A large population of ALOHA users manages to generate 50 requests/sec, including both originals and retransmissions. Time is slotted in units of 40 msec.

Required:
a. What is the chance of success on the first attempt?
b. What is the probability of exactly k collisions and then a success?
c. What is the expected number of transmission attempts needed?

Answer:

(A) Injection

Explanation:

SQL injection is one of the most common web attacks used by attackers to steal data or compromise a web application (especially the database) by inserting or "injecting" SQL queries or commands through the input data from the web application.

In web applications, form inputs are used to make requests to the database either for validation or submission of data by executing queries in the database. If these queries are interfered with by passing query like commands into the form input fields rather than some regular alphanumeric characters, then we have an SQL injection.

When this happens;

i. the attackers can modify an SQL query to return additional results from the database

ii. the attackers can change a query to interfere with the application's regular logic flow.

iii. the attackers can extract sensitive information about the database such as its version and structure.

Answer:

well you could use variables in C and display them

Explanation:

Answer:

Program fidelity

Explanation:

Answer:

The programming language is not stated;

I'll answer this question using python programming language

The program starts here (Lines written in bold are comments and are used for explanatory purpose)

#This line imports the random module into the program

import random

#This line prompts the user to enter the filename

filename = input("Enter file name: ")

#This line prompts the user to enter the number of random numbers to generate

num = int(input("Number of random  numbers: "))

#This line adjusts the filename to a .txt file

filename = filename+".txt"

#This line checks if the filename exists; if yes, it creates and open a new file and if otherwise, it uses the existing filr

f = open(filename,'a+')

#This line iterates through the number of random to generate

for i in range(1,num+1):

     #This line generates random number within the range of 1 to 1000

     n = random.randint(1,1000)

     #This line prints the generated random number to file

     print(n, file = f)

#This line closes the created file

f.close()

Answer:

A, B, C, D and E

Explanation:

Transmission Control protocol (TCP) is a protocol that describes how connections are made and maintained between devices in a network which will help applications in these devices communicate and transmit data.

The following are some of the features of TCP:

i. It supports full duplex communication: In other words, TCP allows for concurrent transmission of data in both directions.

ii. it has a graceful connection shutdown: TCP allows for graceful termination and closing of connection. This means that when there is no more data to be sent by any of the communicating devices, rather than just close connection from its end, it first informs the other device about its completion and asks if it's safe to close the connection. From there, if the other device then says it doesn't have any data to send either, they then reach a consensus to close the connection at their respective ends.

iii. Its connections are logical: TCP makes use of the reliability and flow control mechanisms which require that it initialize and maintain some status information for each stream of data. This status information containing sockets, sequence numbers and window sizes is called a logical connection.

iv. Data is sent as discrete messages: Like other discrete messages, the IP treats the data in TCP as discrete messages by placing them into the IP datagram and transmitting to the target host.

v. It is an end-to-end protocol: TCP governs the way data is transmitted between two devices at their respective ends to ensure reliable delivery. In other words, it is responsible for the transmission of data from a source to one or more destinations. It sits on the operating system of the source and also on the operating system(s) of the destination(s).

Complete Question:

Let's say that you handle the IT systems administration for your company. There's a server inside of your organization that checks how often client machines access it. If a client machine hasn't accessed the server in three months, the server won't allow the client machine to access its resources anymore. What can you set to make sure that your client machines and the server times are in sync?

Answer:

Network Time Protocol (NTP).

Explanation:

As the IT systems administrator, you can set the network time protocol (NTP) to make sure that your client machines and the server times are in synchronization.

A network time protocol (NTP) can be defined as an internet standard protocol which is used by an IT system administrator to synchronize a computer's clock to a particular time reference over packet switched or local area network (LAN) and variable-latency data networks. NTP was developed at the University of Delaware by Professor David L. Mills.

Basically, the network time protocol uses the coordinated universal time (UTC) and a client-server model to measure the total round-trip delay for a computer process.

Answer:

(B) It allows an attacker to redirect targets to malicious webserver.

(D) It affects any clients querying the poisoned DNS server.

Explanation:

DNS cache poisoning is a serious type of attack that is designed to exploit the vulnerabilities inherent in a Domain Name Server (DNS) where a user is redirected from a real server to a fake one. It is also called DNS spoofing.

Normally, when your browser tries to visits a website through a given domain name, it goes through the DNS server. A DNS server maintains a list of domain names and their equivalent Internet Protocol addresses. This server (DNS) then responds to the request with one or more IP addresses for the browser to reach the website through the domain name.

The computer browser then get to the intended website through the IP address.

Now, if the DNS cache is poisoned, then it has a wrong entry for IP addresses. This might be via hacking or a physical access to the DNS server to modify the stored information on it. Therefore, rather than responding with the real IP address, the DNS replies with a wrong IP address which then redirects the user to an unreal website.

Although they might not be able to control your computer remotely as long as you are not trying to visit a web page via the poisoned information, there are other dangers attached to this type of attack.

Once the DNS server has been poisoned, any client trying to query the server will also be affected since there is no direct way of knowing if the information received from the server is actually correct.

Answer:

The answer is "0.77"

Explanation:

The fixed-length segment value = 1  

The propagation time of one end to another end is = 3  

The Transfer power to move the consumer from the obtained segment = 2  

The second last sender assigns a loan = 7 segments  

The overall transmission time = 3+2+3   =  8  

The maximum throughput value is:

[tex]\to \frac{7}{(1 + 8)}\\\\ \to \frac{7}{9}\\\\\to 0.77[/tex]

Answer:

b. myString[:-5]

d. myString[-15:-5]

Explanation:

I believe you have a typo in d. It must be d. myString[-15:-5]

Slicing can be done:

myString[starting_index, stopping_index, step] (step is optional). If you do not specify the starting index, it will start from the 0 as in b. If you write a range that is not in the range, as in d, Python will replace it with either 0 or length of the string (In this case, it is replaced with 0 because the starting index must be smaller than stopping index)

a. myString[5] → This will give you the sixth character

b. myString[:-5] → This will give you the first five characters

c. myString[0:6] → This will give you the first six characters

d. myString-15:-5] → This will give you the first five characters

e. myString[0:10:2] → This will give you the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth characters

Answer:

Modify your program by replacing

for x in country:

       country_gold.append(gold[x])

       country_gold.append("Did not get gold")

with

for x in country:

       try:

               country_gold.append(gold[x])

       except:

               country_gold.append("Did not get gold")

Explanation:

The addition of try/except clause in the program is to let the program manage error;

In this case, the program checks for a country in the list country; This is implemented using the following line

for x in country:

If the country exists, the statement in the try block is executed

try:

 country_gold.append(gold[x])  ->This appends the country name to the country_gold list

Otherwise, the statement in the except clause is executed

except:

 country_gold.append("Did not get gold")  -> This appends "Did not get gold" to the country_gold list

To confirm what you've done, you may add the following line of code at the end of the program: print(country_gold)

Explanation:

Microsoft Access is an information management tool that helps you store information for reference, reporting, and analysis. Microsoft Access helps you analyze large amounts of information, and manage related data more efficiently than Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheet applications.

A real-life example of a Microsoft Access Query is a table that stores the names of new customers at a supermarket.

Microsoft Access is a database management software application designed and developed by Microsoft Inc., in order to avail its end users an ability to create, store and add data to a relational database.

In Microsoft Access, the options that are available on the File tab include the following:

Opening a database.

Selecting a template.

Creating a new database.

In conclusion, a database is an element in Microsoft Access which is an ideal data source and a query would always obtain, generate, or pick information from it.

Read more on Microsoft Access here: brainly.com/question/11933613

#SPJ2

Answer:

Artificial Neural

Explanation:

An artificial neural is the piece of a computing system designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes information. It is the foundation of artificial intelligence.

Answer:The new directory method creates a new directory within the current working directory.

Explanation:The new directory function and returns the list of the files within that directory.The new directory function allow to with the built in function MK dir().

To the new directory function create a current working directory.

import OS

OS.MKdir()

The code creates the directory projects in the current working directory to specify the full path.

Answer:

the HTML tag for the paragraph is <p>.

Explanation:

To insert the paragraph in the website, use the <p> tag to start the paragraph and to end the paragraph, use the closing paragraph tag that is </p>.

The paragraph tag is used inside the body tag. for example,

<html>

 <head></head>

 <body>

   <p>this is a paragraph

   </p>

 </body>

</html>

Answer and Explanation:

A BST is the short form for Binary Search Tree. It is a special type of binary tree data structure in which nodes are arranged in a particular order such that;

i. the left subtree of a particular node should always contain nodes whose key values are less than that of the key value of the node itself.

ii. the right subtree of a particular node should always contain nodes whose key values are greater than that of the key value of the node itself.

iii. the right and left subtrees should also be a binary search tree.

For the given set of data:

36,22,10,44,42,16,25,3,23,24;

The equivalent binary search tree is attached to this response.

As shown in the attachment:

i. the first data value (36) is the root node value.

ii. the second value (22) is less than the root node value (36), therefore, 22 goes to the left of the root node.

iii. the third value is 10. This is less than 36 and then also less than 22, so 10 goes to the left of 22.

iv. the fourth value is 44. This is greater than the root node value (36), therefore, 44 goes to the right of the root node.

v. the fifth value is 42. This is greater than the root value (36) so it is going to be positioned somewhere at the right of the root node. But it is less than the value (44) of the direct right node of the root node. Therefore, 42 goes to the left of the direct right (44) of the root node.

vi. the sixth value is 16. This is less than the root node value (36). So it is going to be positioned somewhere at the left of the root node. It is also less than the value (22) of the direct left node of the root node. So it is going to be positioned somewhere at the left of the node with 22. But it is greater than the node with 10. Therefore, 16 is going to be to the right of the node with 10.

This trend continues until all data values have been rightly positioned.

PS: A binary tree is a data structure in which each node cannot have more than two nodes directly attached to it.

Answer:

Hello your question lacks the required options here are the options

answer : source IP and destination port

Explanation:

The information that is used in an attempt to identify the local destination address is the source IP and destination port

source IP is simply the internet protocol address of a device from which an IP packet is sent to another device while destination port are the ports found in a destination device that receives IP packets from source ports  they are found in many internet applications  

Answer:

The correct answer will be "Virtual networks".

Explanation:

Answer:

A function is defined before it is first invoked.

Explanation:

A function prototype is a term in computer programming that is used as the declaration of a function that specifies function's name, parameters and return type. However, unlike function itself, which specifies what it does, a function prototype specifies function's interface only and not what it does.

Hence, A function prototype can always be omitted when: a function is defined before it is first invoked.

Answer:

I am writing  a JAVA program. Let me know if you want this program in some other programming language.

import java.util.Scanner;  // class to take input from user

class EvenOddNum{  //class name

   static void EvenOdd(int array[]) {  //function that takes an array as input and displays number of even numbers and odd numbers

       int even = 0;  // counts even numbers      

       int odd = 0;   //counts odd numbers

       for(int i = 0 ; i < array.length-1 ; i++){  //loop through the array elements till the second last array element

           if ((array[i] % 2) == 1) {  // if the element of array is not completely divisible by 2 then this means its an odd  number

               System.out.println(array[i]+" = odd");  //display that element to be odd

               odd++ ; }  //adds 1 to the count of odd every time the program reads an odd number

           else{  // if above IF condition evaluates to false then the number is an even number

                System.out.println(array[i]+" = even"); //display that element to be odd

                even++ ; } }  //adds 1 to the count of odd every time the program reads an odd number

       System.out.println( "Number of even numbers = " + even);  //counts the total number of even integers in the array

       System.out.println( "Number of odd numbers = " + odd);    }   //counts the total number of odd integers in the array      

   public static void main (String[] args){  //start of main function body

       Scanner scan= new Scanner(System.in); //creates Scanner class object

       int [] integers = new int[10];  //declares an array named integers that stores 10 integers

       System.out.print("Enter numbers: ");  //prompts user to enter the integers

       for(int i = 0;i<integers.length;i++){  //loops to read the input integers

           integers[i] = scan.nextInt(); }  //scans and reads each integer value

       EvenOdd(integers);    } }  //calls function EvenOdd to display number of even and odd numbers

Explanation:

The program has a method EvenOdd that takes an array of integers as its parameter. It has two counter variables even and odd. even counts the number of even input integers and odd counts the number of odd input integers. The for loop iterates through each element (integer) of the array except for the last one. The reason is that it is assumed that the input ends with 0 so the last element i.e. 0 is not counted. So the loop iterates to length-1 of the array. The number is odd or even is determined by this if condition: if ((array[i] % 2) == 1) A number is even if it is divisible by 2 otherwise its odd. If the element of array is not completely divisible by 2 i.e. the remainder of the division is not 0 then the number is odd. The modulo operator is used which returns the remainder of the division of number by 2. Each time when an odd or even number is determined, the array[i]+" = even" or  array[i]+" = odd" is displayed on the output screen for each integer in the array. Here array[i] is the element of the array and even or odd depicts if that element is even or odd. The last two print statement display the total number of even and odd numbers in the array.

Answer:

The programming language is not stated (I'll answer using C++)

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int convert(float miles)

{

   return miles * 5280;

}

int main() {

   cout<<"Console:"<<endl;

   cout<<"Hike Calculator"<<endl;

   float miles;

   char response;

   cout<<"How many miles did you walk?. ";

   cin>>miles;

   cout<<"You walked "<<convert(miles)<<" feet"<<endl;

   cout<<"Continue? (y/n): ";

   cin>>response;

   while(response == 'y')

   {

   cout<<"How many miles did you walk?. ";

   cin>>miles;

   cout<<"You walked "<<convert(miles)<<" feet"<<endl;

   cout<<"Continue? (y/n): ";

   cin>>response;

   }

   cout<<"Bye!";

   return 0;

}

Explanation:

Here, I'll explain some difficult lines (one after the other)

The italicized represents the function that returns the number of feet

int convert(float miles)

{

   return miles * 5280;

}

The main method starts here

int main() {

The next two lines gives an info about the program

   cout<<"Console:"<<endl;

   cout<<"Hike Calculator"<<endl;

   float miles;

   char response;

This line prompts user for number of miles

   cout<<"How many miles did you walk?. ";

   cin>>miles;

This line calls the function that converts miles to feet and prints the feet equivalent of miles

   cout<<"You walked "<<convert(miles)<<" feet"<<endl;

This line prompts user for another conversion

   cout<<"Continue? (y/n): ";

   cin>>response;

This is an iteration that repeats its execution as long as user continue input y as response

   while(response == 'y')

   {

   cout<<"How many miles did you walk?. ";

   cin>>miles;

   cout<<"You walked "<<convert(miles)<<" feet"<<endl;

   cout<<"Continue? (y/n): ";

   cin>>response;

   }

   cout<<"Bye!";

Answer:

Spear Phishing and War Dialing

Explanation:

So let's tackle these one at a time.

Vishing is simply any type of message (i.e., email, text, phone call, etc.) that appears to be from a trusted source but is not.

Whaling is simply a spear phishing attack of a high-value target such as a CEO or someone with high-level access at a company.

Spear phishing is simply a targeted phishing attack, usually towards a specific person or group of people.  (Phishing attack is simply a social attack to try and gain unauthorized access to a resource).

Pharming is an attack that attempts to redirect website traffic to a fake site.

War dialing is a technique to automatically scan a list of numbers in an area in attempt to search for exposed modems, computers, board systems, or fax machines, in order to breach the network.

Hoaxing is simply a social attack that describes a serious threat in attempts to retrieve unauthorized access or money from a victim.  (Think microsoft tech support scams)

Now that we have defined these things, let's identify the possible threats that need to be reported.

(a) Vishing?  The sec admin report doesn't mention the source of the message so we cannot associate this one

(b) Whaling? The sec admin report says a user, implying someone not high up in the company, but doesn't say it's not someone high up.  This is possible.

(c) Spear phishing?  The sec admin report says a user, implying that only this user is being targeted so this is definitely valid.

(d) Pharming?  The sec admin report says nothing about site redirection.

(e) War dialing? The sec admin report doesn't say anything about unauthorized scanning; however, it mentions the user has an old functioning modem, so this is possible.

(f) Hoaxing?  The sec admin report doesn't mention a pop up in the email or the content of the email so we are uncertain.

Thus with these considerations, the two threats that are identified and need mitigation are Spear phishing and War Dialing/Whaling.  Note that we aren't positive of the war dialing or whaling, but a case could be made for either; however, given the modem information, the question seems to indicate war dialing.

Answer:

A structure can contain an instance of itself

Explanation:

The statement which is known to be false out of the option given is that a structure may comprise or contain an instance of itself. Because to my knowledge, variables of diverse type are always most likely to attributed and contain by a structure.

It is worthy of note that object that aren't similar are utilize in constructing a structure. Another true statement about structure is that a semicolon usually end it's explanation.

Answer:

psychographics

Explanation:

The study of people according to their attitudes, aspirations and other psychological criteria

Answer:

when there is no junk

Explanation:

If you choose the checkbox next to “Delete the driver software from this device,” your computer will no longer contain the driver or any associated registry keys. Either method will prevent you from using the device until you reinstall the device driver.

To connect and communicate with particular devices, a computer needs device drivers.

It may be taken out without any trouble. However, it also comes with the installers for your PC's drivers. You will need to go to the manufacturer's website to download them again if you accidentally delete them.

Therefore, No, unless your new driver is broken and corrupts data. Install the driver if it comes from a reliable source. It is not intended to. Having a backup system that keeps your data safe in case of issues is a good idea.

Learn more about driver files here:

https://brainly.com/question/10608750

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Answer:

cell_count = int(input("Enter the value: "))

cell_count *= 10

print(cell_count)

Explanation:

Ask the user to enter a value and set it to the cell_count variable

Multiply the cell_count by 10 and assign it to the cell_count (It can also be written as cell_count = cell_count * 10)

Print the cell_count

Answer:

//import the Random class

import java.util.Random;

//Begin class definition

public class CoinFlipper {

   //The main method

    public static void main(String []args){

       //Create an object of the Random class

       Random ran = new Random();

       System.out.println("Result");    

       //Use the object and the number of times for simulation

       //to call the flipCoin method

       flipCoin(ran, 25);

    } //End of main method

    //Method to flip coin

    public static void flipCoin(Random ran, int nooftimes){

        //Create a loop to run as many times as specified in variable nooftimes

       for(int i=1; i<=nooftimes; i++)

           System.out.println(ran.nextInt(2) + 1);

    }

}   //End of class definition

====================================================

Sample Output:

Result

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

========================================================

Explanation:

The above code has been written in Java. It contains comments explaining every part of the code. Please go through the comments.

The sample output from the execution of the code is also given above.

The code is re-written as follows without comments.

import java.util.Random;

public class CoinFlipper {

    public static void main(String []args){

       Random ran = new Random();

       System.out.println("Result");    

       flipCoin(ran, 25);

    }

    public static void flipCoin(Random ran, int nooftimes){

       for(int i=1; i<=nooftimes; i++)

           System.out.println(ran.nextInt(2) + 1);

    }

}

Answer:

C. DAT-1

Explanation:

Chain of custody is applied when examining digital evidence and checking for proof that no alterations have been made to the document. It ensures that the original piece of digital evidence which could be in text, image, video, or other electronic formats, is preserved and protected from alterations. Hashing algorithms which are mathematical computations that help to condense files are applied during this procedure.

Common hashing algorithms applied, include;  the message digest 4, secure hashing algorithms 1, 2, 256, 224, 512, etc. The message digest 4 is used to evaluate why a particular piece of evidence was handled by an individual. This is further authenticated by examining the fingerprint.

Answer:

síganme en las claves de ustedes pronto. Seré un buen día. He seguido un poco sobre el Is. He seguido un poco sobre el Is. He seguido un poco sobre el.

is (c)251? correct since i'm not really sure

Answer:

The drivers wont be loaded and the deamons will not be running in the background unnecessarily, that makes the processes to run more faster

Explanation:

The chief advantage of deferred configuration or the advantage when some network applications defer configuration until a service is needed is that the drivers won't be loaded and the deamons will not be running in the background unnecessarily or when idle, that makes the processes to run more faster.

Network configuration is the activity which involves setting up a network's controls, flow and operation to assist the network communication of an organization or network owner.

Answer:

x1 = 39

x2 = 400

x3 = 92

x4 = 62

x5 = 0

Explanation:

This statement calls the f() function passing 2 to the function. The f(x) function takes a number x as parameter and returns the following:

g(x) + math.sqrt(h(x))

This again calls function g() and h()  

The above statement calls g() passing x i.e. 2 to the function g(x) and calls function h() passing x i.e. 2 to h() and the result is computed by adding the value returned by g() to the square root of the value returned by the h() method.

The g(x) function takes a number x as parameter and returns the following:

return 4*h(x)

The above statement calls function h() by passing value 2 to h() and the result is computed by multiplying 4 with the value returned by h().

The h(x) function takes a number x as parameter and returns the following:

return x*x + k(x)-1

The above statement calls function k() by passing value 2 to k() and the result is computed by subtracting 1 from the value returned by k() and adding the result of x*x (2*2) to this.

The k(x) function takes a number x as parameter and returns the following:

return 2 * (x + 1)

As the value of x=2 So

2*(2+1) = 2*(3) = 6

So the value returned by k(x) is 6

Now lets go back to the function h(x)

return x*x + k(x)-1

x = 2

k(x) = 6

So

x*x + k(x)-1 = 2*2 + (6-1) = 4 + 5 = 9

Now lets go back to the function g(x)

return 4*h(x)

As x = 2

h(x) = 9

So

4*h(x)  = 4*9 = 36

Now lets go back to function f(x)

return g(x) + math.sqrt(h(x))

As x=2

g(x) = 36

h(x) = 9

g(x) + math.sqrt(h(x))  = 36 + math.sqrt(9)

                                  = 36 + 3 = 39

Hence

The above statement means that first the function g() calls function h() and function h() is passed a value i.e 2.

As x=2

The function k() returns:

2 * (x + 1)   = 2 * (2 + 1) = 6

The function h() returns:

x*x + k(x)-1 = 2*2 + (6-1) = 4 + 5 = 9

Now The function g() returns:

4 * h(x)  = 4 * h(9)

This method again calls h() and function h() calls k(). The function k() returns:

2 * (x + 1)   = 2 * (9 + 1) = 20

Now The function h() returns:

x*x + k(x)-1 = 9*9 + (20-1) = 81 + 19 = 100

h(9) = 100

Now The function g() returns:

4 * h(x)  = 4 * h(9) = 4 * 100 = 400

Hence

g() returns:

return 4 h(x)

h() returns:

return x*x + k(x)-1

k(2) returns:

return 2 (x + 1)

          = 2 ( 3 ) = 6

Now going back to h(2)

x * x + k(x)-1  = 2*2 + 6 - 1 = 9

Now going back to g(2)

4 h(x)  = 4 * 9 = 36

So k(g(2) + h(2)) becomes:

   k(9 + 36 )

    k(45)

Now going to k():

return 2 (x + 1)

2 (x + 1)   = 2(45 + 1)

             = 2(46)

             = 92

So k(g(2) + h(2)) = 92

Hence

Compute f(0)

f() returns:

return g(0) + math.sqrt(h(0))

f() calls g() and h()

g() returns:

return 4 * h(0)

g() calls h()

h() returns

return 0*0 + k(0)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (0 + 1)

2 * (0 + 1)  = 2

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(0)

0*0 + k(0)-1  = 2 - 1 = 1

Going back to caller function g()

Compute g(0)

4 * h(0)  = 4 * 1 = 4

Going back to caller function f()

compute f(0)

g(0) + math.sqrt(h(0))  = 4 + 1 = 5

f(0) = 5

Compute f(1)

f() returns:

return g(1) + math.sqrt(h(1))

f() calls g() and h()

g() returns:

return 4 * h(1)

g() calls h()

h() returns

return 1*1 + k(1)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (1 + 1)

2 * (1 + 1)  = 4

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(0)

1*1 + k(1)-1  = 1 + 4 - 1 = 4

Going back to caller function g()

Compute g(1)

4 * h(1)  = 4 * 4 = 16

Going back to caller function f()

compute f(1)

g(1) + math.sqrt(h(1))  = 16 + 2 = 18

f(1) = 18

Compute f(2)

f() returns:

return g(2) + math.sqrt(h(2))

f() calls g() and h()

g() returns:

return 4 * h(2)

g() calls h()

h() returns

return 1*1 + k(2)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (2+1)

2 * (3)  = 6

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(2)

2*2 + k(2)-1  = 4 + 6 - 1 = 9

Going back to caller function g()

Compute g(2)

4 * h(2)  = 4 * 9 = 36

Going back to caller function f()

compute f(2)

g(2) + math.sqrt(h(2))  = 36 +3 = 39

f(1) = 13.7

Now

x4 = f(0) + f(l) + f(2)

    = 5 + 18 + 39

    = 62

Hence  

Compute f(-1)

f() returns:

return g(-1) + math.sqrt(h(-1))

f() calls g() and h()

g() returns:

return 4 * h(-1)

g() calls h()

h() returns

return 1*1 + k(-1)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (-1+1)

2 * (0)  = 0

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(-1)

-1*-1 + k(-1)-1  = 1 + 0 - 1 = 0

Going back to caller function g()

Compute g(-1)

4 * h(-1)  = 4 * 0 = 0

Going back to caller function f()

compute f(-1)

g(-1) + math.sqrt(h(-1))  = 0

f(-1) = 0

Compute g(-1)

g() returns:

return 4 * h(-1)

g() calls h()

h() returns

return 1*1 + k(-1)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (-1+1)

2 * (0)  = 0

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(-1)

-1*-1 + k(-1)-1  = 1 + 0 - 1 = 0

Going back to caller function g()

Compute g(-1)

4 * h(-1)  = 4 * 0 = 0

g(-1) = 0

Compute h(-1)

h() returns

return 1*1 + k(-1)-1

h() calls k()

k() returns:

return 2 * (-1+1)

2 * (0)  = 0

Going back to caller function h()

Compute h(-1)

-1*-1 + k(-1)-1  = 1 + 0 - 1 = 0

h(-1) = 0

Compute k(-1)

k() returns:

return 2 (x + 1)

k(-1) = 2 ( -1 + 1 ) = 2 ( 0 ) = 0

k(-1) = 0

x5 = f(-1) + g(-1) + h(-1) + k(-1)

    = 0  + 0 + 0 + 0

    = 0

Hence