calculate the maximum mass of the sodium soap that can be prepared from 195 g of glyceryl trimyristate.

Answer:

30.7 grams

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine gas is:

2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl

The molar mass of sodium is 22.99 g/mol, and the molar mass of chlorine gas is 70.90 g/mol. Using these values, we can calculate the number of moles of each reactant:

Moles of sodium = 41.24 g / 22.99 g/mol = 1.794 mol

Moles of chlorine gas = 18.69 g / 70.90 g/mol = 0.263 mol

According to the balanced equation, the reaction uses two moles of sodium for every one mole of chlorine gas. Therefore, the limiting reactant is chlorine gas, and we can calculate the maximum amount of sodium chloride that can be formed:

Moles of NaCl = 0.263 mol Cl2 × (2 mol NaCl / 1 mol Cl2) = 0.526 mol NaCl

Convert moles of NaCl to grams:

Grams of NaCl = 0.526 mol NaCl × 58.44 g/mol = 30.7 g

The amount of sodium chloride that could potentially be formed is 30.4 grams.

To determine how many grams of sodium chloride could potentially be formed, we first need to balance the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine gas:

2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl

This equation shows that two moles of sodium react with one mole of chlorine gas to produce two moles of sodium chloride. We can use the given masses of sodium and chlorine gas to determine how many moles of each are present:

Molar mass of Na = 22.99 g/mol
Molar mass of Cl2 = 70.90 g/mol

Moles of Na = 41.24 g / 22.99 g/mol = 1.79 mol
Moles of Cl2 = 18.69 g / 70.90 g/mol = 0.26 mol

Since two moles of sodium react with one mole of chlorine gas, we can see that there is not enough chlorine gas present to react with all of the sodium. Therefore, chlorine gas is the limiting reactant in this reaction.

The amount of sodium chloride that could potentially be formed is limited by the amount of chlorine gas, so we need to calculate how many moles of sodium chloride can be formed from the available amount of chlorine gas:

Moles of NaCl = 0.26 mol Cl2 × (2 mol NaCl / 1 mol Cl2) = 0.52 mol NaCl

Finally, we can convert the moles of sodium chloride to grams using its molar mass:

Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol

Mass of NaCl = 0.52 mol × 58.44 g/mol = 30.4 g

Therefore, the maximum amount of sodium chloride that could potentially be formed is 30.4 grams.

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The only additional step required in the calculation of pH for a weak base solution is the calculation of the concentration of hydroxide ions using the Kb value.

The equilibrium expression for the dissociation of a weak base, B, can be written as:

B + H₂O ⇌ BH+ + OH-

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is called the base dissociation constant, Kb. Like the acid dissociation constant, Ka, the Kb can be used to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution.

The relationship between the Kb and the Ka of the conjugate acid of the weak base can be expressed as:

Kw = Ka × Kb

where Kw is the ion product constant for water, which is equal to 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.

By using the Kb value and the initial concentration of the weak base, the concentration of OH- can be calculated. Then, the pH of the solution can be determined using the same equation as for a weak acid:

[tex]pH= pKa + log(\frac{[A-]}{[HA]} )[/tex]

where A- is the conjugate base of the weak acid, and HA is the weak acid itself.

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The incorrect statement about simple distillation is: "the distillate is heated in the still pot." In fact, it is the mixture that is heated in the still pot, not the distillate. Simple distillation is a process used to separate components of a mixture with different boiling points.

In the distillation apparatus, the still pot contains the mixture to be separated. When this mixture is heated, components with lower boiling points evaporate first. The vapors then rise and pass through the still head, which is immediately above the still pot.

The receiving flask, on the other hand, remains unheated. Its purpose is to collect the condensed liquid, known as the distillate. As the vapors cool down, they condense and drip into the still receiver, which is connected to the still head.

Vapor condensation in the still receiver allows the separated component to be collected in its pure form, while other components with higher boiling points remain in the still pot.

In summary, simple distillation involves heating a mixture in the still pot, allowing the vapors to rise through the still head, and condensing the vapors in the still receiver to collect the distillate. The incorrect statement is that the distillate is heated in the still pot, as it is actually the mixture that is heated.

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The volume occupied by a 10 g sample of nitrogen gas at 25°C and 1.0 atm pressure is 8.61 L.

To calculate the volume occupied by a 10 g sample of nitrogen gas at 25°C and 1.0 atm pressure, we need to use the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we need to determine the number of moles of nitrogen gas present in the 10 g sample. To do this, we divide the mass by the molar mass of nitrogen:

n = m/M = 10 g / 28 g/mol = 0.357 mol

Next, we convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

Now we can plug in the values and solve for V:

V = nRT/P = (0.357 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(298.15 K)/(1.0 atm) = 8.61 L

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Answer:

As more force glider moves faster

Answer:

Explanation:

a

The equation showing the fusion of Li-7 atom with a H-3 atom to form a Be-8 atom and some number of neutrons is:

Li-7 + H-3 → Be-8 + n

The neutrons produced in the fusion reaction carry away excess energy and help to stabilize the beryllium-8 nucleus that is formed. They may also go on to participate in further fusion reactions.

Some of the challenges associated with achieving nuclear fusion on Earth include the need to create and maintain the high temperatures and pressures required for fusion reactions to occur, the difficulty of confining and controlling the hot plasma that is produced, and the potential hazards associated with the release of large amounts of energy in a relatively short amount of time.

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Wide melting point range: Impure sample

Narrow melting point range : Pure sample

A wide melting point range is known as the range of more than 5°C  which usually indicates that the substance is impure.  A narrow melting point range is known as the range of 0.5 to 2°C which usually indicates that the substance is fairly pure. It explains the impurities effect on the Melting Point. A wide melting point is used as a indicator of purity as there is a general lowering and broadening of the melting range as impurities increase.

A narrow melting point range is defined as the range which suggests a pure sample with one compound when a wide melting point range suggests an impure sample with multiple compounds. Through the wide melting point and narrow melting point range observation of a sample it can provide an indication of whether the sample is pure or impure with multiple compounds present.

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Option C). The correct statement about a chemical equilibrium is that "forward and reverse reactions happen at equal rates."

What is a chemical equilibrium, A chemical equilibrium refers to a dynamic process that happens when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. In this case, the concentration of reactants and products will remain constant, and the system is said to be in chemical equilibrium.

The chemical equilibrium is represented by the following equation.   aA + bB  ↔ cC + dD

Which statement about a chemical equilibrium is correct, The statement about a chemical equilibrium that is correct is that forward and reverse reactions happen at equal rates.

This means that the concentration of products and reactants will remain constant. If the concentration of reactants and products changes, the reaction system will respond to reach the state of equilibrium.

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The process involves burning coal is used to make nearly half of the electricity in the United States.

By burning coal in a boiler to make steam, coal-fired power plants produce electricity. Under tremendous pressure, the produced steam enters a turbine, which spins a generator to generate electricity. The steam is then cooled, dense back into the water, and got back to the kettle to begin the interaction once again.

At the moment, coal provides the majority of the world's electricity. The primary source remains for many nations.

Fossil fuel power plants generate heat by burning oil or coal, which is then used to create steam that powers turbines that generate electricity.

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A Bohr-Rutherford diagram is a simplified visual representation of the atomic structure of an element. It is named after Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford.

In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram, the nucleus of the atom is represented by a small circle in the center, and the electrons are shown as circles orbiting the nucleus in distinct energy levels or shells. The electrons in the innermost shell are closest to the nucleus and have the lowest energy level, while the electrons in the outermost shell have the highest energy level.

The number of electrons in each shell is determined by the element's atomic number. For example, hydrogen, which has an atomic number of 1, has one electron in its sole shell, while carbon, with an atomic number of 6, has two electrons in its inner shell and four electrons in its outer shell.

The Bohr-Rutherford diagram for fluorine (green) and hydrogen fluoride (purple) are shown.

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The volume (ml) of HCl solution at pH 1.52 that can be neutralized with a given amount of CaCO₃ is 17.87 mL

We want to determine the volume of HCl that can be neutralized with a given amount of CaCO₃.

First we will write the chemical equation for the reaction i.e.

2HCl + CaCO₃ → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

This means that now 1 mole of CaCO₃, 2 moles of HCl are needed to neutralize.

Mass = 27.0 mg = 0.027 g Using the formula,

mol = mass / molar mass

∴ CaCO₃ mol present =

CaCO₃ mol present = 0.00026977 mol

Since 2 mol HCl is required, 2 mol HCl 70 mol CaCO₃ must be neutralized 20. of CaCO₃ 444 0.00053954 mol HCl

∴ CaCO₃ needs to be neutralized 0.00053954 mol HCl Now for the volume of HCl solution at pH 1.

52 required.

We will first determine the HCl concentration = 10^(-1.52)

[H⁺] = 0.

0302 M

∴ HCl concentration 0.0302 M

Now, for the volume using the formula,

Volume = mol/concentration

Required HCl Volume = 0.01787 L

Hence, the volume in milliliters (mL) of an HCl solution with a pH of 1.52 that can be neutralized by the given CaCO₃ is 17.87 mL.

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To calculate the pH of the buffer, we first need to find the concentration of NH4+ and NH3 in the solution.

The dissociation of NH4Cl in water is as follows:

NH4Cl → NH4+ + Cl-

Since NH4Cl is a strong electrolyte, it dissociates completely in water, and the concentration of NH4+ in solution is the same as the initial concentration of NH4Cl:

[ NH4+ ] = 0.250 M

The reaction between NH3 and water is as follows:

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

The base dissociation constant for ammonia (Kb) is 1.8 x 10^-5. We can use this value to find the concentration of NH3 and OH- in the solution.

Let x be the concentration of NH3 in the solution. Then, the concentration of NH4+ will be 0.250 M - x (since NH4+ and NH3 are in equilibrium). The concentration of OH- can be calculated using the Kb value:

Kb = [ NH4+ ][ OH- ] / [ NH3 ]

1.8 x 10^-5 = (0.250 M - x) x / (0.250 M)

x = 0.0564 M (concentration of NH3)

[ OH- ] = Kb x / [ NH4+ ]

[ OH- ] = (1.8 x 10^-5) (0.0564 M) / (0.250 M - 0.0564 M)

[ OH- ] = 4.37 x 10^-6 M

Since this is a basic solution, the pH can be calculated using the pOH equation:

pOH = -log [ OH- ]

pOH = -log (4.37 x 10^-6)

pOH = 5.36

The pH can be found by subtracting the pOH from 14:

pH = 14 - pOH

pH = 14 - 5.36

pH = 8.64

Therefore, the pH of the buffer is 8.64.

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The pH of the resulting solution = 1.05

an assessment of the acidity or basicity of an item or solution. Calculations are made for pH on a range of 0 to 14. On this scale, a pH of 7 indicates neutral, which means that it is neither acidic nor basic. The pH scale ranges from greater than 7 for more basic chemicals to less than 7 for more acidic ones. You need to know the hydronium ion concentration in moles per liter to determine the pH of an aqueous solution (molarity).

Given,

Volume of NaOH V1 = 40ml

M1 = 0.04m

Volume of nitric acid V2 = 50

M2 = 0.04M

[tex]concentration ofH^{+} = [H ^{+} ]= \frac{M1V1-M2V2}{V1+V2}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{(40)(0.25)-(50)(0.04) }{40+50}[/tex]

= 10-2/90

= 8/90

pH → -log[H+}

     = [tex]Log_{10}[ \frac{8}{90}][/tex]

pH = -(-1.051)

pH = 1.05

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"Ace chemists discovered the process" is generally the best style for interesting writing based on what has been covered in the text as well as the power points. Option B is correct.

This sentence uses active voice, which is generally considered more engaging and interesting than passive voice. It is also concise and clear in its message, avoiding unnecessary words like "responsible for" and "was made by".

"Ace chemists" is a phrase that refers to highly skilled or exceptional chemists. The term "ace" is often used informally to describe someone who is excellent or skilled in a particular field or activity. In the context of chemistry, "ace chemists" may refer to chemists who have made significant contributions to the field or who have exceptional skills and knowledge.

Hence, B. is the correct option.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Select the sentence that generally is the best style for interesting writing based on what has been covered in the text and the power points. group of answer choices A) the process was discovered by ace chemists. B) ace chemists discovered the process. C) ace chemists were responsible for discovering the process. D) discovery of this process was made by ace chemists."--

Answer:

The wavelength of the line in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom is 102.57 nm.

The line in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom that results from the electron moving from the orbital with n = 5 to the orbital with n = 2 has a wavelength of 434 nanometers (nm).

The hydrogen atom is the most fundamental form of hydrogen. There is one proton, one electron, and no neutrons in the hydrogen atom. It's the lightest element on the periodic table, and it's also the most abundant. The symbol for hydrogen is H. It is the element that is present everywhere in the cosmos.

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The IUPAC names of the organic compounds are as follows:

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds is a system of naming organic chemical compounds according to a set of rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

The basic rules of the IUPAC nomenclature system involve identifying the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule (the parent chain), assigning a root name to this chain based on the number of carbon atoms, and adding prefixes or suffixes to indicate functional groups and other substituents.

Stereochemistry (the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space) is also taken into account when naming compounds.

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Motion can help us in lot of ways.

Motion ensures that blood flows into our bodies.

It enhances the person's mood, ensures a healthy body, healthier bones and healthier lifestyle.

A well-organized argumentative essay will have each paragraph contain a distinct topic phrase, a logical progression of ideas and arguments, and proper citation and analysis of the supporting documentation.

The argumentative essay might be structured in one of two ways. The first strategy is to create all of your own arguments before opposing and disproving theirs. The second tactic is to take each point put out by your opponent and refute it on its own.

There are three different methods for structuring the points of an argument: the Toulmin Method, the Classical Method, and the Rogerian Way.

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The first law of thermodynamics, also referred to as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy can only be transferred or converted from one form to another and cannot be produced or destroyed.

This implies that the overall level of energy in a confined system doesn't change.

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

This indicates that even though energy can change its form, the overall amount in a closed system stays constant. An automobile, for instance, has kinetic energy when it is moving, but when it stops, the brakes of the vehicle transform that kinetic energy into heat energy.

A similar transformation occurs when a light bulb is switched on from electrical energy to light energy.

In conclusion, the first rule of thermodynamics states that although energy can change forms and is always conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed.

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Since Q > Ksp, a precipitate forms in the mixed solution. The precipitate is calcium fluoride ([tex]CaF_{2}[/tex]).

A solution containing sodium fluoride is mixed with one containing calcium nitrate to form a solution that is 0.015 M in NaF and 0.010 M in [tex]Ca(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex]. To determine if a precipitate forms in the mixed solution, follow these steps:

1. Write the possible reaction between the ions in the solution: NaF (aq) + [tex]Ca(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex] (aq) → [tex]NaNO_{3}[/tex] (aq) + [tex]CaF_{2}[/tex] (s)

2. Identify the solubility rules for the potential products. Sodium nitrate ( [tex]NaNO_{3}[/tex]) is soluble because nitrates are generally soluble. Calcium fluoride ( [tex]CaF_{2}[/tex]) may be insoluble, as fluorides often have limited solubility.

3. Calculate the ion product (Q) and compare it with the solubility product constant (Ksp) of  [tex]CaF_{2}[/tex]. If Q > Ksp, a precipitate will form. Q = [tex][Ca_{2+}][F-]^{2}[/tex]. The concentrations of ions in the mixed solution are: [[tex]Ca_{2+}[/tex]] = 0.010 M (from [tex]Ca(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex]) [F-] = 0.015 M (from NaF)

So, Q = (0.010) × ([tex]0.015^{2}[/tex]) = 2.25 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] The Ksp of  [tex]CaF_{2}[/tex] is 3.9 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex].

4. Compare Q with Ksp: Q (2.25 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]) is greater than Ksp (3.9 ×  [tex]10^{-11}[/tex]).

Since Q > Ksp, a precipitate forms in the mixed solution. The precipitate is calcium fluoride (  [tex]CaF_{2}[/tex]).

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The given statement "A change in the concentration of the reactant or the product do not change keq" will be false. Because a change in the concentration of a reactant or product will change the value of Keq.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will respond in a way that partially counteracts the stress and reestablishes equilibrium. Changes in the concentration of a reactant or product will alter the concentrations of all species present in the reaction, and thus will disturb the equilibrium.

For example, if the concentration of a reactant is increased, the reaction will shift towards the product side to partially counteract the increase in the concentration of the reactant. This will result in an increase in the concentration of products and a decrease in the concentration of reactants. As a result, the value of Keq will change to reflect the new equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products.

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The pH of a solution that is made when 0.10 l of 0.24 m benzoic acid and 3.00g of sodium benzoate (molar mass = 144.11 g/mol) are added together is: 1.74.

To calculate the pH of a solution made by mixing 0.10 L of 0.24 M benzoic acid and 3.00 g of sodium benzoate, we need to determine the concentration of benzoic acid and benzoate ion in the mixture. Then, we can use the acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid to calculate the pH of the solution.

Step-by-step solution:

First, we need to calculate the amount of sodium benzoate added to the solution.

Number of moles of sodium benzoate = mass of sodium benzoate / molar mass of sodium benzoate

= 3.00 g / 144.11 g/mol

= 0.0208 mol

Now, we need to calculate the amount of benzoic acid added to the solution. Since we know the volume and concentration of benzoic acid, we can  use the formula:

C = n / V

where,

C = concentration of benzoic acid

n = number of moles of benzoic acid

V = volume of solution in liters

Substituting the given values, we get,

0.24 M = n / 0.10 L

n = 0.024 mol

Therefore, the total number of moles of benzoic acid and benzoate ion in the solution are:

0.024 mol (benzoic acid) + 0.0208 mol (benzoate ion) = 0.0448 mol

Now, we can calculate the molarity of benzoate ion in the solution.

Molarity of benzoate ion = moles of benzoate ion / volume of solution in liters

= 0.0208 mol / 0.10 L

= 0.208 M

Molarity of benzoic acid in the solution is still 0.24 M since it is a weak acid and does not fully ionize in water. Now, we can use the acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid to calculate the pH of the solution.

The acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid is given by the following equation:

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+] / [C6H5COOH]

where,

Ka = 6.5 × 10^-5

[C6H5COO-] = concentration of benzoate ion (M)

[C6H5COOH] = concentration of benzoic acid (M)

H3O+ = concentration of hydronium ion

We know the concentrations of benzoic acid and benzoate ion, but we need to calculate the concentration of hydronium ion. This can be done using the following formula:

Kw = [H3O+][OH-]

where,

Kw = 1.0 × 10^-14 (at 25°C)

Since the solution is neutral, the concentration of hydronium ion is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ion.

Concentration of hydroxide ion = Kw / [H3O+]

= 1.0 × 10^-14 / [H3O+]

We can substitute this value of [OH-] in the equation for Ka.

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+] / [C6H5COOH]

= [0.208 M][H3O+] / [0.24 M]

= 1.73 × 10^-5

[H3O+] = sqrt(Ka × [C6H5COOH] / [C6H5COO-])

= sqrt(6.5 × 10^-5 × 0.24 / 0.208)= 0.018 M

Now, we can calculate the pH of the solution using the formula:
pH = -log[H3O+]= -log(0.018)= 1.74

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Full Question

an unknown compound has the formula . you burn 0.2236 g of the compound and isolate 0.5459 g of and 0.2235 g of . what is the empirical formula of the

The speed of proton is [tex]2.99 x 10^5 m/s[/tex]. The direction of the electric field should be perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the velocity vector of the proton.

(a) To calculate the speed of the proton, we can use the formula:

v = (q x r x B) / m

where v is the speed, q is the charge of the proton[tex](1.6 x 10^-19 C)[/tex], r is the radius (0.051 m), B is the magnetic field (0.725 T), and m is the mass of the proton [tex](1.67 x 10^-27 kg)[/tex].

[tex]v = (1.6 x 10^-19 C * 0.051 m * 0.725 T) / (1.67 x 10^-27 kg)[/tex]
[tex]v ≈ 2.99 x 10^5 m/s[/tex]

The direction of the proton's movement depends on the orientation of the magnetic field. If the magnetic field is pointing into the page, the proton will move counterclockwise; if the magnetic field is pointing out of the page, the proton will move clockwise.

(b) To make the proton continue in a straight line path, we need an electric field that will balance the magnetic force. The force due to the electric field can be found using:

F = q x E

The force due to the magnetic field can be found using:

F = q x v x B

Since these forces must be equal, we can set them equal to each other:

q x E = q  x v x B

E = v x B

[tex]E = 2.99 x 10^5 m/s × 0.725 T[/tex]
[tex]E ≈ 2.17 x 10^5 N/C[/tex]

The direction of the electric field should be perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the velocity vector of the proton. If the magnetic field is pointing into the page, the electric field should point downward; if the magnetic field is pointing out of the page, the electric field should point upward.

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The amount of oxygen diffused in 1 hour under the steady state condition through a non diffusing gas mixture of methane is 0.14076 K mole/hr.m2. This is calculated using the expression of Molar flux.

The molar flux = [tex]DA_{M}[/tex] * [tex]P_{t}[/tex]* ([tex]P_{A1}[/tex] - [tex]P_{A2}[/tex]) / [tex]RTZP_{BM}[/tex]

[tex]PB_{M}[/tex] =([tex]P_{B2}[/tex]- [tex]P_{B1}[/tex])/ ln ([tex]P_{B2}[/tex]/ [tex]P_{B1}[/tex])

[tex]P_{B2}[/tex]= 105- 13*103   = 87*103  N/m2, [tex]P_{B2}[/tex]= 105- 6500= 93.5*103 N/m2

[tex]PB_{M}[/tex]=   (87*1000- 93.5*1000)/ ln (87/93.5)= 90200 N/m2

[tex]DA_{M}[/tex]  =  Diffusivity of oxygen into mixture of  Methane and hydrogen

          =  (yCH4/[tex]DA_{B}[/tex] + yH2/[tex]DA_{C}[/tex])

Since  volume ratio of Methane to hydrogen is 2:1

y[tex]CH_{4}[/tex]= 2/3 and y[tex]H_{2}[/tex]= 1/3

[tex]DA_{B}[/tex]= 1.86*10-5 m2/sec   and [tex]DA_{C}[/tex] =  7*10-5 m2/sec

[tex]DA_{C}[/tex]= 1/ (0.667/1.86*10-5+ 0.333/7*10-5) =2.462*10-5

[tex]N_{A}[/tex] = 2.462*10-5*(13000-6500)/ 8314*273*0.002*90200

     =  3.91*10-5 K mole/m2.s

for 1  hour  NA= 3.91*10-5*3600 Kmolm2 =0.14076 K mole/hr.m2

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The correct question is,

calculate the amount of oxygen diffused in 1 hour under steady state conditions through a non-diffusing gas mixture of methane

The pH of the buffer solution is relatively stable and does not change significantly upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

The pH of a buffer solution is determined by the equilibrium between a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.  When water is added to a buffer solution, the concentration of the buffer components does not change, and the ratio of the weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid remains constant. Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution remains unchanged.

However, the addition of large amounts of water can dilute the buffer solution and cause a slight increase in pH due to the decrease in concentration of the buffer components. This effect is more pronounced in weaker buffer solutions. Therefore, in general, the pH of a buffer solution will remain relatively stable upon the addition of small amounts of water, but may increase slightly with the addition of large amounts of water.

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A total of 1,000 to 100,000 million metric tons of carbon are thought to pass annually through the biological route. Around 65,500 billion billion metric tonnes of the Earth's carbon are trapped in rocks.

In the slow carbon cycle, carbon moves through rocks, soil, oceans, and the atmosphere over a period of 100–200 million years through a series of chemical reactions and tectonic activity. The annual average for the slow carbon cycle is [tex]10^{13}[/tex] to [tex]10^{14}[/tex] grammes (10100 million metric tons) of carbon. In contrast, the rapid carbon cycle transfers [tex]10^{16}[/tex] to [tex]10^{17}[/tex] grammes of carbon every year, but human emissions of carbon to the atmosphere are on the order of 1015 grammes.

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Test 1 and 2 take us to the conclusion that PbCl2 and AgCl precipitate in the first test. SnCl4 and SnS2, both of which are extremely soluble, are present in greater amounts in the second.

This study takes into account the acidity. Except for Pb2+, Ag+, and Hg2+ for chlorides and Sr+2, Ba+2, Pb+2, and Hg+2 for sulfides, the chlorides and sulfides groups are largely soluble.

In the first instance, the HCl content is very high. It implies that HCl reacts with all ions. Because SnCl4 and SnS2 are both very soluble in the solution, there is no reaction in the second case. With Le Chatelier, if we add more reactive, the equilibrium leans to reactive, thus there is more SnCl4.

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