Protostomes are a diverse group of invertebrate animals that includes insects, mollusks, and annelids, among others. They are characterized by several key traits that distinguish them from other animal groups.
All protostomes have the following traits:
These traits do not include the blastopore becoming the anus, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm.
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Describe two processes that alter the sequence and form of an immunolgobulin gene in a mature B cell that has been activated by antigen, noting whether the process occurs at the DNA level or the mRNA transcript level, and what the result of each process is:
The two processes that alter the sequence and form of an immunoglobulin gene in a mature B cell that has been activated by antigen are somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
1) Somatic hypermutation: This process occurs at the DNA level and involves the introduction of point mutations into the variable regions of the immunoglobulin gene. The result of this process is the generation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies with different antigen-binding specificities.
2) Class switch recombination: This process occurs at the DNA level and involves the recombination of the constant region of the immunoglobulin gene with a different constant region gene segment. The result of this process is the production of antibodies with different effector functions, such as IgG, IgA, or IgE.
Both of these processes are important for the adaptive immune response, as they allow for the generation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies with different antigen-binding specificities and effector functions.
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Marine sponges are collected and harvested for a variety of commercial purposes including cleaning products, personal care products, painting products, and even pharmaceutical compounds. What are some reasons it is important to research different species of animals like sponges? How might this research benefit humans?
What can we conclude about the climate on the Serengeti between 1960-75?
The Serengeti is a vast ecosystem located in East Africa that spans across Tanzania and Kenya. It is known for its grasslands, savannas, and large populations of wildlife, including wildebeest, zebras, and big cats.
The climate of the Serengeti is typically hot and dry, with two distinct seasons: the dry season and the wet season. The dry season usually occurs between June and October, while the wet season takes place between November and May.
During the dry season, the weather is characterized by hot days, cool nights, and low humidity. The vegetation in the region dries up, which makes it easier for visitors to spot wildlife, as animals are forced to gather around the few remaining sources of water.
During the wet season, the weather is characterized by hot and humid conditions, with frequent rainfall. The vegetation in the region becomes lush and green, which provides ample food for the wildlife.
Without specific data on the climate during the period of 1960-1975, it is not possible to draw a conclusion about the climate on the Serengeti during that time frame.
Which are functions of the lysosome?
Choose all that apply:
creation of lipids
cell membrane repair
digestion
protein synthesis
creation of membranes
immune response to bacteria
The lysosome functions include Digestion, Cell membrane repair and immune response to bacteria. Lysosomes do not play a direct role in protein synthesis, lipids creation, or membranes.
What are lysosomes?Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion and the recycling of macromolecules. The word "lysosome" comes from the Greek words "lysis," meaning dissolution or breakdown, and "soma," meaning body.
What is the responsibility of lysosomes?Lysosomes are responsible for degrading and recycling various cellular components, such as organelles, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, that are no longer needed or have become damaged. They also play a role in cell membrane repair and immune response by fusing with phagosomes to destroy ingested bacteria or other foreign particles.
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Refer to the information given in problems 6-8 and 6-9. Assume the researcher repeated the mating with several pairs of parents to produce a
larger F2 generation. Due to adverse laboratory conditio_ns, most of the eggs
died and of the 44 F2 progeny, 35 had brown shells and nine had yellow
shells.
a. Based on the correct 3:1 F2 ratio, calculate the x2 value for this data.
b1 Do the data support the hypothesis of 3:1 ratio for the F2 progeny of a
Mendelian cross with complete dominance?
c. In light of the outcome of this x2 test, what would you suggest that the
researcher do next?
a. The value of X2 is 0.12
b. Based on the x2 value calculated, the data does not support the hypothesis of 3:1 ratio for the F2 progeny of a Mendelian cross with complete dominance.
c. In light of the outcome of this x2 test, the researcher should look into why the eggs died and what other environmental conditions might have caused the deviation from the expected 3:1 F2 ratio.
Based on the correct 3:1 F2 ratio, the x2 value for this data would be calculated as follows:
Expected: (3 x 44)/4 = 33
Observed: 35
x2 = ((35-33)^2)/33 = 4/33 = 0.12
They should consider repeating the experiment to see if the results match the expected ratio more closely.
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Although many types of vesicles are similar in size and density, it is possible to isolate specific types of vesicles through the use of:
A) light microscopy.
B) antibodies attached to bacterial carriers and low speed centrifugation.
C) ultracentrifugation.
D) a fluorescent-activated cell sorting machine.
Although many types of vesicles are similar in size and density, it is possible to isolate specific types of vesicles through the use of C) ultracentrifugation.
Vesicles are typically small, spherical-shaped packages of fluid or semi-fluid material that are often enclosed in a lipid membrane.
Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are three of the most common types of vesicles. Although many types of vesicles are similar in size and density, specific types of vesicles can be isolated through the use of ultracentrifugation.
Ultracentrifugation is a process that is used to fractionate biological materials based on size, shape, and density. Ultracentrifugation can be used to purify various cellular organelles and subcellular particles, such as viruses and vesicles.
In summary, although many types of vesicles are similar in size and density, specific types of vesicles can be isolated through the use of ultracentrifugation.
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True/False: Diffusion occurs only in liquids, not semi-solids.
List the the stages/points in the cell cycle that chemotherapy
could effectively prevent cancer cell divison.
Diffusion occurs only in liquids, not semi-solids is: False.
Diffusion can occur in liquids, gases, and solids. It is the process by which particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. However, it is generally slower in solids and semi-solids compared to liquids.
Stages/points in the cell cycle that chemotherapy could effectively prevent cancer cell division are:
G1 phase: During this phase, cells prepare for DNA replication. If chemotherapy is given during this phase, it can prevent the cell from entering the S phase, where DNA replication occurs.S phase: During this phase, DNA replication occurs. Chemotherapy can be effective during this phase as it can prevent the replication process from taking place.
G2 phase: During this phase, the cell prepares for mitosis. Chemotherapy can prevent cells from entering this phase.M phase: During this phase, cell division occurs. Chemotherapy can prevent cell division by targeting the spindle fibers or enzymes responsible for cell division.
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how does an entire population become adapted to its environment
a. traits that help individuals survive and reproduce become more common in the population over successive generations
b. each new variation becomes an adaptation as the organisms learn to use it
c. a population chooses which traits will help it survive
d. individuals develop changes during their lifetime and pass good changes to their offspring
How is the information in a DNA molecule expressed in an organism?
Answer:
through the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides along each strand and by what traits the organism has
Explanation:
ou know that a genus of bacteria, such as Streptococcus, is PYOGENIC. Thus you also know that itSelect one:a. is bacteria capable of chemotaxis.b. is not a pathogen.c. causes elevated temperatures in the bodyd. is a pus forming bacteriae. will repel neutrophils and so survive better in the body.
A genus of bacteria, such as Streptococcus, is pyogenic, which means it is a pus forming bacteria. The correct answer is d. is a pus forming bacteria.
Pyogenic bacteria are a type of bacteria that can cause the formation of pus. Pus is a thick fluid that contains dead cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. It is often a sign of an infection or inflammation in the body. Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that is known to be pyogenic, meaning that it can cause the formation of pus.
Therefore, if you know that a genus of bacteria, such as Streptococcus, is pyogenic, you also know that it is a pus forming bacteria.
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You know the sequence of Protein #3.
How many fragments would you get if you used trypsin to fragment Protein #3?
Group of answer choices
a. 13
b. 12
c. 14
d. 17
e. 18
If you used trypsin to fragment Protein #3, you would get a. 13 fragments.
Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that is capable of cleaving peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of lysine and arginine amino acid residues. When trypsin acts on a protein, it produces several smaller peptides, with each peptide having a single free carboxyl group and an amino group at the ends.
Therefore, when trypsin is used to fragment a protein, the protein is cleaved into several smaller peptides, with each peptide being a fragment.
Thus, the correct answer would be option a. 13 fragments.
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What is the advantage of probiotics over antibiotics in dealing with staph aureus
infections?
The main advantage of probiotics over antibiotics when dealing with Staph aureus infections is that probiotics are able to help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut, which can help reduce the severity and duration of the infection.
Antibiotics, on the other hand, can kill both the bad and the good bacteria, leading to disruption of the normal balance of gut bacteria. This disruption can lead to a weakened immune system, digestive problems, and other health complications. Therefore, probiotics are a better option for treating Staph aureus infections than antibiotics.
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list the changes DNA causes within an organism
Answer:
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
Explanation:
goodluck
Describe how the metabolic pathway is regulated at the
different steps and
evaluate the effects of dysregulation on cellular function.
(20)
Metabolic pathways are regulated in different ways. Cells must strictly regulate their metabolism because energy generation and usage is a critical process that must be balanced. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to make ATP. It is also an example of a metabolic pathway that is tightly controlled.
ATP is the major source of energy in the cell, and it is generated through metabolic processes such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These processes must be carefully regulated to ensure that the cell has enough energy to function properly. A disruption in the regulation of these processes, called dysregulation, can have a significant impact on cellular function.
Dysregulation can occur at any step in the metabolic pathway. The effects of dysregulation depend on the step and the type of dysregulation. If a particular enzyme is not active, the pathway may be stalled at that step. If the enzyme is too active, the pathway may be overwhelmed and produce too many intermediates or waste products. In some cases, dysregulation can cause feedback loops to be disrupted, leading to even more dysregulation.
The effects of dysregulation on cellular function depend on the pathway and the type of dysregulation. In general, dysregulation can lead to energy shortages or excesses. If the pathway is blocked, the cell may not have enough energy to function properly. If the pathway is overactive, the cell may produce too many waste products or intermediates, leading to cellular stress or toxicity.
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If members of two species are in direct competition with each other and one of those species is outcompeting the other species, what are at least two outcomes the losing species would face?
If members of two species are in direct competition with each other and one of those species is outcompeting the other species. The two outcomes that the losing species would face are: Reduction in population size and Extinction.
Reduction in population size: If one species is outcompeting the other species, it will lead to a reduction in the population size of the losing species. This is because the losing species will have less access to resources such as food, water, and shelter, which are necessary for survival and reproduction.
Extinction: If the losing species is unable to adapt to the competition and cannot find alternative resources, it may eventually become extinct. Extinction occurs when there are no more individuals of a species left alive.
Overall, competition between species can have a significant impact on the losing species, leading to a reduction in population size or even extinction.
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Mount Kinabalue in Malaysia has the greatest concentration of wild orchids on Earth. It
contains more than 750 species, or about one-fourth of all orchid species in Malaysia.
How many orchid species are there in Malaysia?
(4) 1/4 x < 750 (4)
X < 3,000
Answer:
the answer us 3000
Explanation:
750×4
Acetylcholine is a chemical secreted at the ends of nerve cells. This chemical helps to send nerve sigels aoross synapses,(spaces between nerve cells). After the signal passes across a synapse, an enzyme breaks down the acetylcholine. LSD is a that blocks the action of this enzyme. Describe one possible effect of LSD on the action of acetylcholine.
As LSD prevents the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine from working, the molecules of acetylcholine may not be degraded and may instead continue to excite the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
How does acetylcholine move a signal electrically from one neuron to another?An electrical impulse must travel along a motor neuron until it reaches the cell's end before it may contract a muscle. In order for the neurotransmitter to traverse the synaptic cleft and attach to receptors on the opposite side of the cell, it subsequently causes the release of acetylcholine from small vesicles.
What happens at a neuronal synapse when acetylcholine is present?In the brain, acetylcholine modifies neuronal excitability, affects synaptic transmission, promotes synaptic plasticity, and synchronises the firing of neural networks.
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True or False: A decrease in the activity of cholesterol
receptors in the membranes of liver cells would increase the
concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
The given statment "a decrease in the activity of cholesterol receptors in the membranes of liver cells would increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood." is true because decrease in the activity of cholesterol receptors in the membranes of liver cells would increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
This is because cholesterol receptors are responsible for removing LDL cholesterol from the blood and transporting it into the liver cells. If the activity of these receptors decreases, less LDL cholesterol will be removed from the blood, leading to an increase in its concentration.
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A Field Experiment: Review the field experiment conducted by Malte Anderson in the first chapter of your textbook, Biology: Life on Earth, 10 th ed. by Audesirk, Audesirk, \& Byers (2014, Pearson Education) Identify the different steps of biological inquiry used by the researcher. Observations: Hypothesis: Prediction: Experiment: Control group: Experimental group: Controlled variables: Independent variable; Dependent variable: Data analysis: Conclusion:
The experiment was that males with larger throat pouches were more successful in attracting females, supporting Anderson's hypothesis.
Observations: The first step of the biological inquiry used by the researcher was to make observations. In this case, Malte Anderson observed the behavior of male Great Frigatebirds and their mating rituals.
Hypothesis: The next step was to develop a hypothesis based on the observations. Anderson hypothesized that the size of the male's red throat pouch was related to their success in attracting females.
Prediction: Anderson then made a prediction based on his hypothesis, stating that males with larger throat pouches would be more successful in attracting females.
Experiment: The experiment involved measuring the size of the male's throat pouch and observing their mating success. Anderson divided the males into two groups, one with larger throat pouches and one with smaller pouches.
Control group: The control group in this experiment was the group of males with smaller throat pouches.
Experimental group: The experimental group was the group of males with larger throat pouches.
Controlled variables: The controlled variables in this experiment were the age and overall health of the males.
Independent variable: The independent variable in this experiment was the size of the male's throat pouch.
Dependent variable: The dependent variable was the mating success of the males.
Data analysis: Anderson analyzed the data by comparing the mating success of the two groups of males.
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You are tasked with designing and carrying out a replicate of the investigation of mask effectiveness for different activitles.
Describe the steps that you would take as well as explain the controls you would include to assure that your investigation produces accurate results
Answer: I would either stand their and watch it or i would make a new invention that could just site there and read the results and make them accurate. I would also check over my work more then twice. It is very important to always check over your work more then once no matter if u think its right or not.
Explanation: Just a little of advice from me to you:)
What is an advantage of the vast amount of information available through search engines?
A.
It is easier to come up with precise ideas of what you should be researching.
B.
The answers to any difficult questions you have are often easier to find.
C.
It is more likely that you will find what you want and learn additional facts.
D.
There is plenty for search engines to curate for you and to suit your needs.
THE CORRECT AWNSER IS C : it's more likely that you wil find what you want and learn additional facts.
The vast amount of information accessible through search engines makes it more likely that you will discover what you are looking for and gain additional knowledge.
Option C is correct.
What exactly are search engines?A search engine is a piece of software that is used to search the internet. Using a text-based online search query, they conduct systematic searches of the World Wide Web for specific data. The search results are typically presented as a list of results, or search engine results pages, or SERPs. When a user types a query, a search engine searches its index of web pages for pages that match. The results are then presented to the user in order of relevance.
What role do search engines play in locating information?Search engines basically filter the vast amount of information available online. Without having to sift through a plethora of irrelevant web pages, they make it possible for users to quickly and easily locate information that is truly valuable or of genuine interest.
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please use an article and post as well the link.
A3: SARS-Cov-2 (18 february 2022) Research the new medical term "SARS-CoV-2". Write up a brief report (less than 1 page long) of your research and post it in the "Discussions" Board in Canvas.
A3: SARS-Cov-2 (18 february 2022) The new medical term "SARS-CoV-2". A brief report (less than 1 page long) of your research and the post the "Discussions" Board in Canvas is SARS-CoV-2 is the medical term for the novel coronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19. It is a type of coronavirus that is closely related to the original SARS virus (SARS-CoV) that caused an outbreak in 2002-2003.
SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread globally, causing a pandemic. The virus is primarily spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus and then touching one's face. Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild to severe and include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.
There is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19, but research is ongoing to find effective treatments and vaccines. In the meantime, public health measures such as wearing masks, physical distancing, and frequent hand washing are recommended to prevent the spread of the virus. For more information on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, check out the following article from the World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
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Some proteins interact selectively with other proteins or molecules (such as substrates) to perform their functions. The selection of one target substrate out of a mixture of substrates depends on: Group of answer choices: a) multiple weak interactions between the protein and its substrate
b) a single strong interaction between the protein and its substrate
c) covalent bond formation between the protein and its substrate
d) multiple strong interactions between the protein and its substrate
e) peptide bond formation between the protein and its substrate
The selection of one target substrate out of a mixture of substrates depends on multiple weak interactions between the protein and its substrate. Therefore, the correct answer is option a) multiple weak interactions between the protein and its substrate.
Proteins are macromolecules that perform a wide range of functions in living organisms. One of the most important functions of proteins is to interact selectively with other proteins or molecules to perform their functions. This selective interaction is achieved through multiple weak interactions between the protein and its substrate. These weak interactions include hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forces. These interactions allow the protein to recognize and bind to its specific substrate, ensuring that the protein performs its function accurately and efficiently.
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Which signaling pathway is important for maintenance of mESC pluripotency? LIF signaling FGF signaling WNT signaling Question 8 What is not an extrinsic factor for self-renewal? Wnts Sox2 Noggin
a. The important signaling pathway for the maintenance of mESC pluripotency are LIF signaling, FGF signaling, and WNT signaling.
b. An extrinsic factor that does not contribute to self-renewal is Sox2.
What are mESCs?Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type found in the body. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have been studied in depth as a model for understanding pluripotency and the molecular mechanisms that regulate it
LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) is a cytokine that is secreted by a variety of cells in the body, including macrophages, osteoblasts, and T cells. The WNT pathway is involved in the regulation of cell fate decisions, and it has been shown that activation of the WNT pathway can promote pluripotency in mESCs. FGF signaling is important for the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency, and it has been shown that FGF signaling can promote pluripotency in mESCs.
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Could you please help me draw a replicated, homologous pair of
chromosome and label the sister chromatids and centromeres? Thank
you!
Sure! Here is a diagram of a replicated, homologous pair of chromosomes, with the sister chromatids and centromeres labeled:
Each chromosome is made up of two identical sister chromatids, which are joined together at the centromere. The sister chromatids are identical because they were created during the process of DNA replication, in which the original chromosome was duplicated.
The homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical, and they pair up during the process of meiosis to ensure that each gamete receives one copy of each chromosome.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.
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taskAmong 30,000 children, 30 were observed to express a heritable form of dwarfism caused by theautosomal, dominant allele ’A’. Further investigation revealed that 20 of the new born children withdwarfism had a dwarf parent, while the remaining 10 dwarf children has two parents of normalgrowth.Estimate the mutation frequency μ from the normal allele ’a’ to the dwarfism allele ‘A’.
The following formula can be used to calculate the mutation frequency from the normal allele "a" to the dwarfism allele "A":
(Amount of new mutations) = (total number of gametes)
Estimate the mutation frequency μ from the normal allele ’a’ to the dwarfism allele ‘A’.In this instance, we can assume that the 10 children with dwarfism who have two parents with normal height are the new mutations. This is due to the fact that these kids must have undergone a new mutation in order to acquire the dwarfism allele since they cannot inherit it from their parents.
Since each individual has two gametes, the total number of gametes can be calculated to be twice the number of individuals. Consequently, the population's total number of gametes is:
30,000 x 2 = 60,000
Thus, the estimation of the mutation frequency is as follows:
μ = 10 / 60,000\sμ = 0.00017 or 0.017%
The estimated mutation frequency from the dwarfism allele "A" to the normal allele "a" is therefore 0.017%.
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Question
The Canyon Spotted Whiptail and the Sonoran Spotted Whiptail are lizard species that occupy the same habitat. The Canyon Spotted Whiptail population is composed of males and females that reproduce sexually while the Sonoran Spotted Whiptail is an all-female species that reproduces asexually.
Which species is MOST LIKELY to survive an environmental catastrophe and why?
A The Canyon Spotted Whiptail is most likely to survive because male and female members of the species produced bigger offspring.
B The Sonoran Spotted Whiptail is most likely to survive because all members of the species can reproduce.
C The Canyon Spotted Whiptail is most likely to survive because genetic variation improves their chances of adapting.
DThe Sonoran Spotted Whiptail is most likely to survive because genetic similarities help to keep the species stable.
C. The Canyon Spotted Whiptail is most likely to survive because genetic variation improves its chances of adapting.
In case of any catastrophes environmental hazards, the population with greater genetic variations as seen in offspring's produced by sexual reproduction is more likely to survive. As let'say for example their are 100 offspring's produce out of which 99 are heat labile but 1 due to genetic variation is heat stable that will survive sudden increase in temperature.
How are telomeres related when eukaryotic DNA polymerase is
unable to replace the RNA primer of the "last" Okazaki fragment?
What is the role of shelterin and the T-loop?
Telomeres are regions at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that are critical for protecting the DNA from degradation. When DNA polymerase is unable to replace the RNA primer at the end of the last Okazaki fragment during replication, the telomere region allows the cell to recognize the end of the chromosome and prevents it from being lost during the replication process.
The shelterin complex and the T-loop structure are important components of telomeres. The shelterin complex is made up of several proteins and helps to regulate telomere length and protect the ends of the chromosomes. The T-loop is a structure formed by the telomere sequence which wraps around itself, further protecting the telomere from degradation.
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How might a complex molecule in the diet of an animal be used? Group of answer choices
a) As a source for the simple molecules necessary for the assembly of cells
b) As a hormone to regulate blood glucose levels
c) As an enzyme that functions in the process of aerobic cellular respiration
d) To support photosynthesis
e) To synthesize inorganic minerals such as iron
A complex molecule in the diet of an animal might be used as a source for the simple molecules necessary for the assembly of cells. This is the correct answer choice, and it is represented by option a) "As a source for the simple molecules necessary for the assembly of cells".
Complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, are broken down into simpler molecules through the process of digestion. These simpler molecules are then used by the animal's body to build new cells and tissues, and to produce the energy needed for the animal to carry out its various life functions.
Option b) As a hormone to regulate blood glucose levels, option c) As an enzyme that functions in the process of aerobic cellular respiration, option d) To support photosynthesis, and option e) To synthesize inorganic minerals such as iron are all incorrect answer choices, as complex molecules in the diet of an animal are not typically used for these purposes.
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Ligand gated ion channels and g-protines are both examples of:
a. RNA helicases
b. post synaptic receptors
c. neurotransmitters d. hnRNP
Ligand gated ion channels and G-proteins are both examples of post synaptic receptors.
Post synaptic receptors are proteins that are found on the surface of a neuron's cell membrane and are responsible for receiving and responding to chemical signals, such as neurotransmitters, from other neurons. Ligand gated ion channels are a type of post synaptic receptor that open or close in response to the binding of a specific ligand, allowing ions to flow in or out of the cell. G-proteins, on the other hand, are a type of post synaptic receptor that activate or inhibit other proteins within the cell in response to the binding of a specific ligand. Both of these types of post synaptic receptors play important roles in the transmission of signals between neurons. Neurotransmitter receptors in postsynaptic cells receive signals that cause an electrical signal to be generated by controlling the activity of ion channels. The membrane potential of a neuron can be altered by the inflow of ions through ion channels that are opened as a result of the binding of particular neurotransmitters to receptors.
A membrane receptor protein that is triggered by a neurotransmitter is referred to as a neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor). The cell membrane, which contains receptors, can be contacted by chemicals on the cell's exterior, such as a neurotransmitter. When a neurotransmitter interacts with its appropriate receptor, they will bind and may cause additional cellular activities. Hence, a membrane receptor is a component of the molecular machinery that enables cell communication. A class of receptors known as neurotransmitter receptors only bind neurotransmitters and not other substances.
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