This tRNA moves the amino acid arginine (Arg). The guanidino group of arginine, an essential amino acid, is positively charged.
What is the amino acid-carrying anticodon of tRNA?The tRNA binds to a codon in an mRNA with a sequence of 5'-AUG-3' through complementary base pairing and has an anticodon at one end that is 3'-UAC-5'. Methionine (Met), the amino acid specified by the mRNA codon AUG, is carried by the other end of the tRNA.
How is the tRNA aware of the transferred amino acid?A specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule each time an amino acid is added to the chain, ensuring that the right amino acid is added to the protein being made.
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You have an original cell density of 5.8 x 108 CFU/mL. What is this number in its non-scientific notation or "regular" format?
a. 0.000000058 CFU/mL
b. 0.0000000058 CFU/mL
c. 58,000,000 CFU/mL
d. 5.8 CFU/mL
e. 5800,000,000 CFU/mL
f. 580,000,000 CFU/mL
The number in its non-scientific notation or "regular" is option f. 580,000,000 CFU/mL.
To convert a number from scientific notation to regular format, you need to move the decimal point to the right the same number of places as the exponent. In this case, the exponent is 8, so you need to move the decimal point 8 places to the right.
5.8 x 10^8 = 58 x 10^7 = 580 x 10^6 = 5800 x 10^5 = 58000 x 10^4 = 580000 x 10^3 = 5800000 x 10^2 = 58000000 x 10^1 = 580000000 x 10^0 = 580,000,000 CFU/mL
Therefore, the original cell density of 5.8 x 10^8 CFU/mL is equivalent to 580,000,000 CFU/mL in regular format.
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2) oxaloacetate (OAA) occurs as an important intermediate in 2 metabolic processes a) indicate these reaction steps where OAA occurs b) indicate structure for OAA
3) how many reduced equivalents (as electron carrier) are obtained after an oxidation of C16H12O2? describe in detail the structure of these steps.
2) Oxaloacetate (OAA) is an important intermediate in 2 metabolic processes a. OAA is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate and reduced equivalents (as electron carrier) are obtained after an oxidation of C16H12O2 is 8 reduced equivalents.
Two metabolic processes in OAA are the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) and in the process of gluconeogenesis. In the citric acid cycle, OAA combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate in the first step of the cycle. OAA is also regenerated in the last step of the cycle when malate is oxidized to OAA by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. In gluconeogenesis, OAA is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by the enzyme PEP carboxykinase in one of the key steps of the process. The structure of OAA is:
O=C(OH)-CH2-COOH
|
COOH
After the oxidation of C16H12O2, a total of 8 reduced equivalents are obtained in the form of 8 NADH molecules, this is because the oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid involves 7 rounds of beta-oxidation, each of which produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2. The final round of beta-oxidation cleaves the last 4-carbon fragment into 2 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which enters the citric acid cycle and produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. Therefore, the total number of reduced equivalents obtained from the oxidation of C16H12O2 is: 7 NADH (from beta-oxidation) + 2(3 NADH + 1 FADH2) (from citric acid cycle) = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 = 8 reduced equivalents.
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What are some of the CELLULAR FUNCTIONS that a cell membrane participates in?
Answer:
There are two main functions
Explanation:
First, to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and, second, to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.
Answer:
1. Selective permeability: The cell membrane acts as a barrier, allowing certain molecules to enter and exit the cell while preventing others from passing through.
2. Signal transduction: The cell membrane is involved in the transmission of signals from outside the cell to the inside, allowing the cell to respond to its environment.
3. Cell-cell recognition: The cell membrane contains proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and interact with one another.
4. Endocytosis and exocytosis: The cell membrane is involved in the process of endocytosis, which is the uptake of molecules from outside the cell, and exocytosis, which is the release of molecules from inside the cell.
5. Cell adhesion: The cell membrane contains proteins that allow cells to adhere to one another and form tissues.
Explanation:
Show your work to earn full credit 1) A garter snake population has hypothetical mutation in the population that causes the snake with the mutation to hop to move rather than slither. This mutation is found in approximately 5 in every 10,000 snakes in a general population. Scientists try to determine what the specific mutation rate is for population of garter snakes is that live near a toxic waste site_ They sample 500 individuals in the population and find that 120 of them have this mutation. a) Calculate the mutation rate for the hop mutation in this population? (3 pts) b) What would be the frequency of the recessive hop allele be at equilibrium if the selection coefficient of that allele was 0.2? points)
a) The mutation rate for the hop mutation in the given population is 0.24.
b) The frequency of the recessive hop allele at equilibrium would be 1.095.
a)To calculate the mutation rate for the hop mutation in this population, we need to divide the number of snakes with the mutation by the total number of snakes sampled. In this case, 120 snakes have the mutation and 500 snakes were sampled, so the mutation rate is:
120/500 = 0.24
b) To calculate frequency of the recessive hop allele at equilibrium, we can use the equation:
q = sqrt(m/s)
Where q is the frequency of the recessive allele, m is the mutation rate, and s is the selection coefficient. In this case, m is 0.24 and s is 0.2, so:
q = sqrt(0.24/0.2) = 1.095
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Severe hemolysis was observed in a critically ill patient with G6Pd deficiency where the causative trigger could not be identified. We describe one young patient with severe hemolysis treated with two cycles of plasmapheresis which proved to be an effective tool in the treatment. The patient presented with diffuse pain abdomen, vomiting, yellowish discoloration of sclera and skin and acute breathlessness. Hemoglobin 5.4 mg/dl and total (T) serum bilirubin 17.08 mg/dl: Direct (D) 4.10 mg/dl and Indirect (I) 12.98 mg/dl. Subsequently patient started passing black color urine. As the patient developed severe hemolysis and the trigger agent of hemolysis was unknown, two cycles of plasmapheresis were performed with the aim to remove unknown causative agent. Consequently no trace of hemolysis was found and patient stabilized. Plasmapheresis can be used to treat G6PD deficient patients with severe hemolysis due to unidentified trigger agent. Why is the red blood cell hemolysis self limited in patients with G6PD deficiency after exposure to oxidants?
Red blood cell hemolysis is self-limited in patients with G6PD deficiency after exposure to oxidants because the causative trigger of the hemolysis is removed. In the case of the patient described in the question, the causative trigger could not be identified, which is why plasmapheresis was used to remove the unknown causative agent. Once the causative trigger is removed, the hemolysis stops and the patient's condition stabilizes. This is because G6PD deficiency causes a decrease in the production of NADPH, which is necessary for the protection of red blood cells from oxidative stress. When the causative trigger is removed, the oxidative stress is reduced and the hemolysis stops. Therefore, the red blood cell hemolysis is self-limited in patients with G6PD deficiency after exposure to oxidants because the causative trigger is removed and the oxidative stress is reduced.
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Design a set of experiments appropriate to follow up on the following abstract:
Objective: To investigate the expression of micro ribonucleic acid-330 (miR-330) in breast cancer tissues and cancer-adjacent tissues as well as the correlations of the miR-330 expression with clinicopathological features and the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
Conclusions: MiR-330 is highly expressed in cancer tissues and serum of patients with breast cancer, and it can promote the axillary lymph node metastasis, which is an important factor affecting the prognosis of breast cancer patients. However, no obvious correlations of the expression level of miR-330 with the tumor size, the histological grade, the HER2 expression and the expression of estrogen receptors are found.
To follow up on this abstract, a set of experiments can be designed to further investigate the expression of micro ribonucleic acid-330 in breast cancer tissues and cancer-adjacent tissues and its correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer patients.
These experiments should involve comparing the expression level of miR-330 in both cancerous and non-cancerous tissue, as well as comparing the expression of miR-330 in various types of cancerous tissue.
Furthermore, the expression of micro ribonucleic acid-330 in cancerous tissue should be compared with clinicopathological features, such as tumor size, histological grade, HER2 expression, and expression of estrogen receptors, in order to determine any correlations between miR-330 expression and these features.
Finally, the expression of miR-330 in cancerous tissue should be compared with patient prognosis in order to determine if miR-330 expression has an impact on prognosis.
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1. Answer the following characteristics for zygomycota
Fungi.
A. Color
B. Texture
C. Form
D. Size
E. Starch storage (where)
Zygomycota Fungi have:
A. Color: Usually black, gray, or white
B. Texture: Generally moist or slimy
C. Form: Usually filamentous
D. Size: Typically small, usually a few millimeters in length
E. Starch storage: In their cell walls
The characteristics for Zygomycota fungi are as follows:
A. Color
The Zygomycota fungi can be of different colors ranging from brown, black, green, yellow, or white.
B. Texture
The Zygomycota fungi is filamentous and branched which forms a complex network of hyphae.
C. Form
The Zygomycota fungi is found in a variety of forms such as bread molds and fruit molds, parasites on insects and other fungi, and symbionts with plants and animals.
D. Size
The size of the Zygomycota fungi varies with species, but it ranges from 1 millimeter to several centimeters long.
E. Starch storage (where)
Zygomycota fungi store their energy in the form of glycogen, which is stored in the cytoplasm of the fungal cell. Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose residues that are linked together by alpha-glycosidic bonds.
Zygomycota fungi are an important part of the ecosystem. They play a key role in the recycling of organic matter and the decomposition of dead plant and animal tissues. They also help in the development of soil and are important symbionts for various plant species.
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scale. The scientists have also found the following three pieces of evidence. 1. Evidence of dinosaur fossils were found in rock layers older than the iridium layer. 2. Evidence of dinosaur fossils were NOT found in rock layers younger than the iridium layer. 3. Iridium is not found in high concentrations in Earth layers but is abundant in asteroids. What does this information most likely show about Earth's history and dinosaurs? A. Iridium was produced on Earth's surface by sedimentation and helped dinosaurs thrive on Earth. B. A large asteroid collided with Earth and helped dinosaurs thrive on Earth. C. A large asteroid collided with Earth and killed off the dinosaurs. D. Iridium was produced on Earth's surface by sedimentation and killed off the dinosaurs.
je ne sais vraiment pas
ur teacher is not ok
What is the difference between the informational genetic sequence of Rous sarcoma virus (ASV) and Avian leukosis virus (ALV)? and how does the underlying difference cause a change in the mechanism at which each virus would induce cellular transformation?
The informational genetic sequence of Rous sarcoma virus (ASV) and Avian leukosis virus (ALV) differs in the presence of an additional gene, called the src gene, in the Rous sarcoma virus.
This src gene makes a protein called Src kinase, which is a very important part of the process by which Rous sarcoma virus changes the way cells work.
The Avian leukosis virus, on the other hand, doesn't have the src gene, so it doesn't make the Src kinase protein.
As a result, the mechanism of cellular transformation induced by Avian leukosis virus is different from that of Rous sarcoma virus.
The Avian leukosis virus induces cellular transformation through the activation of cellular oncogenes, whereas the Rous sarcoma virus induces cellular transformation through the activity of the Src kinase protein produced by the src gene.
In short, Rous sarcoma virus and Avian leukosis virus have different informational genetic sequences because Rous sarcoma virus has the src gene and Avian leukosis virus does not.
Because of this difference, each virus has a different way of changing cells. The Rous sarcoma virus uses the Src kinase protein, while the Avian leukosis virus turns on cellular oncogenes.
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Question 5 Not yet graded / 2 pts On a previous quiz you looked at the immunoglobin C1q. Write some details about the ball and stick molecules attached to the globular domain. The arrow points to a blow up of that region. Cıq is assembled like this: This is a blow up of the attachment shown as ball and stick. 3-9aa c-domain 81aa g-domain 136as OHO Asn297-H Ото NH2 COOK A-chain (225aa) coon B-chain (226aa) NH2 wwwwwwwwwwwww NH2 coon C-chain (217aa) Subsets of Clq Individual Chains wwwwwwwwwww A-B wwwwwwww wwwwwwwww C-C wwwwww Details of g domain gCqES Intact Clq doublet ABC-CBA Cla Cla
The C1q molecule is composed of three distinct subunits: A-chain (225 amino acids), B-chain (226 amino acids), and C-chain (217 amino acids).
The globular domain consists of 81 amino acids, and is formed when the A-chain, B-chain, and C-chain are assembled in the order ABC-CBA.
When the arrow points to a blow up of the globular domain, the three subunits can be seen as a ball and stick molecule.
The ball portion of the molecule is made up of 3-9aa c-domain and 136as OHO Asn297-H Ото NH2 COOK, while the stick portion is made up of A-chain, B-chain, and C-chain.
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Mr. Hutchinson, a middle-aged man, becomes a victim of a collision accident
He is admitted in an unconscious state
His right lower leg that was pinned beneath the bus for at least 30 min, is blanched, cold and without pulse
He has compound fracture of the right tibia
Blood pressure is 90/48; pulse 140/min an thready; patient diaphoretic (sweaty)
Questions
What is the condition of the tissues in the right lower leg?
Will the fracture be attended to, or will Mr. Hutchinson’s other homeostatic needs take precedence? Explain.
What do you conclude regarding Mr. Hutchinson’s cardiovascular measurements (pulse and BP)?
What measurements will be taken to remedy the situation before commencing surgery?
According to the given situation (Mr. Hutchinson, a middle-aged man, becomes a victim of a collision accident
He is admitted in an unconscious state
His right lower leg that was pinned beneath the bus for at least 30 min, is blanched, cold and without pulse
He has compound fracture of the right tibia
Blood pressure is 90/48; pulse 140/min an thready; patient diaphoretic (sweaty)):
1. The condition of the tissues in the right lower leg are blanched, cold and without pulse.
2. Mr. Hutchinson’s homeostatic needs will take precedence over his fracture.
3. Mr. Hutchinson’s cardiovascular measurements (pulse and BP) suggest that he is suffering from a state of shock.
4. The physicians will take several measurements before commencing surgery. Firstly, they will ensure that he is breathing properly by checking his oxygen saturation level. They will also check his blood sugar levels, as low blood sugar can worsen the situation. They will further ensure that his electrolyte levels are stable and that he has no internal bleeding. Once these parameters are optimized, the surgical team will proceed with the fracture.
Mr. Hutchinson’s homeostatic needs will take precedence over his fracture because his vital signs are unstable and immediate attention is required. The physicians will aim to stabilize his blood pressure, pulse, and temperature before commencing surgery.
Mr. Hutchinson’s cardiovascular measurements (pulse and BP) suggest that he is suffering from a state of shock. This may have resulted from the prolonged compression of his leg. The thready pulse and sweating suggest a fall in cardiac output and decreased oxygen supply to tissues.
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Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(A) Glysolysis
(B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)(
C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis)
(D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
(E)Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions
(A) Glycolysis:The breakdown of glucose into pyruvateOccurs in the cytoplasm of cells
Yields a small amount of ATP and NADH
(B) Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle):
A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria
Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and is oxidized to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP
Carbon dioxide is released as a by-product
(C) Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis):
Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts
Uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose
Regenerates the starting molecule, RuBP
(D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis:
Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
Water is split to release oxygen as a by-product
(E) Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions:
Occurs in photosynthesis during the light-dependent reactions
Water is split, releasing oxygen gas
Oxygen is also released during aerobic respiration in the electron transport chain
Answer:(D) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: The process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. This process involves the splitting of water molecules, releasing oxygen gas into the atmosphere. This process takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The oxygen released during this process is an important by-product, as it is essential for life on earth. In addition to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, oxygen is also released during aerobic respiration in the electron transport chain.
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Did the TSI result for Alcaligenes faecalis agree with the carbohydrate fermentation tube results? Explain what result you expected for TSI and why based on the the carb tube results.
The TSI result for Alcaligenes faecalis did not agree with the carbohydrate fermentation tube results.
Based on the carbohydrate tube results, we would expect a negative result for TSI, indicating that the organism is not capable of fermenting glucose, lactose, or sucrose.
About TSI resultsthe TSI result for Alcaligenes faecalis was positive, indicating that the organism is capable of fermenting one or more of these carbohydrates. This discrepancy between the TSI and carbohydrate tube results could be due to a number of factors, including differences in the experimental conditions, differences in the composition of the media used in the two tests, or differences in the way the tests were performed.
It is also possible that there was a mistake made in either the TSI or carbohydrate tube test, leading to an incorrect result. In order to determine the true carbohydrate fermentation capabilities of Alcaligenes faecalis, it may be necessary to repeat both the TSI and carbohydrate tube tests under controlled conditions, using the same media and experimental protocols.
This would help to ensure that the results are accurate and reliable, and would allow us to draw more confident conclusions about the carbohydrate fermentation capabilities of this organism.
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What is a good question to ask yourself when choosing a career path? ( A. What subjects do I like? ( B. What skills do I need to improve? O C. What do my friends want to do? O D. What do my parents want me to do?
Answer:
A
Explanation:
It doesn't really matter what your family and friends for you will the one doing the job,so by figuring the subjects you like it will set your path
1. If a vegetable with a selectively permeable membrane is placed in a solution with a high water concentration, what will occur?
a) Water will diffuse out of the vegetable.
b) Water will diffuse into the vegetable.
c) Water
d) Salt will diffuse into the vegetable.
2. There is a concentration gradient between two areas where one area has a high concentration of salt and the other has a low concentration of salt. What process will occur within these two areas?
a) Salt will diffuse to the area with a higher concentration of salt.
b) Salt will diffuse to the area with a lower salt concentration until there is no more concentration gradient.
Answer:
1. B water will defuse into the vegitable 2 b I think
answer: 1.B. 2. B
Explanation:
1. If a plant cell is put into a high-water concentration of water, the water will go into the cell by osmosis and the cell will become hard and firm.
If there is a high concentration of salt water with a lower concentration of salt water, what will happen is the salt will diffuse to the area where there is lower concentration of salt until all of the 2 areas are fully mixed.
I hope this helps : )
Identify Control Variables
Add 1/2 tablespoon of potato extract, 1 tablespoon water, and 1 / 2 tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide to a pill vial. Stir for 1 minute and leave uncapped! (It is critical that you stir, never shake, for a full minute every time you do this experiment)
The control variables in the experiment above are the amount of potato extract, water, hydrogen peroxide, and the stirring condition.
Control variables are the variables in an experiment that are held constant or unchanged in order to accurately measure the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In the experiment you described, the control variables would be the amount of potato extract, water, and hydrogen peroxide used, as well as the stirring method and time. These variables are kept consistent in each trial of the experiment in order to accurately measure the effect of any changes in the independent variable on the dependent variable.
By controlling these variables, you can ensure that any differences in the results of the experiment are due to changes in the independent variable, rather than changes in the control variables.
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Explain the movement of water depending on the different
solutions and relate this back to osmosis.
The movement of water in different solutions is governed by the process of osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. In a solution, water will move from the hypotonic solution, which has a lower concentration of solutes, to the hypertonic solution, which has a higher concentration of solutes.
This movement of water will continue until the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of the membrane, resulting in an isotonic solution. This process is important in maintaining the proper balance of water in cells and tissues in the body. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will move into the cell, causing it to swell.
Therefore, the movement of water in different solutions is an important aspect of osmosis and is crucial for maintaining proper cellular function.
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describe and explain the molcular and cellular mechanism of the pathogen causing COVID-19
The pathogen causing COVID-19 is the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Its molecular mechanism is developed from the spike protein and its cellular mechanism involves host cell sequestration.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that uses its own molecular and cellular mechanisms to infect host cells and replicate itself, see:
The molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 involves the spike protein on the surface of the virus. This protein binds to the ACE2 receptor on the surface of host cells, allowing the virus to enter the cell. Once inside the cell, the virus releases its RNA genome, which is then replicated by the host cell's machinery.The cellular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 involves the virus hijacking the host cell's machinery to produce new viral particles. The virus uses the host cell's ribosomes to translate its RNA genome into viral proteins, which are then assembled into new virus particles.Overall, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 allow the virus to efficiently infect host cells and replicate itself, leading to the spread of COVID-19.
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T/F Triceps BrachiiConcentrically accelerates elbow extension and shoulder extensionEccentrically decelerates elbow flexion and shoulder flexionIsometrically stabilizes the elbow and shoulder girdle
True, the Triceps Brachii muscle performs all of the actions mentioned in the question.
Concentrically, it accelerates elbow extension and shoulder extension, meaning that it shortens and contracts to produce these movements.
Eccentrically, it decelerates elbow flexion and shoulder flexion, meaning that it lengthens and controls the speed of these movements.
Isometrically, it stabilizes the elbow and shoulder girdle, meaning that it maintains the position of these joints without producing any movement.
Overall, the Triceps Brachii is an important muscle for the functioning of the elbow and shoulder joints, and it plays a crucial role in movements such as pushing, throwing, and lifting.
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1. Natural selection-basic underlying concepts The following is a copy of the press release from the hospital where the outbreak occurred. MRSA Outbreak Confirmed at Good Health Hospital A spokesperson for Good Health Hospital (GHH) has confirmed that 14 infants have been infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). "Dealing with these kinds of emerging infections is part of our current healthcare landscape," said Bob Brown, a public health official at GHH. Organisms such as MRSA are sometimes called "superbugs" because of their ability to resist standard antibiotic treatments. Brown continued, "It really is survival of the fittest, in terms of organisms like MRSA. Luckily with appropriate containment and screening protocols and alternate antibiotic treatments, we can tackle the outbreak from multiple angles." According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MRSA is spread via direct contact About one-third of people carry S. aureus without any illness; MRSA is less common in the general population, with only 2 people in 100 carrying the organism. The hospital contained the outbreak by isolating the affected babies and continual screening of babies and NICU personnel. All affected infants were successfully treated and fully recovered. The hospital continues its standard surveillance and disinfection protocols, so no new cases have emerged since the outbreak. Choose the word/phrase that best completes the sentence. In using the phrase "survival of the fittest," the hospital official is describing natural selection, whereby the organisms with particular _____ survive and reproduce. Choose the appropriate answer(s). Predict which of the following could contribute to the microevolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Check all that apply. - Patient's not completing the prescribed course of antibiotics - An increase in the use of antibiotics in non-clinical settings, which increases selective pressure thereby causing bacteria to mutate to resist the drugs - The over-prescribing of antibiotics, which increases the body's resistance to antibiotics - Random mutations that occur within a population of bacteria
DROP DOWN MENU OPTIONS:
Transgenes, dominant alleles, or heritable traits
The hospital official is describing natural selection, whereby the organisms with particular "genetic traits" survive and reproduce.
The following could contribute to the microevolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria:The process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. In the case of MRSA, the bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the spread of antibiotic resistance.
The following could contribute to the microevolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria:
- Patients not completing the prescribed course of antibiotics: This can lead to the survival of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics, allowing them to reproduce and spread resistance.
- An increase in the use of antibiotics in non-clinical settings, which increases selective pressure thereby causing bacteria to mutate to resist the drugs: The more antibiotics are used, the more pressure there is for bacteria to develop resistance.
- The over-prescribing of antibiotics, which increases the body's resistance to antibiotics: Similar to the previous point, the more antibiotics are used, the more pressure there is for bacteria to develop resistance.
- Random mutations that occur within a population of bacteria: Mutations can lead to the development of resistance, and if these resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, they can spread resistance within the population.
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A global positioning system (GPS) is a navigation tool that can provide a user’s exact location any time of day in any weather condition. The system sends and receives radio signals from Earth to satellites in space. Explain why Einstein’s general relativity theory is important to the makers of GPS systems.
Einstein's general relativity theory is crucial to the makers of GPS systems because it accounts for the effects of both gravity and motion on time and space and the makers of GPS systems must incorporate general relativity into the system's calculations to ensure a high degree of accuracy.
What is Einstein's general relativity theory as it relates to GPS?In GPS, the accuracy of the system relies on precise timing, so to determine a user's location, GPS receivers use the time it takes for signals to travel from satellites in space to the receiver on Earth, and the satellites are traveling at high speeds and are located in a region where the Earth's gravity is weaker than at the Earth's surface.
Hence, Einstein's general relativity theory is crucial to the makers of GPS systems because it accounts for the effects of both gravity and motion on time and space.
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upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll vascular bundle (vein) xylem, phloem lower epidermis stomata guard cells Answer Questions 14a-f p108
The dicot leaf is a type of plant leaf that has a characteristic structure composed of several distinct parts like:
upper epidermispalisade mesophyllspongy mesophyllvascular bundle (vein) xylem / phloemlower epidermisstomataguard cellsHere is a brief description of each of these parts.
Dicot leaf partsThe upper epidermis is the outermost layer of the leaf, providing a protective coating. Beneath the upper epidermis lies the palisade mesophyll, a layer of cells that absorb light and conduct photosynthesis. Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which contains spaces that allow for gas exchange. The vascular bundle, also known as a vein, is the layer of cells that provide nutrients and water to the plant. The xylem transports water and minerals up from the roots, while the phloem transports food products down from the leaves. The lower epidermis is the bottom layer of the leaf, which also provides a protective coating. Finally, the stomata and guard cells are small openings that allow gases to enter and leave the leaf.The complete question is to label the model of the leaf, so you can use the image below to complete your own.
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Noa is a college student who sensed that he was gaining weight after noticing that his jeans were getting snug around the waist. A few weeks before the end of the semester, Noa went to the gym where he weighed himself and found that he was * pounds heavier than he was at the beginning of the semester
Noa is a college student who sensed that he was gaining weight after noticing that his jeans were getting snug around the waist. It is common for college students to experience weight gain due to the stresses and demands of college life.
However, Noa made a good decision to go to the gym and weigh himself to assess his weight gain. It is important to monitor one's weight and make healthy choices to prevent further weight gain.
Noa can consider incorporating more physical activity into his daily routine, such as going for walks or joining a fitness class.
He can also focus on making healthier food choices and avoiding processed or high-calorie foods. By making these changes, Noa can work towards maintaining a healthy weight and preventing further weight gain.
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You have discovered several new antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial growth and can be used an antibiotic. You have determined the specific cellular target for each. Based in your knowledge of replication, transcription and translation, indicate which process each compound will likely block and justify your answer. Compound A. Inhibit helicase.
Compound A inhibits helicase, an enzyme that is involved in the unwinding of DNA during replication. This means that it prevents the replication of the DNA template strand and therefore the production of the complementary strand, leading to an inhibition of the bacterial growth.
The inhibition of helicase also has an effect on transcription and translation, as it prevents the transcription of the complementary strand and prevents the translation of proteins from that strand. Therefore, Compound A can be used as an antibiotic, as it blocks the essential processes of replication, transcription and translation, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth.
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13. According to the international guidelines, dairy products could have a total coliform count (total count on Macconkey) up to
10 4
CFU/g
, and they will still be considered acceptable for consumption, above this number they will be unacceptable. A milk brand was doubted to be the cause of food poisoning, a sample of the milk was tested in the lab. Results are summarized in table below. Table. Number of colonies obtained in different serial dilutions of a milk sample ivure: piated amount on each plate is
0.1ml
. Is this milk sample good for consumption? Explain why? Show your calculation and explain your dilution factor choice.
The milk sample has a total coliform count of 7.2 x 10^8 CFU/g, which is much higher than the acceptable limit of 10^4 CFU/g. Therefore, the milk sample is not safe to consume.
Based on the provided data in the question, it can be concluded whether the milk sample is good for consumption or not. The total coliform count limit for dairy products is 10^4 CFU/g. If the total coliform count is above this limit, the dairy product is considered unacceptable for consumption.The number of colonies obtained from different dilutions of the milk sample is provided in the table below:
Table: Colonies obtained from different dilutions of the milk sampleDilution 1: 270 CFU/mlDilution 2: 1200 CFU/mlDilution 3: 10,800 CFU/mlDilution 4: 72,000 CFU/ml. The dilution factor is the amount of the original milk sample that is diluted with sterile water. It is denoted as DF. To determine the total coliform count of the original milk sample, the number of colonies obtained from the highest dilution is multiplied by the dilution factor (DF).For instance, the total coliform count for dilution 4 would be:
Total coliform count for dilution 4 = Number of colonies x DFTotal coliform count for dilution 4 = 72,000 x 10^4
Total coliform count for dilution 4 = 7.2 x 10^8 CFU/g
Since the total coliform count of the milk sample is higher than the acceptable limit, the milk sample is not suitable for consumption.
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what makes Sordaria fimicola a good model organism to
demonstrate genetic recombination.
Sordaria fimicola's ease of growth, short life cycle, observable spores, and known genetic makeup make it a good model organism for studying genetic recombination.
Sordaria fimicola is a good model organism to demonstrate genetic recombination for several reasons:
1. It is a fungus that is easy to grow in the lab, making it a convenient organism to study.
2. It has a short life cycle, allowing for multiple generations to be studied in a short period of time.
3. It produces spores that can be easily observed under a microscope, allowing for the visualization of genetic recombination.
4. It has a well-known genetic makeup, making it easier to study the effects of genetic recombination.
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Explain why an iron lung was used to treat polio paralysis. I
expect this to contain detailed information from the Mechanics of
Breathing please!!!
The iron lung, also known as a negative pressure ventilator, was used to treat polio paralysis because it helped patients breathe when their respiratory muscles were weakened or paralyzed by the disease.
The Mechanics of Breathing involve the movement of air in and out of the lungs, which is controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. When these muscles contract, the chest cavity expands and air is drawn into the lungs.
When the muscles relax, the chest cavity decreases in size and air is expelled from the lungs.
In cases of polio paralysis, the respiratory muscles can become weakened or paralyzed, making it difficult or impossible for the patient to breathe on their own. The iron lung works by creating a vacuum around the patient's chest, which causes the chest cavity to expand and air to be drawn into the lungs.
The vacuum is then released, allowing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to be expelled from the lungs. This process mimics the natural mechanics of breathing and helps the patient to breathe when their own respiratory muscles are not functioning properly.
Overall, the iron lung was an important tool in the treatment of polio paralysis because it helped patients to breathe when their own respiratory muscles were not able to do so.
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Which of the following statements correctly describes what occurs during the phase in the model that the students left blank?
A. The centrosomes move toward the middle of the cell.
B. The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
C. The chromosomes begin to condense and form pairs in the cytoplasm.
D. Homologous chromosomes pair with one another.
B. The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
What is chromatids?Chromatids are identical copies of a single chromosome, which are formed during the process of replication in the cell cycle. They are formed when the DNA in the chromosome is replicated and the two copies are held together by a common centromere. During mitosis, the chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, forming the two daughter cells. Chromatids are also important in meiosis, when they separate to form four haploid daughter cells. Chromatids are essential for maintaining genetic integrity, as they ensure that each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent cell.
During the prophase phase of the cell cycle, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite poles in the cell. This process is known as chromatid segregation and is necessary for the production of haploid daughter cells.
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What is the difference between sterilisation and disinfection? Name three environments, relevant to pharmacy practice, where it would be important to monitor microbial contamination. How does an air s
The main difference between sterilization and disinfection is that sterilization eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection only reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level. Another difference is the methods to be used, sterilization generally uses heat, radiation, or chemicals, while disinfection is generally achieved by using disinfectants or antiseptics.
Three environments relevant to pharmaceutical practice where it would be important to monitor for microbial contamination are:
1. areas where sterile products are prepared and packaged
2. Areas where medication is prepared and mixed
3. Areas where drugs and other supplies are stored
An air sampler is a device used to monitor the level of microbial contamination in the air. It works by aspirating a known volume of air and collecting any microorganisms present in a growth medium, which can then be incubated and counted to determine the level of contamination.
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T/F Sphingomyelinase deficiency resulting in excess sphingomeylin and cholesterol in cells. Foam cells and sea blue histocytes seen in bone marrow.
True. Sphingomyelinase deficiency results in excess sphingomyelin and cholesterol in cells. This leads to the formation of foam cells and sea blue histocytes in the bone marrow.
These are characteristic features of Niemann-Pick disease, a rare genetic disorder that affects lipid metabolism. Sphingomyelin is hydrolyzed to ceramide by the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. The significance of the enzyme for cellular processes was initially discovered in Niemann-Pick disease types A and B, which are genetic illnesses characterised by a significant buildup of sphingomyelin in numerous organs. Although it is unknown if cells take use of this interaction for signalling, this reaction connects the glycerolipid and sphingolipid pathways.
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