addictive drugs stimulate a brain region called the nucleus accumbens, which results in intensified feelings of pleasure due to the release of which neurotransmitter?

The following characteristics apply to all species in the kingdom Protista is eukaryotic. All species in Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles in their cells.

None of the following characteristics apply to all species in the Kingdom Protista:

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Avian medicine is the treatment of diseases for birds.

Avian medicine is a veterinary subspecialty that focuses on the treatment of birds, including both wild and domestic birds.

It covers birds of all shapes and sizes, ranging from parakeets to ostriches. There is a range of different factors that can affect a bird's health, such as habitat, diet, climate, and disease.

Avian medicine aims to improve bird health and to diagnose and treat diseases in birds. In addition to the study of the anatomy and physiology of birds, avian medicine also includes areas like bird nutrition, husbandry, and breeding.

This area of medicine is important not only for keeping pet birds healthy but also for preserving endangered bird species and preventing the spread of diseases among wild bird populations.

Aviary medicine refers to the medical treatment and care of captive birds, whereas wild bird medicine is concerned with the conservation and health of wild bird populations.

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The lacZ gene is responsible for the enzyme β-galactosidase which breaks down lactose. When no more lactose is added, the lacZ gene is not activated and the β-galactosidase enzyme does not break down lactose. To re-activate the lacZ gene, you would need to add lactose back in so that the β-galactosidase enzyme is activated and lactose is broken down.

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose, which is found in milk. Lactose can be hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose through the catalytic action of lactase enzymes. This reaction occurs in the small intestine, and the glucose and galactose are then absorbed and used as energy by the body.

When lactose is present, the lac operon is activated, and the genes involved in lactose metabolism are transcribed into messenger RNA. When lactose is absent, the lac operon is turned off, and these genes are not expressed.

To re-activate the lacZ gene, it is necessary to add lactose or a lactose analog such as IPTG to the culture medium. IPTG is an inducer of the lac operon that does not bind to the repressor protein, allowing the genes involved in lactose metabolism to be expressed even in the absence of lactose.

When lactose is present, the lac operon is activated, and the genes involved in lactose metabolism are transcribed into messenger RNA. When lactose is absent, the lac operon is turned off, and these genes are not expressed.

Therefore, if no more lactose is added to the culture medium, the lac operon will turn off, and the genes involved in lactose metabolism will not be expressed. This occurs because the repressor protein binds to the operator site of the operon, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes involved in lactose metabolism.

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Oxygen began to increase in the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis by autotrophic prokaryotes approximately 2.7 billion years ago. This process, called oxygenic photosynthesis, uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter (carbohydrates) and oxygen gas. This new source of oxygen led to an increase in atmospheric oxygen, which had previously been low, and allowed for the evolution of more complex forms of life.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by autotrophic prokaryotes, or “oxygenic phototrophs”, which are organisms that use energy from sunlight to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules. These phototrophs use light to break down carbon dioxide molecules, and form simple organic molecules, such as glucose. The byproducts of this process are organic molecules and oxygen gas. As a result of this reaction, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere began to increase.

This increase in oxygen allowed for the evolution of more complex life forms. Before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis, the atmosphere was largely composed of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which prevented the evolution of complex organisms. With the rise of oxygen, more complex organisms could thrive, as oxygen allowed for respiration, which is the process of breaking down food molecules to create energy. As a result, the diversity of organisms increased and eventually led to the evolution of multicellular organisms.

In conclusion, oxygen began to increase in the atmosphere approximately 2.7 billion years ago as a result of oxygenic photosynthesis carried out by autotrophic prokaryotes. This allowed for the evolution of more complex forms of life and the development of multicellular organisms.

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The given statement, "Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer. This is an example of a(n) reproductive barrier" is an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier. The correct option is C. Prezygotic.

Prezygotic barriers are reproductive barriers that prevent different species from interbreeding. Prezygotic barriers are mainly concerned with preventing the formation of a zygote. They are present before fertilization takes place.

Examples of prezygotic barriers include habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation.

Habitat isolation: When two species live in the same region, but they occupy different habitats, they rarely come into contact, and they fail to interbreed. For example, the cricket frogs live in shallow pools along the edges of lakes and rivers, whereas the green frogs live in ponds and marshes.

Temporary isolation: Species breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years. For example, two species of skunks that live in the same area, but one mates in early winter and the other mates in late winter, have a temporal isolation that prevents them from interbreeding.

Behavioral isolation: Differences in behavior, such as courtship rituals, prevent different species from mating. For example, male fireflies of one species flash their light in a different pattern than males of another species, so females of the other species don't respond to the flash pattern.

Mechanical isolation: Physical differences between species prevent them from mating. For example, in some plants, the reproductive structures of one species may not be compatible with the structures of another species.

Gametic isolation: Gametes of different species are not compatible, and no fertilization occurs. For example, the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species.

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The body systems interacting in this scenario are the musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems.

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for supporting the body and enabling movement.

The integumentary system as the body system includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

In this scenario, the musculoskeletal system is interacting with the integumentary system through the use of platform shoes.

By wearing platform shoes, the individual is changing the alignment of their bones and joints, which affects their height.

The integumentary system is also involved because platform shoes are a type of footwear that can cover the feet and potentially impact the health and appearance of the skin and nails.

Therefore, the use of platform shoes is affecting the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems by altering the height and impacting the health and appearance of the feet.

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It is easier for a cell to repair a single-stranded break than a double stranded break on DNA because of the structure of the DNA molecule.

Single-stranded breaks occur when one strand of DNA is separated from the other, which leaves the remaining strand intact and ready for repair. In contrast, double-stranded breaks involve both strands of the DNA molecule being separated and in need of repair. This requires more work for the cell because both strands must be repaired simultaneously.

To repair a single-stranded break, the cell can use the remaining strand as a template to restore the broken strand. However, with a double-stranded break, the cell must piece together both strands from other parts of the DNA molecule. This process is much more difficult, as it requires the cell to find matching pieces of DNA that can be joined together, which can be a time consuming process. Therefore, it is much easier for the cell to repair a single-stranded break than a double stranded break on the DNA.

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Answer: The emergence of segmented noses in various species happened due to genetic changes that were selected for through natural selection. These genetic alterations could have occurred in either the body or the reproductive cells. Nevertheless, for the genetic transformation to be inherited by future generations, it must occur in the DNA of reproductive cells, such as egg or sperm cells, which transmit genetic information to offspring. Consequently, the genetic mutation leading to the segmented nose probably appeared in the DNA of reproductive cells.

Explanation: ^^

Answer:

See below, please.

Explanation:

In general, genetic changes that result in physical traits can occur in either the DNA of body cells or the DNA of reproductive cells.

Mutations or changes in DNA can happen spontaneously during DNA replication or as a result of exposure to environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals, among other reasons. These changes can occur in any type of cell, including reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) or body cells (such as skin cells).

If a genetic change occurs in a reproductive cell, it can be passed on to offspring and can become part of the population's genetic makeup over time. However, if a genetic change occurs in a body cell, it will not be passed on to offspring but may still affect the individual's physical traits.

Finally, without further context about the specific genetic change that resulted in the segmented nose, it is difficult to determine whether it occurred in the DNA of body cells or reproductive cells.

Plant foods that do not provide all nine essential amino acids are called Incomplete proteins.

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both an amine and a carboxylic acid functional group. They are the building blocks of proteins, which are chains of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids, which are classified according to the structure of their side chains.

Amino acids are important for a number of biological processes, including metabolism, enzyme function, and cellular communication.

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The term "bite-wing" refers to a type of X-ray imaging technique used in dentistry.

This technique involves positioning a dental X-ray receptor between the patient's upper and lower teeth.

The patient is then asked to bite down gently on the receptor to hold it in place, creating a “bite-wing” image of the teeth and surrounding structures.

The size of the receptor recommended for use with the bite-wing technique in adult patients is generally a size 0. The size 0 receptor is slightly larger than the size 1, but slightly smaller than the size 2. This size is used as it provides adequate coverage of the area while still allowing the patient to bite down on the receptor comfortably.

To achieve an optimal bite-wing X-ray, the patient should be instructed to keep the molars in occlusion and not move the jaw.

The technician should also ensure that the receptor is placed in the correct position and at the correct angle. The X-ray source should then be centered to the receptor, and an exposure should be taken from each side of the mouth. This will allow for the most comprehensive view of the area.

The bite-wing technique is a very useful imaging method that is used to diagnose and monitor a variety of oral health conditions.

It is particularly useful for assessing the presence of periodontal disease, caries, and various types of dental restorations. This technique is non-invasive, comfortable for the patient, and cost-effective, making it an ideal imaging method for use in the dental practice.

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It is important to inactivate the BamHI and HindIII restriction enzymes before ligating the fragments because these enzymes can cause degradation of the target DNA fragments.

In order to inactivate the restriction enzymes, the reaction mixture should be subjected to high heat (usually 65-70°C) for about 10-15 minutes. The heat denatures the restriction enzymes, inactivating them. The following are the reasons why the inactivation of restriction enzymes is important:

In conclusion, inactivating restriction enzymes before ligation is important because it prevents DNA degradation, thereby ensuring that the target DNA fragments remain intact and usable.

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Gregor Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment.

The Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, pairs of alleles separate so that each gamete receives one allele from each parent.

The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits are sorted independently of each other during gamete formation.

Modern genetics has supported these early concepts by demonstrating that allele segregation is determined by the number of chromosomes and the law of independent assortment is determined by the genes being on different chromosomes.

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DNA contains the code for making proteins. The code in DNA is found in the structure of the double helix in several different ways.

The double helix structure is composed of two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. The code is found in the sequence of nucleotides along each strand of the double helix. The sequence of nucleotides is what determines the genetic code. The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, which is then used to build proteins. In addition to the sequence of nucleotides, the code is also found in the way that the double helix is folded and coiled. The three-dimensional structure of the double helix determines which parts of the DNA are accessible and which parts are not. This, in turn, determines which genes are expressed and which are not. The double helix structure of DNA is a complex structure that contains the code for making proteins in many different ways.

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A protein on a cell surface that binds to a signaling molecule is an example of a receptor, which is an element of cellular communication. Receptors are molecules found on the surface of cells that have the ability to recognize and bind to specific signaling molecules, typically hormones or neurotransmitters.

When these molecules bind to the receptor, they initiate a cascade of events inside the cell, ultimately resulting in a cellular response.

Receptors play an important role in cellular communication because they allow cells to respond to specific signals. This is an essential element of cellular communication as it allows cells to respond appropriately to various stimuli. Receptors are also highly specific, meaning that only certain molecules can bind to them. This ensures that cells will respond to the correct signal and allows for highly regulated communication.

Receptors can be further divided into two types: intracellular and extracellular. Intracellular receptors are located inside the cell, and when a signaling molecule binds to them, the signal is transmitted directly to the nucleus where the appropriate response can be initiated.

Extracellular receptors, such as the one mentioned in the question, are located on the cell surface and when a signaling molecule binds to them, the signal is transmitted to the cell membrane where the response is initiated.

In conclusion, a protein on a cell surface that binds to a signaling molecule is an example of a receptor, an element of cellular communication. Receptors are molecules found on the surface of cells that can recognize and bind to specific signaling molecules, allowing cells to respond to specific signals and allowing for highly regulated communication.

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The MHC class is expressed primarily by professional APCs: phagocytic dendritic cells and macrophages, and B cells is MHC Class II.

Аntigen-presenting cells (АPC) аre cells thаt cаn process а protein аntigen, breаk it into peptides, аnd present it in conjunction with clаss II MHC molecules on the cell surfаce where it mаy interаct with аppropriаte T cell receptors.

Professionаl АPCs include dendritic cells, mаcrophаges, аnd B cells, whereаs nonprofessionаl АPCs thаt function in аntigen presentаtion for only brief periods include thymic epitheliаl cells аnd vаsculаr endotheliаl cells. Dendritic cells, mаcrophаges, аnd B cells аre the principаl аntigen-presenting cells for T cells, whereаs folliculаr dendritic cells аre the mаin аntigen-presenting cells for B cells.

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The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lungs. The pulmonary trunk is a(n) artery.

Pulmonary trunk: The pulmonary trunk is a blood vessel that is responsible for transporting blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. It is a short, wide vessel that is approximately 5 cm in length and 3 cm in diameter. It divides into left and right pulmonary arteries, which further divide into bronchial arteries and supply oxygen to the lung tissue.

Blood: The blood is a bodily fluid that is responsible for carrying nutrients, oxygen, and other vital substances to the tissues and organs of the body. It also helps in the elimination of waste products from the body.

Right Ventricle: The right ventricle is the lower chamber of the heart that is responsible for receiving blood from the right atrium and pumping it out to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk.

Lung: Lungs are the main organs responsible for breathing. They are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from the body.

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(a) If this metabolic pathway is an exergonic reaction, it means that it releases energy.

(b) If this metabolic pathway is an endergonic reaction, it means that it requires energy input to proceed.

a) The energy profile of the metabolic pathway would show that the reactants (starting molecule A) have a higher potential energy than the products (final molecule D). In other words, the energy level decreases as the reaction progresses from A to D. The energy profile would have a negative delta G (ΔG) value, indicating that the reaction is spontaneous.

The enzymes in this pathway would facilitate the reaction by lowering the activation energy required to convert reactants into products. Enzymes work by binding to the reactants and stabilizing the transition state, which lowers the energy required for the reaction to proceed. This reduces the amount of energy input needed to initiate the reaction and increases the rate of the reaction.

b) The energy profile of the metabolic pathway would show that the reactants (starting molecule A) have a lower potential energy than the products (final molecule D). In other words, the energy level increases as the reaction progresses from A to D. The energy profile would have a positive delta G (ΔG) value, indicating that the reaction is non-spontaneous and requires an energy source to drive the reaction forward.

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Complete question:

1. Consider the Figure 8.UNO1 and Figure 8.13 provided below.

(a) Explain in details the energy profile of the metabolic pathway if this was an exergonic reaction. Take into account the impact of the enzymes.

(b) Explain in details the energy profile of the metabolic pathway if this was an endergonic reaction.

The characteristics of a healthy ecosystem include Many species being able to interact and meet all their needs and populations staying stable. So, the correct answers are (c) and (d).

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, that interact with each other and their non-living environments, such as air, water, and soil. The components of an ecosystem are interconnected and rely on each other for survival.

Yes, an ecosystem can consist of human-made things. Human activities can create new ecosystems or change existing ones. For example, cities are human-made ecosystems that include buildings, roads, and other infrastructure that interact with human and animal populations and the surrounding natural environment. Agricultural systems, such as farms and plantations, are also human-made ecosystems that can support a variety of plant and animal species.

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The first disease shown to be bacterial in origin was cholera. It is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholera, which is found in contaminated water or food. In 1854, John Snow, an English physician, concluded that cholera was spread through water contaminated with feces, leading to the first scientific demonstration that a disease was caused by bacteria. This realization was an important milestone in the history of medicine, as it showed that diseases were caused by microorganisms and could be prevented and treated by controlling their environment. Cholera remains an important disease, especially in developing countries, where sanitation is often poor and water-borne diseases are common.

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A small rough bump on a bone where a tendon attaches is called tuberosity.

Thus, the correct answer is tuberosity (B).

Eаch bone of the musculoskeletаl system is connected to one or more bones viа а joint. Joints provide а fulcrum to the bones, on which they pivot аnd thereby аllow movements of body pаrts. The integrity or stаbility of а joint is provided by severаl fаctors including the bony congruence аnd structures thаt cross the joint, such аs tendons аnd ligаments.

А tuberosity is аn аreа of the bone thаt protrudes pаst the regulаr surfаce of the bone. It is the rounded end of the bone thаt аllows аn аreа for muscles аnd ligаments to аttаch to hold it to other bones. Its function is similаr to thаt of а trochаnter.

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Her conclusion is invalid. Cell A is a eukaryotic cell because it has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Cell B is a prokaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells are two types of cells that make up all living organisms.

Here are some of the key differences between them:

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Complete question:

Selena examines the two cells shown below under the microscope. She concludes that both cells are eukaryotic cells because they both have a plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Evaluate Selena's conclusion.

Food vacuole

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chromosome

Cell- wall

Contractile vacuole

Cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Cell A

Cell B

K

Her conclusion is valid. Cell A and Cell B are both eukaryotic cells because they both have a plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

Her conclusion is partially valid. Cell A and Cell B are both eukaryotic cells but it is because they both have membrane-bound organelles.

Her conclusion is invalid. Cell A is a prokaryotic cell because it has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Cell B is a eukaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Her conclusion is invalid. Cell A is a eukaryotic cell because it has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Cell B is a prokaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Trees require more moisture than grasses, which is why they are found in areas of high precipitation rather than grasses. Trees are better at storing and utilizing water than grasses, so they can survive in areas with more water. Additionally, trees are able to access water deeper in the soil, allowing them to survive longer periods of drought.

Grasses, on the other hand, can survive in drier areas due to their shallow root systems. Grasses also have specialized leaves that are designed to reduce water loss, and their waxy cuticles help keep moisture in. This allows them to survive in arid environments.

In conclusion, trees require more moisture than grasses, making them better suited to areas of high precipitation, while grasses are adapted to drier climates.

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In response to the presence of toxins, phagocytes secrete tumor necrosis factors caused by a decrease in blood pressure.

Thus, the correct option is a decrease in blood pressure (E).

Some bаcteriа cаn cаuse shock through the releаse of toxins (virulence fаctors thаt cаn cаuse tissue dаmаge) аnd leаd to low blood pressure. Grаm-negаtive bаcteriа аre engulfed by immune system phаgocytes, which then releаse tumor necrosis fаctor, а molecule involved in inflаmmаtion аnd fever.

Tumor necrosis fаctor binds to blood cаpillаries to increаse their permeаbility, аllowing fluids to pаss out of blood vessels аnd into tissues, cаusing swelling, or edemа. With high concentrаtions of tumor necrosis fаctor, the inflаmmаtory reаction is severe аnd enough fluid is lost from the circulаtory system thаt blood pressure decreаses to dаngerously low levels.

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Based on the cellular location of its protein product, a new gene involved in embryonic development might encode either a ligand or cell-surface receptor.

Thus, the correct answer is either a ligand or cell-surface receptor (E).

Chemicаl genetics is the study of gene-product function in а cellulаr or orgаnismаl context using exogenous ligаnds. In this аpproаch, smаll molecules thаt bind directly to proteins аre used to аlter protein function, enаbling а kinetic аnаlysis of the in vivo consequences of these chаnges.

Recent аdvаnces hаve strongly enhаnced that a new gene involved in embryonic development; however, its protein product does not localize to either the cytoplasm or the nucleus might encode either a ligand or cell-surface receptor might encode.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were

A. a transcription factor

B. a ligand.

C. an enhancer.

D. a cell-surface receptor.

E. either a ligand or cell-surface receptor.

Thus, the correct option is E.

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Answer:

The second one

Explanation:

The answer is the second branch.

Reasoning (you can skip this if you want):

Fish are just fish. Fish have evolved from fish and separated into mammals. Scientists can tell this because they all have backbones or just similar bones. Anyways, since fish went one way and mammals went the other, over many years they have evolved into many different species. And sometime, this guy down below evolved into cetaceans (over many, many of years). Cetaceans like dolphins or orcas are all mammals, so it had to have evolved from mammals.

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Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States, located on the East Coast between Maryland and Virginia.

The Chesapeake Bay water resource is a complex and vital system that supports a variety of aquatic plants and animals, as well as human activities such as fishing, boating, and tourism.

The water resource of the Chesapeake Bay includes the bay itself, as well as the rivers, streams, and tributaries that flow into it.

These waterways provide important habitats for a variety of species, including fish, crabs, oysters, and other shellfish.

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Evolution helps explain how genetic variation arises and how it is passed on from one generation to the next.

As organisms reproduce, mutations and genetic recombination can introduce new genetic variations into a population. Over time, natural selection and other evolutionary forces can act on these variations, leading to changes in the frequency of certain traits within a population.

Evolution also helps to explain how species change over time. As populations accumulate genetic variations and adapt to different environmental conditions, they may become distinct from their ancestors and other related species. This process of speciation can ultimately result in the formation of new species.

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The complete question is:

Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations. What does this help explain about genetics. and the change occur in a species over time?

Answer:

mRNA= CUA GCU AUG GUA AGC CGC GUA UGA AGC

Amino acid chain=LEU ALA MET VAL SER ARG VAL STOP SER

Explanation:

Find the START codon (AUG). Start reading in groups of 3 and check against a codon table. When you get to a STOP (UAA, UAG, UGA) you’ve got that protein strand’s sequence.

Muscle cells use creatine phosphate instead of glycolysis to supply ATP for the first few seconds of muscle contraction because it is more efficient and quicker to generate energy using creatine phosphate than glycolysis.

Creatine phosphate, also known as phosphocreatine, is a high-energy compound found in muscle cells. It is used to generate energy by donating its phosphate group to ADP, generating ATP, which can then be used by muscle cells to produce energy. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the energy currency of the body that is necessary for muscle contractions to occur.

The phosphagen system, also known as the creatine phosphate system, is the primary source of ATP for the first few seconds of muscle contraction. The creatine phosphate system produces ATP at a faster rate than glycolysis and does not require oxygen to generate energy, making it the ideal energy source for short, intense bouts of exercise such as sprinting or weightlifting.

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