Based on: Tadelis, S. (2013). Game theory : an introduction. Princeton University Press.
Consider the Bertrand game with c1(q1) = 100q1 and c2(q2) = 120q2, demand equal to p = 10000 − q, and where firms must choose prices in increments of twenty HUF. The whole demand goes to the firm which offers lower prices and if both firms have the same price, the market is shared equally.
a) How many Nash equilibria in pure strategies does the game have? Describe them.
b) What happens to the set of equilibria in pure strategies if a third firm enters the market with c3(q3) = 100q3?

a. The amount of additional investment is P200,000.00. b. Net income of the investment center before the additional investment is P55,000 + 0.15 × Investment. c. ROI of the investment center before the additional investment is (0.15 × Investment + P366,666.67) / Investment. d. The total assets of the investment center after the additional investment is P18,533,333.50.

a. The amount of additional investment is calculated as:

Additional investment = Increase in residual income / Required return

Residual income after additional investment = P85,000
Residual income before additional investment = P55,000
Increase in residual income = P85,000 - P55,000 = P30,000
Required return = 15% = 0.15

Additional investment = P30,000 / 0.15 = P200,000.00

b. Net income of the investment center before the additional investment is calculated as:

Net income = Residual income + (Required return × Investment)

Residual income before additional investment = P55,000
Required return = 15% = 0.15
Net income = P55,000 + (0.15 × Investment)
Net income = P55,000 + 0.15 × Investment

c. ROI of the investment center before the additional investment is calculated:

ROI = Net income / Investment = (P55,000 + 0.15 × Investment) / Investment
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / Investment)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / (Net income - P55,000) / 0.15)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / ((ROI × Investment) - P55,000) / 0.15)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / ((0.15 + (P55,000 / Investment)) × Investment - P55,000) / 0.15)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / (0.15 × Investment + P55,000 - P55,000) / 0.15)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / (0.15 × Investment) / 0.15)
ROI = 0.15 + (P55,000 / 0.15) / Investment
ROI = 0.15 + P366,666.67 / Investment
ROI = (0.15 × Investment + P366,666.67) / Investment
ROI = 0.15 + P366,666.67 / Investment
ROI = (0.15 × Investment + P366,666.67) / Investment
Investment = (0.15 × Investment + P366,666.67) / ROI
Investment × ROI = 0.15 × Investment + P366,666.67
Investment × ROI - 0.15 × Investment = P366,666.67
Investment × (ROI - 0.15) = P366,666.67
Investment = P366,666.67 / (ROI - 0.15)

d. The total assets of the investment center after the additional investment:

Total assets after additional investment = Investment + Additional investment = Investment + P200,000.00
Total assets after additional investment = P366,666.67 / (ROI - 0.15) + P200,000.00
Total assets after additional investment = P366,666.67 / (0.17 - 0.15) + P200,000.00
Total assets after additional investment = P366,666.67 / 0.02 + P200,000.00
Total assets after additional investment = P18,333,333.50 + P200,000.00
Total assets after additional investment = P18,533,333.50

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a) The economic concept associated with Minimum Wage is price floor. b) Introducing a minimum wage into the economy will “artificially” force the economic concept of wage floor to come about. c) Two economic arguments for the implementation of the minimum wage in Toronto, Canada are that it would help raise the wages of lower-income individuals, reduce poverty, and help stabilize the incomes of those with lower-earning capacities. d) If there is an increase of government regulations among firms in the labour market, the supply curve will shift.
e) The shift would be an increase. f) An increase in government regulations could lead to an increase in wages for workers,

In the case of Minimum Wage, it is a law set by the government that all employers must pay workers a certain minimum wage. Wage floor is when a government sets a minimum wage that employers must pay their workers. This affects the labour market because employers must raising the labour price.

Conversely, two arguments against the implementation of the minimum wage are that it may result in a reduction of available jobs and it may reduce the competitiveness of the labour market if wages become too high.

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Corporate mission statements are an important tool for companies to communicate their values and goals to stakeholders, employees, and customers. By publicizing their mission statements in annual reports, on company letterheads, and in corporate advertising, firms are able to consistently communicate their purpose and vision to a wide audience.

However, simply publicizing a mission statement does not necessarily mean that it will be a source of sustained competitive advantage for a firm. In order for a mission statement to be a source of competitive advantage, it must be effectively implemented and integrated into the company's culture and operations. This requires a commitment from top management and the involvement of all employees in the pursuit of the company's mission.

Furthermore, a corporate mission statement must be unique and differentiated in order to provide a competitive advantage. If a company's mission statement is similar to those of its competitors, it will not be a source of competitive advantage. A truly effective mission statement should reflect the company's unique strengths and values, and should guide the company's decision making and strategy.

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The statement "profits are a byproduct of successfully solving a problem" means that when a company or individual solves a problem, it can result in generating profits as a secondary outcome.

Profits are not the primary objective but rather a natural consequence of creating value and solving problems for others.

For example, if a company creates a product that solves a problem for its customers, such as a more efficient way of doing something, then customers may be willing to pay for that product, and the company can make a profit as a byproduct of solving the problem. In this sense, the profit is not the ultimate goal but rather a reward for creating value and solving a problem for others.

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You are thinking of investing in a zero coupon bond that has 13 years to maturity. If the annual yield on this bond is 4.7%, Assuming semi-annual compounding the present value of this bond should be 735.49

The correct answer is option B.

To find the present value of this bond, we can use the formula:
PV = FV / (1 + r/2)^(2*n)
Where:
- PV is the present value
- FV is the future value
- r is the annual yield
- n is the number of years to maturity
In this case, the future value is 1000 (since zero coupon bonds typically have a face value of 1000), the annual yield is 4.7%, and the number of years to maturity is 13.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = 1000 / (1 + 0.047/2)^(2*13)
PV = 1000 / (1.0235)^(26)
PV = 1000 / 1.3608
PV = 735.49

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Choosing a topic for a presentation or speech can be done by suits the event. Therefore the correct option is Option c.

To greet your audience is  according to their rank in an institution and according to their age. Therefore the correct option is option B and C.

1. Choosing a topic for a presentation or speech can be done in a variety of ways, including:

2. When greeting your audience, it is important to be professional and respectful. This can be done by:

It is generally not appropriate to greet your audience based on their level of cuteness or physical appearance.

Therefore the correct option is option B and C.

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The Lewin's three stages of change suggests an approach of Unfreezing, Moving and Refreezing.

1. Unfreezing: Recognizing the need for change and making employees aware of the problem. This could involve conducting surveys and interviews to get feedback on how employees feel about the current working conditions.

2. Moving: Making necessary changes. This could involve providing training opportunities, creating programs to make employees feel more noticed and respected, and increasing salaries.

3. Refreezing: Making sure the changes have been successful by conducting routine checks on employees' mental sanity and taking other measures to ensure that employees are happy in their jobs.

This is the remedial approach for the issues mentioned in the question, based on Lewin's three stages of change.

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The total loss of coupon interest over 4 years is $950. Round to the nearest whole dollar, the total loss of coupon interest is $950.

To calculate the total loss of coupon interest, we need to compare the amount of interest earned on the callable bonds before they were called to the amount of interest earned on the reinvested proceeds at the current yield.
First, let's calculate the annual interest earned on the callable bonds before they were called:
- Annual interest per bond = $1,000 x 7.70% = $77
- Annual interest for 25 bonds = $77 x 25 = $1,925
Next, let's calculate the annual interest earned on the reinvested proceeds at the current yield:
- Annual interest per bond = $1,000 x 6.75% = $67.50
- Annual interest for 25 bonds = $67.50 x 25 = $1,687.50
Now, we can calculate the total loss of coupon interest over 4 years:
- Total loss of coupon interest = (Annual interest before callable bonds were called - Annual interest after reinvestment) x 4 years
- Total loss of coupon interest = ($1,925 - $1,687.50) x 4
- Total loss of coupon interest = $237.50 x 4
- Total loss of coupon interest = $950
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It is a false statement that free-trade zones and free trade agreements are basically the same things.

Free-trade zones and free trade agreements are both initiatives that promote international trade and economic growth by reducing barriers to trade between countries. However, they differ in their approach and scope.

Free-trade zones are designated geographic areas where goods can be imported, manufactured, and exported without being subject to the tariffs and other trade barriers that apply outside the zone. This allows businesses to take advantage of lower costs and greater efficiency by setting up operations in the zone. Examples of free-trade zones include Dubai's Jebel Ali Free Zone and China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

Free trade agreements are agreements between two or more countries that establish mutually beneficial terms for trade between them. They eliminate or reduce tariffs and other trade barriers on goods and services traded between the countries, and may also address other issues such as intellectual property rights

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The latest Melvin can file an amended return to correct his originally filed 2020 return and claim the refundable credit is March 1, 2024.

Amended refers to the act of changing or revising a document, law, or agreement. This can be done in order to make corrections or add new information. Amendments can be used to modify or add to existing laws, regulations, or agreements. In the United States, amendments to the Constitution require approval from both the House of Representatives and the Senate as well as ratification of three-fourths of state legislatures. Amendments can also be made to contracts, wills, and other legal documents. The process of amendment usually involves submitting the proposed change in writing to the parties involved and having them agree to the change before the amendment is officially made. Amendments can be used to correct errors, clarify intent, or make updates.

This is because the amended return must be filed within 3 years of the original filing date, which in this case is March 1, 2021. Since March 1, 2021 falls within the 2020 tax filing year, the amended return must be filed by March 1, 2024, which is the 2024 tax filing deadline (generally April 15).

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1. The stakeholders in the credit card industry are the credit card companies, banks, merchants, and consumers. Each stakeholder gains or loses in different ways. Credit card companies and banks gain from the interest and fees they charge consumers for using their credit cards.

Merchants gain from the convenience and increased sales that come with accepting credit cards, but they also lose money from the fees they have to pay to the credit card companies. Consumers gain from the convenience and rewards that come with using credit cards, but they also lose money from the interest and fees they have to pay if they don't pay off their balances in full each month.

2. The government's responsibilities in the story include regulating the credit card industry, protecting consumers from fraudulent and predatory practices, and ensuring that credit card companies are following the law. In my opinion, the government has not fulfilled these responsibilities completely, as there are still many instances of predatory practices and a lack of transparency in the credit card industry.

3. While consumers are responsible for their spending habits with credit cards, credit card companies should also be held accountable for their business tactics. Many credit card companies use deceptive and predatory practices, such as hidden fees and confusing terms, to take advantage of consumers.

In my opinion, credit card companies should be held responsible for these tactics and should be required to be more transparent and ethical in their business practices.

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The annual carrying costs of post card inventory are $13,448.60.

To find the annual carrying costs of post card inventory, we need to calculate the average inventory level and multiply it by the carrying cost per post card per year. The average inventory level is the total number of post cards ordered in a year divided by the number of orders, divided by 2 (since the average inventory level is the midpoint between the maximum and minimum inventory levels).

Average inventory level = (8,069,120 post cards / 24 orders) / 2 = 168,107.5 post cards

Annual carrying costs = Average inventory level × Carrying cost per post card per year = 168,107.5 post cards × $0.08 per post card per year = $13,448.60

Therefore, the annual carrying costs of post card inventory are $13,448.60.

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The expected return of the portfolio is 0.0475 or 4.75%. The closest answer to this value is 0.05 or 5%, so the correct answer is 0.05.

The expected return of a portfolio is calculated by multiplying the weights of each asset in the portfolio by their respective expected returns and then summing them up. Therefore, the expected return of the given portfolio can be calculated as follows:

Expected return of portfolio = (0.5 x 0.05) + (0.25 x 0.08) + (0.25 x 0.01) = 0.025 + 0.02 + 0.0025 = 0.0475

Therefore, the expected return of the portfolio is 0.0475 or 4.75%. The closest answer to this value is 0.05 or 5%, so the correct answer is 0.05.

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True as The Sales Forecast is indeed the first forecast that is needed in the Budgeting exercise. (A)

This forecast helps determine how much revenue the company expects to generate in the upcoming period, which is essential for creating a budget. The Sales Forecast is typically based on historical sales data, market trends, and other factors that may impact sales.

Once the Sales Forecast is completed, the company can then use this information to create a budget for expenses, such as cost of goods sold, marketing, and other operating costs. (A)

Overall, the Sales Forecast is a crucial first step in the budgeting process, as it helps the company plan for the future and make informed financial decisions.

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The cash budget for March is: Cash receipts: $66,000,  Cash payments: $67,000, Net gain/loss: -$1,000, Cash at start of month $1,000, Cumulative cash balance $0, Target cash balance $6,000, Cumulative surplus/loan needed -$6,000.

The cash budget for March can be prepared by following these steps.

Step 1: Calculate the cash receipts for March. This includes the collections from sales in January, February, and March.

10% of March sales = 10% x $60,000 = $6,000
70% of February sales = 70% x $40,000 = $28,000
20% of January sales = 20% x $160,000 = $32,000
Total cash receipts for March = $6,000 + $28,000 + $32,000 = $66,000

Step 2: Calculate the cash payments for March. This includes the payments for purchases, salaries, and rent.

Purchases = $60,000 (paid in the next month)
Salaries = $5,000 (each month)
Rent = $2,000 (each month)
Total cash payments for March = $60,000 + $5,000 + $2,000 = $67,000

Step 3: Calculate the net gain or loss for March by subtracting the total cash payments from the total cash receipts.

Net gain/loss = $66,000 - $67,000 = -$1,000

Step 4: Calculate the cumulative cash balance by adding the net gain/loss to the cash at the start of the month.

Cumulative cash balance = $1,000 + -$1,000 = $0

Step 5: Calculate the cumulative surplus or loan needed by subtracting the target cash balance from the cumulative cash balance.

Cumulative surplus/loan needed = $0 - $6,000 = -$6,000

The cash budget for March is as follows:

| | March |
| --- | --- |
| Cash receipts | $66,000 |
| Cash payments | $67,000 |
| Net gain/loss | -$1,000 |
| Cash at start of month | $1,000 |
| Cumulative cash balance | $0 |
| Target cash balance | $6,000 |
| Cumulative surplus/loan needed | -$6,000 |

The cash surplus or loan required for March is -$6,000. This means that the company will need to borrow $6,000 to maintain the minimum cash balance of $6,000.

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Managing change, setting vision, communicating, and project managing the change are all important elements of successfully implementing change in an organization. Change management involves creating a vision and communicating that vision to all stakeholders in the organization, as well as setting a timeline for the change and managing any associated projects to ensure that the change is successfully implemented.

Managing change is a critical aspect of business success, and it involves setting a clear vision, effectively communicating that vision, and effectively managing the process of implementing the change. Setting a vision involves clearly defining the desired end state and the steps that need to be taken to achieve that state. Communicating the vision involves ensuring that all stakeholders are aware of the change and understand why it is necessary. Project managing the change involves creating a plan, monitoring progress, and making necessary adjustments along the way. By effectively managing change, setting a clear vision, communicating effectively, and project managing the process, businesses can successfully implement change and achieve their desired outcomes.

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There are many factors that need to be balanced in creating an effective diversity and inclusion strategy, but three key factors are: Representation, Inclusion and Accountability

1. Representation: Ensuring that the organization's workforce reflects the diversity of the community it serves is important for creating an inclusive environment. This means recruiting and hiring employees from diverse backgrounds, including race, gender, age, religion, and sexual orientation.

2. Inclusion: Creating an inclusive culture means ensuring that all employees feel valued, respected, and supported. This includes providing training on diversity and inclusion, promoting open communication and collaboration, and creating policies that support equity and fairness.

3. Accountability: Organizations need to be held accountable for their diversity and inclusion efforts. This includes setting measurable goals, tracking progress, and holding leaders accountable for promoting diversity and inclusion.

There are also several trade-offs that organizations need to consider when creating a diversity and inclusion strategy. One trade-off is the cost of implementing diversity and inclusion initiatives, which can include training, recruitment, and other expenses.

Another trade-off is the potential for conflict or resistance from employees who may not understand or support the organization's diversity and inclusion goals. Overall, organizations need to carefully balance these factors and trade-offs in order to create an effective diversity and inclusion strategy.

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Zigto Co would financially prefer a forward exchange contract over a money market hedge to hedge its future euro receipt.

A forward exchange contract is an agreement to exchange currencies at a fixed exchange rate at a future date. A money market hedge is an agreement to exchange currencies at the current exchange rate, but with the use of a deposit or loan to offset the exchange rate risk.

To calculate whether a forward exchange contract or a money market hedge would be financially preferred by Zigto Co, we need to compare the net proceeds from each option.

Option 1: Forward exchange contract
Zigto Co can enter into a six-month forward exchange contract at a rate of 1.990 euro per $. This means that Zigto Co will receive 1.990 euro for each $1 it exchanges in six months' time. The net proceeds from this option would be:

€500,000 / 1.990 euro per $ = $251,256.28

Option 2: Money market hedge
Zigto Co can put cash on deposit in the European country at an annual interest rate of 3% per year, and borrow at 5% per year. The net proceeds from this option would be:

€500,000 / (1 + 0.03/2) = €485,436.89

Zigto Co can then exchange this amount at the current spot exchange rate of 2.000 euro per $:

€485,436.89 / 2.000 euro per $ = $242,718.45

Zigto Co will also need to repay the loan with interest in six months' time:

$242,718.45 * (1 + 0.05/2) = $247,573.00

The net proceeds from the money market hedge would be:

$251,256.28 - $247,573.00 = $3,683.28

Based on these calculations, the forward exchange contract would be financially preferred by Zigto Co, as it would result in higher net proceeds of $3,683.28 compared to the money market hedge.

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a) Longest Processing Time (LPT): According to this scheduling rule, the jobs with the longest processing times will be completed first. The order of these jobs will be G, F, E, D, C, B, and A.

Critical Ratio (CR): According to this scheduling rule, the jobs with the lowest Critical Ratio (time to due date/processing time) will be completed first. The order of these jobs will be B, A, D, E, F, C, and G.

b) The sequencing rule preferred based on average flow time measured from today (start of Day 4) is the Critical Ratio (CR) rule. This is because the Critical Ratio (CR) rule considers the ratio of the time left to the due date and the processing time of the job, allowing jobs to be completed in the most efficient manner.

c)  The sequencing rule preferred based on the average lateness with no credit given for jobs completed early is the Longest Processing Time (LPT) rule.

This is because the LPT rule allows jobs with the longest processing times to be completed first, thus allowing the highest number of jobs to be completed on time.

d)  The sequencing rule preferred based on the average early time with zero days early if the job is completed late is the Critical Ratio (CR) rule. This is because the Critical Ratio (CR) rule considers the ratio of the time left to the due date and the processing time of the job, allowing jobs to be completed in the most efficient manner.

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As a commercial flower farm, marketing includes selling directly to the public or to florists, grocery stores and other retail businesses. Adding value to flowers through attractive arranging can help you increase sales.

Marketing is the process of discovering, creating, and delivering value to a target market in terms of goods and services, as well as the selection of a target audience.

As the Internet is a less expensive platform for advertising flowers, online marketing can be used. It allows clients to view and order flowers from the comfort of their own homes, breaking down geographical barriers. Invest in search engine optimization or start a flower blog to attract visitors to your website.

Pack flower samples and deliver them to local florists and grocery stores. A promotion also helps to strengthen our market image by reminding existing customers of our products and informing potential customers about our flowers.

Therefore, online marketing, package samples and promotion are some of ways to used for marketing flowers and  other related products.

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In my opinion, minimum wage should be increased because an increase in minimum wage would reduce poverty, increase consumer spending, and promote economic growth.

Minimum wage has not kept pace with inflation, and that the current federal minimum wage of $7.25/hr is not a living wage in most parts of the United States. A $15/hr minimum wage would provide a more realistic living wage for many low-wage workers, but there is disagreement on whether this should be achieved through federal legislation or through individual state action.

Ultimately, whether or not to raise the minimum wage is a complex issue that involves balancing the needs of workers, businesses, and the overall economy. It is important for policymakers to carefully consider the potential impacts of any minimum wage increase and to find ways to support low-wage workers without unduly burdening businesses.

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Recommendations for action in 2015 Quarter 3 which can prevent the quality issues leading to the company failure should include implementing process improvement plans, improving quality assurance processes, and enhancing the focus on customer satisfaction.

To evaluate the quality cost data, you should tabulate the ratios and draw the curves, and then interpret the quality management problems with respect to the outputs of part a. The ratios and curves should include items such as the quality cost rate, which is the ratio of quality cost to output volume; quality cost per unit, which is the ratio of quality cost to output quantity; and the quality cost trend line, which is the relationship between quality cost and output volume over a period of time.

Additionally, Wonder should carry out internal audits to identify quality issues and take steps to address them. Regular employee training on quality management topics should be conducted, as well as implementing measures to reduce waste and improve productivity. Finally, Wonder should have increased the inspection and testing of materials, products and processes to identify any potential issues.

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Responsibility and accountability  is the most important factor to group success.

Accountability means that the team keeps its promises, completes projects on time, and achieves its objectives. Team accountability necessitates that each individual be held accountable for their own part, which includes both day-to-day work and long-term objectives.

Tolerating liability is vital for progress since it assists you with managing your errors without being overloaded by lament, culpability, or disgrace. As a person gets better at admitting that they are not perfect and doing what needs to be done to make up for them, it also builds character.

Responsibility is important because it gives people a sense of purpose and helps them become resilient in the face of personal and social adversity. Avoiding responsibility, like addiction, may feel good in the short term, but it will only make things worse in the long run.

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Financial leverage is an important tool for businesses to maximize their return on investment and increase their profitability. It refers to the use of borrowed money to increase the potential return of an investment.

By utilizing debt in their capital structure, businesses can increase the return on their investments by leveraging the difference between the pre-tax cost of debt and the pre-tax cost of equity. Even if the two costs are equal on a risk-adjusted basis, debt is often still cheaper on an after-tax basis.

This is because the interest payments on debt are tax deductible, creating a tax shield that reduces the cost of borrowing. Therefore, businesses can use financial leverage to increase the return on their investments, provided they have the ability to service the debt incurred.

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Task 1:
Debit: $3295
Credit: $428.35

Task 2:
Bank Reconciliation Statement for Raceway Motor Sports Co.

Cash Balance per Company Ledger: $3651.40

Add: Deposit not recorded by bank: $565

Less: NSF cheque: $85

Less: Bank service charges: $11.40

Adjusted Cash Balance: $4120

Cash Balance per Bank Statement: $4120

Add: Deposit not recorded by bank: $565

Less: NSF cheque: $85

Less: Bank service charges: $11.40

Adjusted Cash Balance: $4588.60

Final Cash Balance: $4588.60

Task 1:

Journal Entry 1:

Date: Nov 7
Accounts and Explanation: Cash Sales
PR: 100
Debit: $3295
Credit: $428.35

Journal Entry 2:

Date: Nov 7
Accounts and Explanation: Sales Invoice 87-B to A. Michaels
PR: 103
Debit: $2000
Credit: $260

Journal Entry 3:

Date: Nov 8
Accounts and Explanation: Bank Credit Memo
PR: 401
Debit: $215
Credit: $0

Journal Entry 4:

Date: Nov 9
Accounts and Explanation: Bank Debit Memo
PR: 500
Debit: $25
Credit: $3.25

Journal Entry 5:

Date: Nov 15
Accounts and Explanation: Cheque from A. Michaels
PR: 100
Debit: $2056.40
Credit: $63.60

Task 1.1:

Journal Entry 1:

Date: Sept 1
Accounts and Explanation: Petty Cash Fund
PR: 101
Debit: $150
Credit: $0

Journal Entry 2:

Date: Oct 15
Accounts and Explanation: Petty Cash Replenishment
PR: 102
Debit: $45
Credit: $50

PR: 502
Debit: $50
Credit: $22.50

PR: 501
Debit: $22.50
Credit: $24.75

Task 2:

Bank Reconciliation Statement for Raceway Motor Sports Co.

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The capital gains tax is 0. Therefore, A: "0" is the correct answer.

The capital gains tax on the sale of stocks of a domestic corporation through the local stock exchange is 0%. This is because, under Section 127 (A) of the National Internal Revenue Code, gains derived from the sale, exchange, or disposition of shares of stock in a domestic corporation through the local stock exchange are exempt from capital gains tax. Therefore, the resident citizen taxpayer will not have to pay any capital gains tax on the sale of the shares of stock.

Thus, the capital gains tax is A: 0.

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The cost of retained earnings is 0.103 and the cost of equity from new stock is 0.223.

DIVIDEND VALUATION MODEL (2): To answer the question, we need to calculate the firm's cost of retained earnings and the cost of equity from new stock.

The cost of retained earnings can be estimated by the formula: Retained Earnings Cost = (D1/P0) / (1 + g).

In this case, D1 is the dividend of $1.36, P0 is the current stock price of $33.60 and g is the expected growth rate of 7.5%. Therefore, the cost of retained earnings is 0.103.

The cost of equity from new stock can be estimated by the formula: New Stock Cost = (Retained Earnings Cost) + (Flotation Costs).

In this case, the retained earnings cost is 0.103 and the flotation costs are 12% of the money raised.

Therefore, the cost of equity from new stock is 0.223.

In conclusion, the cost of retained earnings is 0.103 and the cost of equity from new stock is 0.223.

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A manager can ensure that job evaluation or skill-/competency-based plans support a customer-centered strategy by taking some steps like Identify the key skills,Provide training, evaluate employees,Provide rewards.

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The 8 stages of miscommunication that can occur between Shareholders or Directors of a company and result in the closing of the company are as follows  Assumption , Misinterpretation , Lack of clarification ,Reaction,Escalation, Blame  , Breakdown  , Closure.

1. Assumption: One party assumes that the other party understands their perspective or intention without explicitly stating it.

2. Misinterpretation: The other party interprets the message in a way that was not intended by the sender.

3. Lack of clarification: Neither party seeks clarification on the misinterpreted message, leading to further confusion.

4. Reaction: One or both parties react to the miscommunication, often with negative emotions such as anger or frustration.

5. Escalation: The miscommunication escalates into a larger conflict, with both parties becoming more entrenched in their positions.

6. Blame: Each party begins to blame the other for the miscommunication and resulting conflict.

7. Breakdown: Communication between the parties breaks down completely, with neither party willing to listen or compromise.

8. Closure: As a result of the breakdown in communication, the company is unable to function effectively and is forced to close.

By understanding and being aware of these stages, Shareholders and Directors can work to prevent miscommunication and the potential negative consequences that can result from it.

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Mission and vision statements are statements that describe the purpose and direction of an organization. Mission statements explain why the organization exists and what it is trying to achieve. Vision statements describe the organization’s desired future state.

Goals and objectives, on the other hand, are more specific and actionable plans for achieving the mission and vision statements. Goals are broad statements of what an organization hopes to achieve in the long-term, while objectives are more specific, measurable, and time-based plans for achieving the goals.

For example, a mission statement for a volunteer organization might be “to empower communities by providing meaningful volunteer opportunities.” The corresponding vision statement might be “to create a world where everyone has access to meaningful volunteer opportunities, regardless of their socio-economic status.”

Goals for this organization might include increasing volunteer engagement, expanding the number of volunteer opportunities, and engaging more diverse communities. Objectives might include increasing the number of volunteer hours logged by 20% by the end of the year, offering at least five new volunteer opportunities by the end of the year, and recruiting volunteers from at least five new underserved communities by the end of the year.

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