Answer:
The traditional electrolyte for aluminium electrolysis is based on molten cryolite (Na3AlF6), acting as solvent for the raw material, alumina (Al2O3).Metals are found in ores combined with other elements. Electrolysis can be used to extract a more reactive metal from the ore.
Aluminum can and is used as both anodes and cathodes in electrochemical cells, but there are some peculiarities to using it as an anode in aqueous solutions. As you note, aluminum forms a passivating oxide layer quite readily, even by exposure to atmosphere. In an aqueous solution, if the potential is high enough, OH− and O2− are generated at the anode, which can then react with the aluminum to produce aluminum oxide. Al^3+ can also be generated directly. The electric field will draw the anions through the growing aluminum oxide layer towards the aluminum surface and the Al^3+ towards the solution, making the oxide layer grow both away from the electrode surface and into the surface of the electrode. In this way, coatings thicker than the normal passivation in air can be produced. However, aluminum oxide is a good electrical insulator, thus if a dense non-porous layer is grown, it will become impossible to pass current through it and growth will stop, leaving a relatively thin oxide layer (this is how the dielectric layers in electrolytic capacitors are made). This is the normal behaviour in aqueous solutions at near-neutral pH (5–7).
However, if a thick aluminum oxide layer is desired (e.g. to produce coatings on aluminum parts for dying or durability), maintaining porosity is necessary to avoid completely blocking access to the surface. One technique that is commonly used is using a low pH solution, which tends to redissolve some of the oxide and neutralize some of the formed OH−, leaving pores in the oxide layer through which the ions can travel and continue to react. These pores also give a good structure to retain dyes or lubricants, but generally need to be sealed after to protect against corrosion.
Element X has two isotopes. One has a mass of 45.0 amu and is 45.0% abundant. The other has a mass of 47.0 amu and is 55.0% abundant. What is the average atomic mass of element X?*
0 46.1 amu
O 36.5 amu
0 43.8 amu
0 48.9 amu
The average atomic mass of element X that has two isotopes (one of 45.0 amu mass and 45% abundance and the other of 47.0 amu mass and 55.0% abundance) is 46.1 amu (option 1).
The average atomic mass (A) of element X can be calculated as follows:
[tex] A = m_{1}\%_{1} + m_{1}\%_{1} [/tex] (1)
Where:
m₁: is the mass of isotope 1 = 45.0 amu
m₂: is the mass of isotope 2 = 47.0 amu
%₁: is the abundance percent of isotope 1 = 45.0 %
%₂: is the abundance percent of isotope 1 = 55.0 %
Hence, the average atomic mass is (eq 1):
[tex] A = m_{1}\%_{1} + m_{1}\%_{1} = 45.0 amu*45.0\% + 47.0 amu*55.0\% = 45.0 amu*0.45 + 47.0 amu*0.55 = 46.1 amu [/tex]
Therefore, the average atomic mass of element X is 46.1 amu (option 1).
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standardization is the process of titrating a solution prepared from
Standardization is the process of titrating a solution that is prepared from: a carefully measured solid mass to accurately find the concentration of titrant.
What is titration?Titration is also known as volumetric analysis (titrimetry) and it can be defined as a chemical process in which a solution of known concentration (titrant) is carefully and slowly added to another solution of unknown concentration, so as to determine the concentration or quantity of the analyte.
Similarly, a process referred to as standardization is used to titrate a solution that is prepared from a carefully measured solid mass to accurately find the concentration of titrant.
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ANSWER ASAP PLZ???????????????????????????????????
Answer:
The answer should be A
Explanation:
Answer:
Leaving a Copper penny in vinegar until it turns green
Explanation:
the others are physical changes. when copper penny is put in vinegar, a reactive oixde layer is formed which is green in colour. namely, Cu(II) acetate.
The green growing on the penny of copper and the rust forming on the nail of iron are chemical changes. Boiling away salt water, scraping iron filings from a mixture of sand with a magnet, and breaking a rock with a hammer, are physical changes.
How to determine the speed of light.
Please, if you wish not to receive multiple notifications, ignore answering this, for which you will be stressed and annoyed.
Answer:
Hey mate....
Explanation:
This is ur answer....
By adjusting the path length while observing the interference pattern and carefully measuring the change in path length, the wavelength of the light (λ) can be determined. The speed of light is then calculated using the equation c = λf.
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A horse runs 1 km in 15 s. What is the average speed
The average speed of the horse for the entire motion is 66.67 m/s.
The given parameters;
distance traveled by the horse, d = 1 km = 1,000 mtime of motion of the horse, t = 15 sThe average speed of the horse is calculated by dividing the total distance traveled by the horse by the time of motion.
The average speed of the horse is calculated as follows;
[tex]average\ speed = \frac{distance}{time} \\\\average\ speed = \frac{1000 \ m}{15 \ s} = 66.67 \ m/s[/tex]
Thus, the average speed of the horse for the entire motion is 66.67 m/s.
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in which step of the scientific method do we want to use graphs
Explanation:
The next step in the scientific method is to analyze the data. Data analysis is the process of interpreting the meaning of the data we have collected, organized, and displayed in the form of a table or graph.
14. The following are a list of the four parts of John Dalton's atomic theory Indicate which of
the parts have been modified and why.
1. All matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms
2. All atoms of an element are identical and all atoms of different atoms are different
3. Atoms of one element cannot be turned into atoms of another element.
4. All atoms combine with one another in fixed whole number ratios.
Answer:
1
all matter is made of tiny particles called atom
Someone pls help me I will make you brain
Answer:
the second answer
Explanation:
Answer:
A Erosion of structures and buildings
Explanation:
convert 1 bromopropane to bromoethane.
Answer:
The Dehydrohaogenation of 1-bromo propane with alcoholic KOH gives propene which on again hydrohalogenation with HBr gives 2-bromo propane due to Markonikove's rule for addition.
Explanation:
An atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons.
Which symbol represents that atom, including its mass number?
Answer:
Cl
Explanation:
cl has mass number 35 and its atomic number is 17 so number of proton =atomic number 17 and number of neutron is =mass number -number of proton =35-17 =18
The organelle that serves as a microtubule organizing center during cell division is the
Answer:
Centríolo. Los Centríolos son orgánulos tubulares (en pares de dos en dos) que se encuentran en el citoplasma de las células animales, cerca de la membrana nuclear. Los centriolos tienen la función de organizar los microtúbulos, que son el sistema esquelético de la célula.
Explanation:
Espero te ayude
i don't need to know why i just want the awnser
Answer:
I remember doing this in 7th,
1. D
2. B or D, more leaning on B though
3. A
Someone pls help me I will make you brain
Answer:
A
Explanation:
I talked about it in Economic Geography and Earth Science, I rememBer this
Which characteristic do valence electrons indicate about reactions between atoms?
A.bond type
B.electronegativity difference
C.bond number
D.absolute electronegativity
Answer:
the answer is Bond Number
Explanation:
b r u h i just took the quiz and got the answer wrong lol
so turns out its BOND NUMBER
The whole Chemical Reaction Predictions Quick Check for Chemistry
1) chemical reaction
2) bond number
3) chemical bonds
4) C3H6O3
5) Iron oxides form when oxygen, a product of photosynthesis, is in the atmosphere
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Options:
Ionic Bond or Covalent Bond?
Answer:
covalent bonds
Explanation:
ionic transfer of e^- ions formed (charges)
ionic=non-metal+ metal
ex: F+Ca
covalent sharing e^- no true charges
covalent= non-metal+ non-metal
ex: F+P
( my notes)
In an experiment combining vinegar and baking soda, gas is given off. In this
chemical reaction, the vinegar and baking soda are…
A elements
B products
C suspensions
D reactants
Answer:
The correct answer is D hope this helped :3Answer:
(D)
Explanation:
In the reaction between vinegar and baking soda, the reactants are vinegar (acetic acid) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). The products are sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide gas.
Why it is important to have balanced charges when forming ionic compounds?
[tex]\textbf{Question:-}[/tex]
Why it is important to have balanced charges when forming ionic compounds?
✿[tex]\textbf{Answer:-}[/tex]
As we know electrons can neither be created not destroyed,instead it can be transferred from one medium to another, therefore it is important to have balanced charges when forming ionic compounds. Net ionic equations must be balanced by both mass and charge. Also, the total number of electrons lost by the cationic species must be same with the total number of electrons gained by the anionic species.✿[tex]\textbf{More to know:-}[/tex]
Ionic Compounds-Ionic compounds are solids and hard due to the strong attracting force between the positive and negative ions. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces on application of pressure.Ionic compounds contain positively and negatively charged ions in a ratio that results in an overall charge of zero.what is the polystyrene?
Answer:
Polystyrene is a versatile plastic used to make a wide variety of consumer products.
Explanation:
Answer:
polystyrene, a hard, stiff, brilliantly transparent synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of styrene. Styrene is obtained by reacting ethylene with benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride to yield ethylbenzene.
Explanation:
in other words its a plastic
Answer pls ASAPPP 50 pointsss!!
Answer:
There should only be one chemical reaction, this is because toasting the bread is not only using heat, but you cannot untoast the bread, and also theres a reaction with the amino acids and sugar in bread when it's cooked. I hope this helps you! :)
Answer:
One
Explanation:
One Chemical changes-It was when he toasted the bread. The heat changed the bread so that it has the crust on the outside
Which layer or layers of Earth provide the heat and energy that fuels convection?
The layer of Earth which provide transfer from the white core to the lithosphere that fuels convection is the mantle.
What is the Mantle layer?A mantle can be described as a layer inside a planetary body bounded above a crust and below a core. Mantles are composed of rock or ice and are usually the largest massive layer of the planetary body.
The mantle layer of the earth is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. The mass of the mantle of 4.01 × 10²⁴ kg which is 67% of the mass of the Earth. It's a thickness of 2,900 kilometers making up about 84% of Earth's volume.
The mantle layer is predominantly solid, but it behaves as a viscous fluid. At mid-ocean ridges, partial melting of the mantle produces oceanic crust, and at subduction zones, partial melting of the mantle produces continental crust.
The temperatures range of the mantle from 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary. The convection of the mantle is a chaotic process, the mantle transfers heat that fuels convection.
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Which term describes the total internal energy of a material due to the motion
of its particles?
A. Nuclear energy
B. Thermal energy
Ο Ο Ο
C. Electrical energy
D. Chemical energy
Answer:
Thermal Energy
Explanation:
Thermal energy is the total internal kinetic energy of an object due to the random motion of its atoms and molecules They consist of the sum of the internal kinetic energy (thermal energy) and the potential energy of an object.
Answer:
B. thermal energy.
Thermal energy or heat is due to the movement or vibrations of tiny particles such as atoms and molecules.
Explination:
Einstein proved the existense of atoms through his observation of Brownian Motion (the random movement of a dust particle, caused by it bumping into atoms).
The lower the pressure, the lower a liquid’s boiling point is. Water actually boils much faster at the top of a mountain where air pressure is lower. Without pressure water in the body begins to boil. What do you think will happen to your body as blood, saliva, and other fluids boil?
Answer:
The lower the pressure, the lower a liquid's boiling point is. That's why water boils much faster at the top of a mountain than it does at the bottom. In space, there is no pressure. So the boiling point could easily drop to your body temperature.
mark as a brainlist plz.
Which of the following pairs of elements could NOT react to form an ionic compound ? Check all that apply
Co and Br
C and O
K and F
Ag and O
Answer:
Ag and o
Explanation:
because they are not metals but not metals
how do lone pairs of electrons influence the structure of molecules?
Answer:
lone pairs and bonds both repulsive each other
Explanation:
therefore bond angles will be changed that leads to the original geometry in nature
Suggest one peice of laboratory apparatus which is suitable to be used for transferring the concentrated acid into a beaker. Explain your answer
Answer:
safety hand gloves face masks
Explanation:
What type of reaction is represented by the chemical equation shown
below?
2PbO2 → 2PbO + O2
decomposition
single replacement
synthesis
deouble replacement
Answer:
Decomposition reaction
Explanation:
2PbO2 → 2PbO + O2
2PbO2 is reactant.
2PbO + O2 is the product.
Definition : -
Decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to simpler products.
Can someone help me please I would really appreciated
Explanation:
whats the question. cause I didn't see it
draw the product of the sn2 reaction and indicate stereochemistry. write the inorganic product in the answer palette.
SN2 reaction proceeds with inversion of configuration at the reacting carbon atom. The product has a different configuration at this carbon atom from the product.
SN2 reaction is a short form for substitution nucleophilic bimolecular reaction. It is a synchronous reaction in which the leaving group departs at the same time as the nucleophile attacks in a single transition state.
Recall that SN2 reaction proceeds with inversion of configuration hence the product has a different configuration at the reacting carbon atom from the product. The inorganic product in this reaction is HI. The organic product is shown in the image attached to this answer.
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cuales son los nombres de la distribución de los electrones en un átomo ?
which scientist is credited with early, quantitative data on redox reactions?
Answer:
German chemist G.E. Stahl
Explanation:
this theory was first articulated in 1697
G. E. Stahl in 1697 is the scientist who is credited with early, quantitative data on redox reactions.
What are redox reactions?
The Redox reactions comprise of two parts a reduced part and an oxidized part, which occur simultaneously . The part which is reduced gain electrons and hence there is a increase in oxidation state of the species.
While, the part which is oxidized looses electrons and hence there is a decrease in oxidation state of the species.During redox reactions, there is no net change in the number of electrons . Electrons which are given off in oxidation are used up in reduction.
The ion or molecule which accepts electrons is called as oxidizing agent while the ion or molecule which donates electrons is called as a reducing agent.
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