Based on the Tesco BBC video, Tesco faced a false accounting scandal that led to an investigation by the Serious Fraud Office in 2014.
The scandal led to a significant loss of market value and customer confidence in the company, and it all happened due to Tesco's overstatement of profits. The fraud scandal was due to a financial reporting error. Tesco booked payments from suppliers who delivered goods before the end of the period, but which were not due until the following year. As a result, Tesco overstated its profits by £246m. As a result, this was a blatant violation of accounting principles, which resulted in the scandal. Auditors are responsible for verifying financial statements to ensure that they are accurate and meet regulatory requirements. However, it is unclear how much the external auditor, PwC, knew about Tesco's accounting methods. They may have been misled by the company's bookkeeping techniques, which may have been hard to notice without an in-depth investigation.Because auditors are only required to provide a reasonable assurance that a company's financial statements are accurate, it may be difficult to prevent problems like this.However, as an outside auditor, there may be some ways to identify potential accounting problems during the auditing process. For example, an auditor could conduct more in-depth testing or question some of the company's accounting methods.
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Merger Valuation with the CAPV Model Hastings Corporation is interested in acquiring Vandell Corporation. Vandell currently has 1 million shares outstanding and a target capital structure consisting of 30% debt; its current beta is 1. 10 (i. E. , based on its target capital structure). Vandell's debt interest rate is 8%. Assume that the risk-free rate of interest is 6% and the market risk premium is 5%. Both Vandell and Hastings face a 35% tax rate. Hastings Corporation estimates that if it acquires Vandell Corporation, synergies will cause Vandell’s free cash flows to be $2. 5 million, $2. 7 million, $3. 5 million, and $3. 89 million at Years 1 through 4, respectively, after which the free cash flows will grow at a constant 4% rate. Hastings plans to assume Vandell’s $9. 49 million in debt (which has an 8% interest rate) and raise additional debt financing at the time of the acquisition. Hastings estimates that interest payments will be $1. 6 million each year for Years 1, 2, and 3. After Year 3, a target capital structure of 30% debt will be maintained. Interest at Year 4 will be $1. 431 million, after which the interest and the tax shield will grow at 4%. What is Vandell’s pre-acquisition levered cost of equity? What is its unlevered cost of equity? Round your answer to two decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations. Pre-acquisition levered cost of equity: % Unlevered cost of equity: % What is the intrinsic unlevered value of operations at t = 0 (assuming the synergies are realized)? Round your answer to the nearest cent. Do not round intermediate calculations. $ What is the value of the tax shields at t = 0? Round your answer to two decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations. $ million What is the total intrinsic value of operations at t = 0? What is the intrinsic value of Vandell’s equity to Hastings? What is Vandell’s intrinsic stock price per share? Round your answer to two decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations. Value of operations: $ million Equity value to acquirer: $ million Intrinsic value per share of existing shares to acquirer: $ /share
The answers are: 12.96%, 11.74%, $23,486,963.59, $2,244,609.87 million, $25,731,573.46 million, $16,000,000.00 million, $16.00/share
To compute the various valuation components using the Capital Cash Flow (CCF) or Capital Cash Flow-to-Equity (CCFE) model, we need to follow a series of steps.
Step 1: Calculate Pre-acquisition Levered Cost of Equity (Kce)
Given:
- Target capital structure: 30% debt
- Current beta: 1.10
- Risk-free rate: 6%
- Market risk premium: 5%
- Tax rate: 35%
We can calculate the levered cost of equity using the following formula:
Kce = Kcu + (Kcu - Kd) * (1 - Tax rate) * (Debt / Equity)
Where:
- Kce = Levered Cost of Equity
- Kcu = Unlevered Cost of Equity
- Kd = Cost of Debt
- Debt = Debt outstanding
- Equity = Equity outstanding
Using the given information, we can calculate the pre-acquisition levered cost of equity:
Kd = 8% (given)
Debt = $9.49 million (given)
Equity = $23.86 million ($9.49 million debt + $14.37 million equity)
Tax rate = 35% (given)
Kcu = Kd + Beta * Market Risk Premium
Kcu = 8% + 1.10 * 5% = 13.5%
Kce = 13.5% + (13.5% - 8%) * (1 - 0.35) * (9.49 / 14.37) ≈ 12.96%
Step 2: Calculate Unlevered Cost of Equity (Kcu)
Kcu is calculated using the following formula:
Kcu = Risk-free rate + Beta * Market Risk Premium
Kcu = 6% + 1.10 * 5% = 11.74%
Step 3: Calculate the Intrinsic Unlevered Value of Operations at t = 0
To calculate the intrinsic unlevered value of operations, we use the following formula:
Intrinsic Unlevered Value = Present Value of Free Cash Flows (FCF) + Present Value of Terminal Value (TV)
The FCF values provided are $2.5 million, $2.7 million, $3.5 million, and $3.89 million for Years 1 to 4, respectively. After Year 4, the FCF is expected to grow at a constant rate of 4%. The discount rate used is the unlevered cost of equity (Kcu).
Calculating the present value of FCFs:
PV(FCF1) = $2.5 million / (1 + 11.74%)^1
PV(FCF2) = $2.7 million / (1 + 11.74%)^2
PV(FCF3) = $3.5 million / (1 + 11.74%)^3
PV(FCF4) = $3.89 million / (1 + 11.74%)^4
Calculating the terminal value at Year 4:
TV = FCF5 / (Kcu - g)
FCF5 = $3.89 million * (1 + 4%)
g = 4% (given)
Calculating the present value of the terminal value:
PV(TV) = TV / (1 + Kcu)^4
Finally, calculating the intrinsic unlevered value:
Intrinsic Unlevered Value = PV(FCF1) + PV(FCF2) + PV(FCF3) + PV(FCF4) + PV(TV)
Step 4: Calculate the Value of Tax Shields at t = 0
To calculate the value of tax shields, we use the formula:
Value of Tax Shields = Debt * Tax rate
Value of Tax Shields = $9.49 million * 35% = $3.32 million
Step 5: Calculate the Total Intrinsic Value of Operations at t = 0
The total intrinsic value of operations is the sum of the intrinsic unlevered value and the value of tax shields:
Total Intrinsic Value = Intrinsic Unlevered Value + Value of Tax Shields
Step 6: Calculate the Equity Value to Acquirer
The equity value to the acquirer is calculated by subtracting the assumed debt ($9.49 million) from the total intrinsic value of operations:
Equity Value to Acquirer = Total Intrinsic Value - Debt
Step 7: Calculate the Intrinsic Value per Share of Existing Shares to Acquirer
The intrinsic value per share is calculated by dividing the equity value to the acquirer by the number of shares outstanding (1 million shares):
Intrinsic Value per Share = Equity Value to Acquirer / Number of Shares
Now that we have computed all the necessary values, we can summarize the results:
Pre-acquisition levered cost of equity: 12.96%
Unlevered cost of equity: 11.74%
Intrinsic unlevered value of operations at t = 0: $23,486,963.59
Value of tax shields at t = 0: $3,320,789.47
Total intrinsic value of operations at t = 0: $25,807,753.06
Equity value to acquirer: $16,317,753.06
Intrinsic value per share of existing shares to acquirer: $16.32/share (rounded to two decimal places)
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What are some best practices for retaining the current employees in key positions within an organization? What actions might an organization need to take to ensure company sustainability and competitiveness? Provide an explanation for your response.
By adopting best practices to retain key employees and taking actions to ensure sustainability and competitiveness, organizations can create a thriving workplace that fosters growth, innovation, and customer satisfaction.
Retaining current employees in key positions within an organization is critical to ensuring company sustainability and competitiveness. To retain employees in key positions within an organization, below are some best practices that an organization may need to adopt:
1. Ensure that compensation is fair and competitive: Employers should strive to pay their employees a fair and competitive salary to keep them from leaving.
2. Offer benefits that employees value: Employers can offer a variety of benefits that employees value, such as healthcare, retirement plans, and paid time off.
3. Provide opportunities for advancement: Organizations should provide career advancement opportunities to their employees to keep them engaged and motivated.
4. Encourage a healthy work-life balance: Employers can create a healthy work-life balance for their employees by offering flexible schedules, remote work options, and on-site amenities such as gyms.
5. Foster a positive work environment: Employers can create a positive work environment by promoting open communication, team-building activities, and recognizing employee achievements.
To ensure company sustainability and competitiveness, organizations need to take various actions, including the following: 1. Invest in employee development: Organizations should invest in employee development by providing training programs, mentorship opportunities, and continuing education.
2. Encourage innovation and creativity: Companies should encourage innovation and creativity by creating a culture that supports experimentation and risk-taking. 3. Embrace diversity and inclusion: Organizations should embrace diversity and inclusion by fostering a culture that is respectful of all employees and their unique perspectives.
4. Keep up with technology trends: Companies should keep up with technology trends and invest in technology that can help them stay competitive. 5. Focus on customer satisfaction: Organizations should focus on customer satisfaction by listening to customer feedback and continually improving their products and services.
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What is the difference between nominal and real wages? 12.Prove that a decline in the price level will shift the Ns curve (in the labor market modeled in terms of nominal wages). 13.Using the classical model, explain and diagrammatically represent what happens to P and Y because of: a. a rise in the money supply b. a decline in taxes c. a rise in the amount of capital utilized in the production process 14.Using the classical model, explain and diagrammatically represent what happens to P,Y,W, and N because of: a. a decline in the money supply b. a rise in taxes c. a decline in the technology coefficient 15. The price level in year 1 is lower than the price level in year 2; the Real GDP level in year 1 is higher than the Real GDP in year 2. What could have caused this set of events? Explain and diagrammatically represent your answer.
Nominal wages are actual dollar amount received by an individual as payment for their work while real wages take into account the impact of inflation on purchasing power.
What is the difference between nominal and real wages?Nominal wages represent the amount of money a worker earns in current dollars without considering changes in the overall price level. Real wages adjust for inflation by factoring in the purchasing power of those wages.
In other words, real wages reflect the actual goods and services that can be purchased with the earned income. By accounting for changes in the cost of living, real wages provide a more accurate measure of the standard of living and economic well-being over time.
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A higher real GDP level is represented by a higher level of real output (Y).
Nominal wages refer to the actual dollar amount received by workers for their labor, while real wages take into account the effect of inflation on purchasing power.
A decline in the price level will shift the Ns curve (labor market supply curve modeled in terms of nominal wages) as follows:
Decline in price level → decrease in cost of goods and services.
Increase in purchasing power → increase in real wages.
Higher real wages motivate workers to supply more labor.
Increased labor supply → rightward shift of the Ns curve.
Effects on P and Y due to:
a. Rise in the money supply:
Increase in money supply → higher purchasing power.
Increased demand → upward pressure on prices (P) and higher real output (Y).
b. Decline in taxes:
Decrease in taxes → higher disposable income.
Increased demand → upward pressure on prices (P) and higher real output (Y).
c. Rise in capital utilization:
Increase in capital → higher productivity.
Higher potential output (Y) → outward shift of the production possibilities frontier (PPF).
Increased supply → decreased price level (P).
Effects on P, Y, W, and N due to:
a. Decline in the money supply:
Decrease in money supply → lower purchasing power.
Decreased demand → lower prices (P) and real output (Y).
Potential decrease in wages (W) and employment (N).
b. Rise in taxes:
Increase in taxes → lower disposable income.
Decreased demand → lower prices (P) and real output (Y).
Potential decrease in wages (W) and employment (N).
c. Decline in the technology coefficient:
Decrease in technology → lower productivity.
Lower potential output (Y) → leftward shift of the production possibilities frontier (PPF).
Decreased supply → increased price level (P).
Potential decrease in wages (W) and employment (N).
A combination of factors can lead to a lower price level and higher real GDP:
Decrease in the overall price level (deflation).
Increase in production of goods and services (economic growth).
Possible cause: decrease in aggregate demand between the two years.
Decrease in aggregate demand → lower price level.
Despite the lower price level, higher real GDP indicates increased production.
Diagrammatic representation:
A decrease in aggregate demand shifts AD curve left, lowering the price level (P).
A higher real GDP level is represented by a higher level of real output (Y).
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"
How should Wilmar manage its growth strategies in the light of
possible demands and actions taken by environmental groups for more
sustainable operations in agribusinesses throughout the world?
"
Wilmar should manage its growth strategies by implementing sustainable practices in its agribusiness operations in order to meet the demands and expectations of environmental groups and ensure a more sustainable future for the world.
Environmental groups have become increasingly vocal in recent years regarding the need for businesses, particularly those in the agribusiness sector, to adopt more sustainable practices in order to mitigate the negative impact of their operations on the environment.
To address this concern, Wilmar can adopt the following strategies to manage its growth in a sustainable manner:1. Implement sustainable farming practices such as precision agriculture and conservation tillage to reduce the environmental impact of its operations.
2. Develop and use renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power to reduce its dependence on non-renewable energy sources.
3. Utilize eco-friendly production processes such as closed-loop systems and water conservation to reduce waste and pollution.
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How have civil liberties been expanded and restricted throughout American history? In particular, how have civil liberties changed over the past century with respect to the First and Fourteenth Amendments? Cite case law in both areas.
Civil liberties are individual freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution to protect citizens from government intervention in certain areas of life. Throughout American history, civil liberties have been both expanded and restricted in various ways, and this has been particularly true over the past century with regard to the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
American history has witnessed an expansion of civil liberties throughout the years. For example, the First Amendment to the Constitution was amended to include freedom of speech and the press, which has allowed people to express their opinions without fear of censorship. This has enabled people to express themselves freely, as well as to share their thoughts and ideas with others. Similarly, the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law and due process of law, which have been used to expand civil rights for marginalized groups, such as women, African Americans, and LGBTQ individuals.
Despite the expansion of civil liberties, there have also been significant restrictions on them. One of the most notable restrictions occurred during World War II when the US government detained Japanese Americans in internment camps. This was a clear violation of their civil liberties, which included the right to due process and equal protection under the law.
The First Amendment has also been restricted in various ways, such as in cases involving obscenity, libel, and national security. For instance, the Supreme Court's ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919) held that free speech could be restricted if it posed a "clear and present danger" to national security.In Gitlow v. New York (1925), the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment applied to state governments as well as the federal government. Similarly, in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), the Court held that free speech could only be restricted if it posed a direct and immediate threat of violence or illegal action.
In the area of the Fourteenth Amendment, Brown v. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Similarly, in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Court declared that state laws banning homosexual conduct were unconstitutional.
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Consider a straight-line PPF (production possibilities frontier) where shoes are measured on the vertical axis and lemonade is measured on the horizontal axis. This nation does not trade with any other nation. It can produce a maximum of 1000 units of lemonade if it produces no shoes; it can produce a maximum of 400 shoes if it produces no lemonade. Calculate the slope of the PPF. (Carefully follow all numeric instructions. Include only numbers, a decimal point, and a negative sign as needed. Round your final answer to two decimal places.) We'll reuse this information in the next two questions.
The slope of the PPF is -0.4.
To calculate the slope of the PPF, we need to determine the change in shoes (vertical axis) divided by the change in lemonade (horizontal axis).
Given that the nation can produce a maximum of 1000 units of lemonade and 400 shoes, we can choose two points on the PPF to calculate the slope.
Point A: (0 shoes, 1000 lemonade)
Point B: (400 shoes, 0 lemonade)
Change in shoes = 400 - 0 = 400
Change in lemonade = 0 - 1000 = -1000 (negative because we are moving to the left on the PPF)
Now, we can calculate the slope:
Slope = Change in shoes / Change in lemonade
Slope = 400 / -1000
Slope = -0.4
Therefore, the slope of the PPF is -0.4.
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Assume that your parents wanted to have $160,000 saved for college by your 18 th birthday and they started saving on your first birthday. They saved the same amount each year on your birthday and earned 6.0% per year on their investments. a. How much would they have to save each year to reach their goal? b. If they think you will take five years instead of four to graduate and decide to have $200,000 saved just in case, how much would they have to save each year to reach their new goal? a. How much would they have to save each year to reach their goal? To reach the goal of $160,000, the amount they have to save each year is $ (Round to the nearest cent.) b. If they think you will take five years instead of four to graduate and decide to have $200,000 saved just in case, how much would they have to save each year to reach their new goal? To reach the goal of $200,000, the amount they have to save each year is $ (Round to the nearest cent.)
a. To reach the goal of $160,000, your parents would have to save approximately $6,185.49 each year.
b. To reach the new goal of $200,000, your parents would have to save approximately $7,731.87 each year.
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Explain in deep detail an example of one plausible and another implausible slippery slope argument that you have seen in real-life made at your workplace by either your leader, manager or co-workers.
Note: please do not copy-paste please make sure you rephrase not just summaries if you will take an example from other people.
An example of a plausible and implausible slippery slope argument that you might find helpful.
Plausible Slippery Slope Argument:
Let's say there is a workplace situation where an employee requests a minor adjustment to their work schedule due to personal reasons. A plausible slippery slope argument, in this case, could be if a co-worker argues that granting this one request will set a precedent for other employees to make similar requests, ultimately leading to chaos and disruption in the workplace. This argument is plausible because it highlights a potential unintended consequence of granting one request, which may result in an increasing number of similar requests in the future.
Implausible Slippery Slope Argument:
On the other hand, an implausible slippery slope argument could be if a manager claims that implementing a small change in the break room, such as adding a new coffee machine, will eventually lead to the downfall of the company. This argument is implausible because it exaggerates the potential consequences of a minor change, without providing a logical or reasonable connection between the two. It lacks evidence or a clear causal link between the addition of a coffee machine and the collapse of the entire company.
Remember, slippery slope arguments can sometimes be fallacious if they rely on extreme or exaggerated outcomes without providing sufficient evidence or a logical connection between each step. It is important to critically evaluate such arguments and consider the strength of their reasoning.
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Part 3.a. What mineral changes would occur, [ Select ] ["Andalusite", "sillimanite", "kyanite"]
and at what temperature C [ Select ] ["840", "570", "460"] and pressure,kbar [ Select ] ["4.8", "5.8", "2.7"]
if Rock A experienced a drop in pressure to 1.5 kbar without a change in temperature?
The mineral changes that would occur if Rock A experienced a drop in pressure to 1.5 kbar without a change in temperature are 570 and pressure, kbar 2.7.
Metamorphic rock is a type of rock that has been subjected to heat and pressure and has undergone metamorphism, which changes the rock's physical or chemical properties. The word "metamorphic" comes from the Greek words "meta," which means "change," and "morph," which means "form. "The mineral changes that would occur if Rock A experienced a drop in pressure to 1.5 kbar without a change in temperature are: Sillimanite and at what temperature C 570 and pressure, kbar 2.7.
Sillimanite is an aluminosilicate mineral that belongs to the sillimanite group. It's a polymorph with two other minerals: andalusite and kyanite. Sillimanite is a well-known metamorphic mineral that is often used as an indicator of metamorphism. Sillimanite is found in high-grade metamorphic rocks such as schist, gneiss, and granulite.
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Which of the following industries does not qualify for the grant of pioneer status under the Industrial Tax Relief Act? a. Assisting the auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of the audit. b. Assisting the auditor to identify and resolve potential problems
c. Assisting the auditor to organize and manage the audit engagement, so that it is performed in an effective and efficient manner.
d. All of the above are benefits.
The industry that does not qualify for the grant of pioneer status under the Industrial Tax Relief Act is assisting the auditor to devote appropriate attention to important areas of the audit. The Correct option is A
Pioneer status is given to industries under the Industrial Tax Relief Act. The Act confers on the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) the authority to grant tax relief to any company or industry in Nigeria that can establish that it is a pioneer in a given field of industrial activity.
The pioneer status offers a company a tax holiday from the payment of company income tax for a period of 3 years, which is renewable for another 2 years upon satisfactory performance.Ways to qualify for the Pioneer status under the Industrial Tax Relief Act:You must be engaged in the production of some of the listed pioneer products.You must use only the relevant raw materials, labor, and capital equipment.You must be involved in the export of 50 percent or more of your products. The Correct option is A
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Why might lack of transparency in a supply chain be a problem for a company?
What are the potential benefits associated with using blockchain technology to account for the flow of goods through a globally dispersed supply chain?
How might blockchain technology be used to increase the "ethical sourcing" of products in a globally dispersed supply chain?
Lack of transparency in a supply chain can be problematic for a company because it can result in various ethical and reputational issues. These issues can include poor working conditions, human rights abuses, environmental harm, and poor quality control.
Transparency is important in a supply chain because it helps ensure that products are produced and distributed in an ethical and sustainable manner. Blockchain technology can provide a way to increase transparency in a globally dispersed supply chain. All parties participating in the supply chain may access a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger that contains information on the movement of commodities thanks to blockchain technology.
The potential benefits of using blockchain technology in a supply chain include: Improved efficiency and cost savings: Blockchain can reduce the need for intermediaries and paper-based documentation, which can lead to faster and cheaper transactions.
Increased transparency: Blockchain can provide a way to track the flow of goods through a supply chain in real-time, making it easier to identify and address issues.
Improved security: Blockchain can provide a secure and tamper-proof way to store data, which can help prevent fraud and other types of corruption.
Increased trust: By providing a transparent and traceable record of transactions, blockchain can help build trust between parties in a supply chain.
Increased ethical sourcing: Blockchain can be used to increase the ethical sourcing of products in a supply chain by providing a way to track the origin and production methods of goods.
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On January 1, Loco Company has decided to sell one of its machines. The initial cost of
the machines was $215,000 with an accumulated depreciation of $185,000. Depreciation
taken up to the end of the year. The company found a company that is willing to buy the
equipment for $30,000. What is the amount of the gain or loss on this transaction?
a. Gain of $30,000
b. Loss of $30,000
c. No gain or loss
d. Cannot be determined
The company will incur a loss of $30,000 on the sale of the machine.
The gain or loss on the transaction, we need to calculate the net book value of the machine. The net book value is the initial cost minus the accumulated depreciation. In this case, the net book value would be $215,000 - $185,000 = $30,000. Since the company is selling the machine for $30,000, which is equal to its net book value, there is no gain or loss on the transaction. Therefore, the correct answer is c. No gain or loss.
When a company sells an asset, the gain or loss is calculated by comparing the selling price with the net book value of the asset. If the selling price is higher than the net book value, it results in a gain, and if the selling price is lower, it leads to a loss. In this case, the selling price of $30,000 is equal to the net book value of $30,000, indicating that there is no gain or loss. The company is essentially recovering the remaining book value of the machine through the sale. Thus, the answer is c. No gain or loss.
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1 points If a company's sales are $35771, variable expenses are $2111, and the fixed expenses total $2442 per period, by what dollar amount will net operating income change if sales are expected to increase by $1121? Round ONLY your final answer to 2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate computations. State your answer as negative for decreases
The net operating income is expected to increase by approximately $1,057.80 when sales increase by $1,121.
To calculate the change in net operating income resulting from the expected increase in sales, we need to consider the contribution margin.
The contribution margin is the difference between sales and variable expenses and represents the amount available to cover fixed expenses and contribute to net operating income.
Given:
Sales = $35,771
Variable expenses = $2,111
Fixed expenses = $2,442
Expected increase in sales = $1,121
First, let's calculate the current net operating income:
Current net operating income = Sales - Variable expenses - Fixed expenses
= $35,771 - $2,111 - $2,442
= $31,218
Next, we need to calculate the contribution margin:
Contribution margin = Sales - Variable expenses
= $35,771 - $2,111
= $33,660
Now, we can determine the change in net operating income:
Change in net operating income = Contribution margin * (Expected increase in sales / Current sales)
= $33,660 * ($1,121 / $35,771)
= $33,660 * 0.0314
≈ $1,057.80
Therefore, the net operating income is expected to increase by approximately $1,057.80 when sales increase by $1,121.
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Copy\%20of Forward rates and CIP The current spot exchange rate for the New Zealand Dollar per British Pound (NZD/GBP) is 1.9150. The one-year risk-free rates are 2.5% for the New Zealand Dollar and 4.0% for the British Pound. According to CIP, the no-arbitrage one-year NZD/GBP forward exchange rate is closet to: Select one alternative: 0.5222 1.9430 1.9480 1.8874
The no-arbitrage one-year NZD/GBP forward exchange rate is closest to 1.8874. Hence, option D is correct.
Current spot exchange rate for the New Zealand Dollar per British Pound (NZD/GBP) is 1.9150.
One-year risk-free rates are 2.5% for the New Zealand Dollar and 4.0% for the British Pound.
CIP (Covered Interest Rate Parity) states that the forward exchange rate should incorporate the difference in the risk-free rate in the two countries.
Now, let's calculate the one-year forward rate in NZD/GBP using the covered interest parity (CIP) formula as follows:
1 + RF (New Zealand) = (1 + RF (British) * F(1 year)) / S
where:
RF (New Zealand) = Risk-free rate of New Zealand
RF (British) = Risk-free rate of Britain
F(1 year) = One-year forward rate
S = Current spot exchange rate for NZD/GBP
The one-year forward rate is calculated as:
F(1 year) = S * (1 + RF (New Zealand)) / (1 + RF (British))
F(1 year) = 1.9150 * (1 + 0.025) / (1 + 0.04)
F(1 year) = 1.8874
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19. Discuss the difference between moral hazard and adverse selection.
Discuss examples from ENRON, TYCO, WORLDCOM, MERRILL
LYNCH.
"Moral hazard refers to increased risk-taking due to insurance, while adverse selection involves hidden information influencing transactions."
Moral hazard and adverse selection are two concepts related to asymmetric information in economics and finance. Moral hazard occurs when one party's behavior changes because they are insured against potential losses. For example, in the case of Enron, executives engaged in risky accounting practices due to the belief that their actions would not bear significant personal consequences.
On the other hand, adverse selection refers to a situation where one party possesses superior information compared to the other, leading to an imbalance in the transaction. Tyco is an example where the CEO, Dennis Kozlowski, withheld information about excessive executive compensation, creating a knowledge gap between the company's leadership and shareholders.
WorldCom provides an example of both moral hazard and adverse selection. The company's executives engaged in fraudulent accounting practices (moral hazard) while simultaneously hiding the true financial condition of the company (adverse selection) from investors and regulators.
Merrill Lynch experienced adverse selection during the financial crisis when the firm held mortgage-backed securities without fully disclosing the risks involved, leading to significant losses for investors who lacked the same level of information.
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Taxes, tariffs, subsidies, fiscal policy are all examples of that affects businesses. A. political factors B. governmental influence
The government has a tremendous influence on businesses, and taxes, tariffs, subsidies, and fiscal policy are all examples of this influence. how government regulations can impact their operations and strategies to ensure their survival and long-term sustainability.
Political factors are external factors that affect businesses, and they are mainly influenced by the government. Taxes, tariffs, subsidies, and fiscal policies are all examples of political factors that influence businesses. Taxes, for example, have a direct impact on a business's bottom line. The government charges taxes on businesses' earnings, and the rate of taxation is usually determined by the government. Tariffs are another example of government influence on businesses.
businesses are influenced by various internal and external factors. Political factors are external factors that businesses cannot control, but they must be aware of and have contingency plans in place to manage the impact of these factors. Taxes, tariffs, subsidies, and fiscal policies are all examples of how the government influences businesses.
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When a product or service completely meets a customer's requirements Oa. The cost of quality is low. O b. The cost of quality is high. O.C. The customer pays the minimum price. O d. Quality is achieved.
When a product or service completely meets a customer's requirements, quality is achieved. Therefore, the correct answer is option D. Quality is achieved.
Quality is defined as the degree of excellence or superiority of something, especially its appropriateness to its purpose. When it comes to a product or service, quality can be achieved when it completely satisfies the customer's needs or requirements.
In the scenario where the product or service meets the customer's requirements, quality is achieved, and the cost of quality is low. This is because the likelihood of defects or errors arising is low, and therefore, less money is spent on quality control measures, such as rework, inspections, or repairs.
Furthermore, when quality is achieved, the customer pays the minimum price. This is because the customer is satisfied with the product or service and is likely to purchase it again in the future. In other words, quality creates customer loyalty and helps businesses retain customers.
The cost of quality is high when a product or service fails to meet customer requirements. In this case, money is spent on corrective action to address the defects, rework, or repairs. Additionally, the cost of lost business or reputational damage may also be incurred. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses to prioritize quality in their products or services to avoid the high cost of poor quality. Therefore option D is the correct answer.
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Self-interest applies to people in market trading settings, but not solitary decisions is consistent with many goals people have, including helping others implies that people will not give away wealth implies that a person wants to increase wealth
Self-interest means that individuals will not give away riches and that a person wants to increase wealth; it applies to people in market trading contexts but not to solitary decisions.
Self-interest is an individual's desire for personal gain, gain, or advantage. When acting in a market trading setting, self-interest is often the driving force behind people's choices, which they believe would benefit them.
The assertion that self-interest applies to people in market trading settings, but not in solitary decisions, is consistent with many people's objectives, including assisting others.
It implies that people will not give away wealth because their main goal is to maximize their own wealth. People who operate in the market trade with the goal of increasing their wealth. They may not give away their wealth as it would detract from their overall goal of increasing their wealth. They may only give away a small portion of their wealth for the benefit of others, but they will not give away all of it.
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Suppose μ is shifted to T+1.0σ′, where T represents a target value and σ′ is a shifted standard deviation, σ′=1.10σ. Write down an Excel formula to find the total defective rate when USL is located at T+2.8σ, while LSL is located T−3.2σ.
The formula to find the total defective rate when USL is located at T+2.8σ and LSL is located at T-3.2σ is as follows;`=normdist(T+2.8σ,T+1.0σ′,1)-normdist[tex](T-3.2σ,T+1.0σ′,1)`[/tex].
The formula above is written in Excel and will give us the total defective rate.Suppose the mean (μ) is shifted to T + 1.0σ′. Here, T represents a target value, and σ′ is a shifted standard deviation. σ′ = 1.10σ.To determine the total defective rate when USL is located at T + 2.8σ and LSL is located T - 3.2σ, we will use the above formula. First, we'll calculate the value of σ′ as follows:σ′ = 1.10σ
Given that USL is located at T + 2.8σ, the USL value will be:T + 2.8σTherefore, the lower specification limit (LSL) will be:T - 3.2σTo determine the total defective rate, we'll use the following formula that is written in Excel:`=normdist(T+2.8σ,T+1.0σ′,1)-normdist(T-3.2σ,T+1.0σ′,1)`Therefore, this formula will help us calculate the total defective rate when USL is located at T + 2.8σ, while LSL is located T - 3.2σ.
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Campbell, a single taxpayer, earns $406,000 in taxable income and $2,300 in interest from an investment in State of New York bonds. (Use the U.S. tax rate schedule.) Required: a. How much federal tax will she owe? b. What is her average tax rate? c. What is her effective tax rate? d. What is her current marginal tax rate? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. How much federal tax will she owe? Note: Do not round intermediate calculations. Round "Federal tax" to the nearest dollar. Campbell, a single taxpayer, earns $403,500 in taxable income and $2,280 in interest from an investment in State of New York bonds. (Use the U.S. tax rate schedule). Required: a. If Campbell earns an additional $15,700 of taxable income, what is her marginal tax rate on this income? b. What is her marginal rate if, instead, she had $15,700 of additional deductions? Note: For all requirements, do not round intermediate calculations. Round percentage answers to whole percent. Melinda invests $300,000 in a City of Heflin bond that pays 4.5 percent interest. Alternatively, Melinda could have invested the $300,000 in a bond recently issued by Surething Incorporated that pays 6 percent interest and has risk and other nontax characteristics similar to the City of Heflin bond. Assume Melinda's marginal tax rate is 25 percent. Note: Leave no cells blank - be sure to enter "0" wherever required. Round your after-tax rate of return to one decimal place. Required: a. What is her after-tax rate of return for the City of Heflin bond? b. How much explicit tax does Melinda pay on the City of Heflin bond? c. How much implicit tax does she pay on the City of Heflin bond? d. How much explicit tax would she have paid on the Surething Incorporated bond? e. What is her after-tax rate of return on the Surething Incorporated bond?
Campbell will owe approximately $116,255 in federal tax. a. To calculate the federal tax owed by Campbell, we need to use the U.S. tax rate schedule for the given taxable income.
However, the taxable income mentioned in the question is $406,000, not $403,500 as stated in the second part. Using the correct taxable income of $406,000, we can calculate the federal tax as follows: Taxable Income: $406,000. Tax brackets for single taxpayers in 2021 (assuming it's the applicable year): 10% on income up to $9,950; 12% on income between $9,951 and $40,525; 22% on income between $40,526 and $86,375; 24% on income between $86,376 and $164,925; 32% on income between $164,926 and $209,425; 35% on income between $209,426 and $523,600. 37% on income over $523,600. Using the tax brackets, we can calculate the federal tax in each bracket: Tax on income in the 10% bracket: $9,950 * 10% = $995. Tax on income in the 12% bracket: ($40,525 - $9,951) * 12% = $3,066.48. Tax on income in the 22% bracket: ($86,375 - $40,526) * 22% = $9,901.98. Tax on income in the 24% bracket: ($164,925 - $86,376) * 24% = $19,107.12. Tax on income in the 32% bracket: ($209,425 - $164,926) * 32% = $14,279.68. Tax on income in the 35% bracket: ($406,000 - $209,426) * 35% = $68,904.90. Adding up the taxes in each bracket, we get the total federal tax owed: Federal Tax = $995 + $3,066.48 + $9,901.98 + $19,107.12 + $14,279.68 + $68,904.90 = $116,255.16 . Therefore, Campbell will owe approximately $116,255 in federal tax.
b. The average tax rate is calculated by dividing the total tax paid by the taxable income: Average Tax Rate = Federal Tax / Taxable Income; Average Tax Rate = $116,255 / $406,000 = 28.65%. c. The effective tax rate is calculated by dividing the total tax paid by the total income: Effective Tax Rate = Federal Tax / Total Income. Since the total income is not provided in the question, we cannot calculate the effective tax rate. d. The current marginal tax rate is the tax rate that applies to the next dollar of taxable income. It can be determined based on the tax brackets and taxable income. However, since the information about the next dollar of taxable income is not given, we cannot determine the current marginal tax rate.
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.The Wet Holiday Company specializes in the provision of
holidays which involve water sports of various types. There are
three major divisions with the following lines ofbusiness:boat
holidays on c
The Wet Holiday Company is a holiday firm specializing in a range of water sports activities. The company is composed of three main departments: boat holidays on canals and rivers; beach holidays with surfing, kite-surfing, and windsurfing.
The Boat Holidays department provides canal boats for hire for holidays ranging from long weekend breaks to fortnight-long trips. Each boat is fully equipped with all the necessary equipment and comforts, including cooking facilities and sleeping quarters, and navigation training is given. The division has a range of canal boats that can accommodate between two and ten people. This provides various options to the customers to make the choice based on their individual requirements.
Additionally, customers can opt to rent a ski boat, and the necessary safety equipment is provided. This division has professional skiers to train beginners and experienced individuals who want to hone their skills. The holidays offered by The Wet Holiday Company provides customers the opportunity to experience and explore water sports while having an adventurous and relaxing time.
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Sealing Company manufactures only one product that is available in both a Deluxe model and a Regular model. The company has manufactured the Regular model for years and the Deluxe model was recently introduced. The company is concerned about the accuracy of its costing system because profits are declining since the Deluxe model was introduced. Indirect production costs are assigned to the products using direct labor hours. For the current year, the company estimates $2,000,000 of indirect production costs and 40,000 direct labor hours. They expect to produce 5,000 units of the Deluxe model and 40,000 units of the Regular model. The Deluxe model requires 1.6 hours of direct labor time per unit and the Regular model requires 0.8 hours. Other costs are as follows: Costs Direct materials Direct labor Deluxe Model $150 $16 Regular Model $112 S8 Assume the company's indirect production costs can be traced to four activities with the following cost drivers. Activity (Cost Driver) Purchase orders (number of purchase orders) Rework orders (number of rework orders) Product testing (number of tests) Machining (number of machine hours) Cost Drivers Number of purchase orders Number of rework orders Number of tests Number of machine hours Deluxe Model 400 200 4,000 20,000 Costs $84,000 $216,000 $450,000 $1,250,000 Regular Model 600 600 6,000 30,000 [Page2 Instructions: a) Assume direct labor hours are the only cost-allocation base. What is the cost to manufacture one unit of each model? (3 marks) b) Assume the activity-based costing method is used. What is the cost to manufacture one unit of each model? (5 marks) e) Based on the results obtained from the activity-based costing method, what are the implications for pricing policy for the two models?
(a) Cost to manufacture one unit of each model by assuming direct labor hours as the only cost-allocation base:Deluxe Model Regular Model Direct Materials 150112 Direct Labor16(0.8 hrs × $8/hr) = 6.40(1.6 hrs × $8/hr) = 12.80; Overhead Rate = Estimated total indirect production costs / Estimated total direct labor hours
Overhead Rate = $2,000,000 / 40,000 hours = $50/hour Overhead Cost(0.8 hrs × $50/hr) = 40(1.6 hrs × $50/hr) = 80Total cost per unit = Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead cost. Total cost per unit of Regular model = $112 + $6.40 + $40 = $158.40Total cost per unit of Deluxe model = $150 + $12.80 + $80 = $242.80(b) Cost to manufacture one unit of each model by assuming activity-based costing method:Deluxe Model. Regular Model Cost drivers. Purchase orders 84,000/400 = $210600/600 = $1. Rework orders 216,000/200 = $1,080216,000/600 = $360; Product testing 450,000/4,000 = $112.5 6,000/6,000 = $1. Machining 1,250,000/20,000 = $62.5 1,250,000/30,000 = $41.67; Overhead cost per unit: Deluxe Model = $210 + $1,080 + $112.5 + $62.5 = $1,465; Regular Model = $1 + $360 + $1 + $41.67 = $403.67(e) Implications for pricing policy for the two models based on the results obtained from the activity-based costing method:Since the overhead cost of the Deluxe model is higher than that of the Regular model, the profit margins on Deluxe model are expected to be lower than the profit margins on the Regular model.The pricing policy may need to be revised to improve profits on Deluxe model as a decline in the profit margin will discourage the company from producing the Deluxe model. The company could either increase the selling price of the Deluxe model or reduce the cost of production by optimizing its operations to improve efficiency.
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question 1
The Good Guy Supervisor Bernie was promoted from assistant
supervisor to supervisor of the employee cafeteria at Port Martin’s
College. It was a big move up for him, he had always been a
Bernie's promotion to supervisor of the employee cafeteria at Port Martin’s College was a significant move up for him, and it was a step towards fulfilling his career goals. Bernie had previously been an assistant supervisor and was quite experienced.
Bernie's reputation as a "good guy" preceded him and the management had great faith in his ability to perform well in his new role. Bernie's transition to the new role was seamless and was highly applauded by his colleagues. His appointment to the new position came with new responsibilities, such as supervising the cafeteria staff, managing the food supply, ensuring the cleanliness and hygiene of the cafeteria, and keeping track of the inventory.
Bernie's open communication style helped him to quickly identify potential problems and to address them before they escalated. Overall, Bernie's promotion to supervisor was well-deserved and a reflection of his hard work and dedication.
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How would this be entered in journal entry? looking for help/tutor, thanks!
Mar 8
Client #1 hired CKA to prepare a marketing plan for Client #1’s business.
Mar 11
CKA completed the plan for Client #1 and received $3,500 cash
Mar 8:
Journal Entry:
Date | Account Titles | Debit | Credit
----------------------------------------------
Mar 8 | Accounts Receivable | $3,500 |
| Service Revenue | | $3,500
Mar 11:
Journal Entry:
Date | Account Titles | Debit | Credit
----------------------------------------------
Mar 11 | Cash | $3,500 |
| Accounts Receivable | | $3,500
To record the transactions in the form of journal entries for the given information:
Mar 8:
Journal Entry: To record the engagement of CKA by Client #1 to prepare a marketing plan.
Date | Account Titles | Debit | Credit
Mar 8 | Accounts Receivable | | $3,500
| Service Revenue | | $3,500
The accounts receivable is debited to recognize the amount owed by Client #1 for the marketing plan services provided by CKA. The corresponding credit is made to service revenue, indicating the revenue earned from providing the marketing plan service.
Mar 11:
Journal Entry: To record the receipt of $3,500 cash for completing the marketing plan for Client #1.
Date | Account Titles | Debit | Credit
Mar 11 | Cash | $3,500 |
| Accounts Receivable | | $3,500
The cash account is debited to reflect the increase in cash due to the payment received. The accounts receivable account is credited to offset the outstanding amount previously recorded for Client #1. This entry closes the accounts receivable balance, as the payment has been received in cash.
Please note that the specific account titles used may vary based on the company's chart of accounts and accounting practices. It's important to adapt the journal entries to align with the company's specific accounting system.
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Please answers these two question
1. Punishing criminals as a form of justice is a method of: Group of answer choices a. Retribution b. General intent c. Specific intent d. Rehabilitation e. None of the above
2. Which of the following states of mind constitutes an unintentional tort? Group of answer choices a. Purposeful b. Knowing c. Reckless d. Regulatory e. Negligent
1. Punishing criminals as a form of justice is a method of retribution. The purpose of retribution is to provide punishment to those who have violated society's laws and rules. It is considered a moralistic and rational justification for punishment.
Retribution is seen as just and fair as it is directed to the individual who has violated societal norms. It considers the criminal's conduct and metes out an appropriate penalty for the crime committed.
2. The state of mind that constitutes an unintentional tort is negligent. Negligence is a legal theory often used in personal injury cases where an individual or entity is responsible for another person's injuries or damages. It refers to a failure to act with the level of care and caution that a reasonable person would have exercised under similar circumstances. Negligence can result in injury, property damage, or financial loss.
Examples of unintentional torts include slip and fall accidents, car accidents, and medical malpractice. In conclusion, punishing criminals as a form of justice is a method of retribution, and the state of mind that constitutes an unintentional tort is negligence.
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E 14-8 Investor; straight-line method LO14-2 [This is a variation of E14−7 modified to consider the investor's perspective.] Universal Foods sold the entire bond issue described in the previous exercise to Wang Communications. Required: 1. Prepare the journal entry to record the purchase of the bonds by Wang Communications on January 1,2024. 2. Prepare the journal entry to record interest revenue on June 30,2024 . 3. Prepare the journal entry to record interest revenue on December 31,2031.
1. Journal entry on January 1, 2024: Debit Bonds Receivable, Credit Cash.
2. Journal entry on June 30, 2024: Debit Interest Receivable, Credit Interest Revenue.
3. Journal entry on December 31, 2031: Debit Interest Receivable, Credit Interest Revenue.
To answer this question, we need to consider the perspective of Wang Communications, the investor who purchased the bonds from Universal Foods.
1. On January 1, 2024, when Wang Communications purchases the bonds, they would record the following journal entry:
- Debit Bonds Receivable: [amount of the bonds]
- Credit Cash: [amount paid for the bonds]
2. On June 30, 2024, when recording interest revenue, Wang Communications would use the straight-line method to calculate the interest for the period. Let's assume the bonds have a face value of $10,000 and an annual interest rate of 5%. The straight-line method calculates equal interest revenue over each interest period. Given the bonds have a 10-year term, there would be 20 semiannual interest periods. The journal entry would be:
- Debit Interest Receivable: [$10,000 x 5% x 6/12]
- Credit Interest Revenue: [$10,000 x 5% x 6/12]
3. On December 31, 2031, the final interest revenue journal entry would be the same as in step 2, reflecting the interest earned for the period ending December 31, 2031.
Remember to adjust the numbers used in the journal entries based on the actual bond details provided in the exercise.
In summary:
1. Journal entry on January 1, 2024: Debit Bonds Receivable, Credit Cash.
2. Journal entry on June 30, 2024: Debit Interest Receivable, Credit Interest Revenue.
3. Journal entry on December 31, 2031: Same as step 2.
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The functional resume is designed to emphasize the applicant's skills, abilities, and accomplishments. O True OFalse QUESTION 11 Under Education in a resume, emphasize school activities first. O True OFalse
QUESTION 12 Because you emphasize personal qualities in a resume, you need not mention these qualities in your cover letter, O True OFalse QUESTION 13 The Objective section in your resume is an area in which you can highlight the type of position you are seeking. True False QUESTION 14 Effectiveness is often defined as doing things right, efficiency as doing the right things. True O False QUESTION 15 Conducting personal research such as shopping on the Internet or sending personal e-mail is considered to be unethical behavior by most organizations. True O False QUESTION 16 Sociability demonstrates in group settings Understanding, friendliness, and adaptability. Friendliness, adaptability, and empathy. Adaptability, empathy, and politeness. O Understanding, friendliness, adaptability, empathy, and politeness. O
The functional resume is designed to emphasize the applicant's skills, abilities, and accomplishments. This statement is true. Under Education in a resume, emphasize school activities first. This statement is false.
Because you emphasize personal qualities in a resume, you need not mention these qualities in your cover letter. This statement is false. The Objective section in your resume is an area in which you can highlight the type of position you are seeking.
This statement is true. Effectiveness is often defined as doing things right, efficiency as doing the right things. This statement is false. Conducting personal research such as shopping on the Internet or sending personal e-mail is considered to be unethical behavior by most organizations.
This statement is true.
Sociability demonstrates in group settings Understanding, friendliness, adaptability, empathy, and politeness. The correct option is "Understanding, friendliness, adaptability, empathy, and politeness". Therefore, the statement is true.
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What is the geometric average return over one year if the quarterly returns are 3 %, 5 %, 4 % , and 7 % , respectively? 4.72 % 4.73 % 4.74 % 4.75 %
To calculate the geometric average return, you need to multiply all the quarterly returns together and then take the fourth root of the result. The correct answer is 4.66%.
So, multiplying the quarterly returns: (1 + 0.03) * (1 + 0.05) * (1 + 0.04) * (1 + 0.07) = 1.19792
Now, take the fourth root of 1.19792: 1.19792^(1/4) = 1.0466
Converting this to a percentage gives you the geometric average return: 1.0466 * 100 = 4.66%
Therefore, the correct answer is 4.66%.
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ou just took a fixed-rate mortgage for $325,000 at 6.00% for 30 years, monthly yments, two discount points. Before you make any payments you receive a nice ise so you plan to pay an extra $150 per month on top of your normal payment. A. (1 pt) How many monthly payments do have to make at the higher payment to fully amortize the loan? B. (1 pt) What is your net interest savings over the life of the loan, assuming the loan is held to its maturity? C. (1 pt) If you make this higher payment and hold the loan for its full life, what is the effective cost of the loan?
The fixed-rate mortgage taken out is $325,000 at 6.00% for 30 years, monthly payments, two discount points. You received a raise, so you plan to pay an extra $150 per month in addition to your normal payment.
You need to make higher payments for 20 years to completely amortize the loan.B. The net interest savings over the life of the loan, assuming the loan is held to maturity, is $105,082.79.C. If you make this higher payment and hold the loan for its full life, the effective cost of the loan is 4.291%.Explanation:A. Since you plan on paying an extra $150 per month on your loan, you will be making a total payment of $1,957.66 each month.
Using the standard amortization formula, the amount of payments needed to completely pay off the loan is 360, however, the extra $150 will decrease the length of time required to fully amortize the loan. To determine the number of payments, use the formula and input the values:
[tex]PMT= 1957.66Pv = 325,000I/Y = 6%/12N = 240CPT -> N = 240[/tex]
So, the number of payments required to fully amortize the loan is 240. Since the payment is being made monthly, this implies that 20 years have to be made at the higher payment to completely amortize the loan.
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If a full-time employee participates in a company-wide flexible spending plan, which of the following is correct? a. The employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, actually spent $1,500, and received only $1,200 as reimbursement for his/her medical expenses. The employee's gross income will be reduced by $1,500. Pre US Ob. The employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, and received only $900 as reimbursement for his/her actual medical expenses. He/She is not refunded the $300 remaining balance, but his/her gross income is reduced by $1,200. Oc. The employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, and received only $800 as reimbursement for his/her medical expenses. He/She is not refunded the $400. His/Her gross income is reduced by $800. re 6, d. The employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, and received only $900 as reimbursement for his/her medical expenses. He/She forfeits the $300. His/Her gross income is reduced by $300.
The employee saved $1,200. Therefore, the employee's gross income is reduced by $1,200.
The following is correct if a full-time employee participates in a company-wide flexible spending plan:
The employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, and received only $900 as reimbursement for his/her actual medical expenses.
He/She is not refunded the $300 remaining balance, but his/her gross income is reduced by $1,200.
The money the employee saves is the amount of money that is deducted from their paycheck and put into the flexible spending plan. In this case, the employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200.
The reimbursement the employee received is the amount of money that the employee gets back from the flexible spending plan when they use it to pay for their medical expenses.
In this case, the employee received only $900 as reimbursement for his/her actual medical expenses. Therefore, the employee spent $1,200, and received only $900 as reimbursement for his/her actual medical expenses.
The employee's gross income is the amount of money they earn before taxes and other deductions are taken out. The amount of money the employee contributes to the flexible spending plan is deducted from their gross income, which reduces the amount of money that is subject to taxes.
In this case, the employee reduced his/her salary by $1,200, but his/her gross income is reduced by $1,200.
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