct answer is that multiple changes may occur to a sedimentary rock as it metamorphoses to become metamorphic rock. The minerals present may change, the rock texture may change, crystals of minerals may become larger with higher grade metamorphism, and the rock may melt completely and then recrystallize.

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Water vapor is the major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases.

Water vapor is a product of the melting of hydrous minerals and is the most abundant  unpredictable  element in magmas. It's an important  element of  numerous  volcanic gases and can  regard for over to 90 of the total gas volume. Water vapor is a  crucial  element of explosive eruptions, as it can significantly increase the  density of magma and

reduce the pressure of the  girding atmosphere, leading to explosive release of  feasts and magma. When water vapor is released from magma, it can carry with it other volatiles,  similar as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, which are important  factors of  volcanic eruptions.

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The flow of the Atlantic Gulf Stream has a huge impact on the climate of Ireland. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream flow northward and help to warm the Irish climate, making it milder than it would otherwise be.

This warm flow of water helps to moderate the temperature, allowing temperatures to remain higher in winter and cooler in summer than other parts of Europe. This also means that Ireland receives more rainfall than other parts of Europe and is more prone to stormy weather.

Ireland's mild climate is ideal for agriculture, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown and for more animals to be raised. The Gulf Stream also has an influence on the formation of the Irish Sea, which helps to protect Ireland from the worst of the Atlantic storms. All in all, the flow of the Atlantic Gulf Stream has had a huge positive impact on the climate of Ireland, making it much more hospitable for life.

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The width of the intertidal zone is determined by the tidal range. Tidal flats are habitats that are submerged and exposed by the daily tidal fluctuation.

This zone of the coast is the most environmentally complex and biologically diverse part of the oceanic littoral zone. It is a habitat that is in contact with both the marine and terrestrial environments. The intertidal zone is a highly dynamic environment that is influenced by the tides, currents, waves, and storms that interact with the coastline.

As a result of the sea level changes, the intertidal zone experiences periods of submersion and exposure.In comparison to the more stable marine and terrestrial zones, the intertidal zone has greater variations in temperature, salinity, and water content. The types of organisms that are found in the intertidal zone are primarily determined by the environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and water content. The intertidal zone has a highly specialized and unique fauna that is adapted to the harsh environmental conditions.

Some of the organisms that are found in the intertidal zone include seaweeds, barnacles, mollusks, and crabs. Tidal range refers to the difference in height between the high and low tides. The width of the intertidal zone depends on the tidal range. A large tidal range implies a greater difference between the high and low tides. This creates a larger intertidal zone. A small tidal range indicates a lesser difference between the high and low tides, resulting in a narrower intertidal zone.

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The name of the site where slippage begins and earthquake waves radiate outward is called the: hypocenter.

What is an earthquake?

An earthquake is a violent shaking of the earth that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from the earth's crust. Most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust.

What is the hypocenter?

The hypocenter is the place where an earthquake starts, deep beneath the surface of the earth. It is the point of origin of the seismic waves that radiate outward from the earthquake's epicenter. The hypocenter is located beneath the surface of the earth, and its depth can vary from just a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers deep.

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Answer:

The correct answer is D. mountains

Mountains are the ideal solution in this case which is a barrier.

The Pacific Mountain System is a group of mountain ranges that stretches from northwest Mexico to northern British Columbia along the Pacific Ocean coast of North America. They cross into Canada from the north and extend across the United States for about 4,500 miles (7,250 km).

Eight sections can be made from the ranges. roughly speaking, south to north.

The Pacific mountain system was created as a result of the movement of tectonic plates.

This movement has folded, faulted, and intruded with molten rock the coastal mountains from the Queen Charlotte Islands southward to southern California.

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Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking is drilling method used to extract Petroleum ( oil ) or Natural Gas from deep in earth. Fracturing is used to simplify the extraction of oil and natural gas in porous and permeable rock     by stimulating the flow of fluid.

Since unconventional oil and natural gas is often trapped inside porous and rocks with low permeability such as shale. Pathway must be manually created for the fluids to flow through the rocks and into the wells. Before the widespread use of hydraulic fracturing drilling companies would drill several wells into the rocks in an attempt to free the oil and gas trapped within it. This method  is not efficient as the wells ae still not able to cover a large volume of rocks . Hydraulic fracturing is a solution to this platform and is done after the drilling process.

To fracture the well , a fluid known  as fracking  fluid is pumped into  a wellbore  creating enough pressure to fracture the rock . This fluid is mostly water containing chemicals and sand. The sand in the fluid is known as a proppant and holds the crack open so that oil and gas  can escape.

The injection of this fluid breaks  a small amount of the rock that surrounds each other. This then increases the volume of rock that gas or oil can be extracted.

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