(a.)The speed of the probe as seen from the earth is approximately 0.970c. (b.) The length of the ship as measured by the ship's crew is approximately 6.15 m.
a. To calculate the speed of the probe as seen from the earth, we need to use the relativistic velocity addition formula:
v' = (v + u) / (1 + (vu/c^2)),
where v' is the velocity of the probe as seen from the earth, v is the velocity of the ship (relative to the earth), u is the velocity of the probe (relative to the ship), and c is the speed of light.
v = 0.850c (speed of the ship relative to the earth),
u = 0.780c (speed of the probe relative to the ship).
Substituting the values into the formula:
v' = (0.850c + 0.780c) / (1 + (0.850c)(0.780c)/(c^2))
= (1.63c) / (1 + 0.663)
≈ 0.970c.
Therefore, the speed of the probe as seen from the earth is approximately 0.970c. Since the speed is greater than the speed of light, it implies that the probe is moving away from the earth (as viewed from the earth).
b. The length of the ship as measured by the ship's crew can be calculated using the relativistic length contraction formula:
L' = L * √(1 - (v^2/c^2)),
where L' is the length of the ship as measured by the crew, L is the length of the ship as measured by an observer at rest (in this case, the earth), v is the velocity of the ship (relative to the earth), and c is the speed of light.
L = 4.50 m (length of the ship as measured from the earth),
v = 0.850c (speed of the ship relative to the earth).
Substituting the values into the formula:
L' = 4.50 m * √(1 - (0.850c)^2/c^2)
= 4.50 m * √(1 - 0.7225)
= 4.50 m * √(0.2775)
≈ 6.15 m.
Therefore, the length of the ship as measured by the ship's crew is approximately 6.15 m.
a. The speed of the probe as seen from the earth is approximately 0.970c. The probe is moving away from the earth (as viewed from the earth).
b. The length of the ship as measured by the ship's crew is approximately 6.15 m.
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Calculate the critical angle 0, for light traveling from glass (n = 1.56) to ice (n = 1.31). If there is no critical angle, enter DNE. 0 = Calculate the critical angle 02 for light traveling from sugar water (n = 1.49) to ice (n = 1.31). If there is no critical angle, enter DNE. 02 = = Calculate the critical angle oz for light traveling from sapphire (n = 1.77) to sugar water (n = 1.49). If there is no critical angle, enter DNE 03 = Calculate the critical angle 04 for light traveling from ice (n = 1.31) to sapphire (n = 1.77). If there is no critical angle, enter DNE. 04 =
The critical angles are approximately 51.04 degrees for sugar water to ice, 52.56 degrees for sapphire to sugar water, and 67.98 degrees for ice to sapphire.
To calculate the critical angles for light traveling between different mediums, we need to use Snell's law, which relates the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the mediums involved.
The critical angle occurs when the angle of refraction is 90 degrees, resulting in light being refracted along the interface. If there is no critical angle, we will indicate "DNE" (does not exist).
For light traveling from glass (n = 1.56) to ice (n = 1.31), we can calculate the critical angle using Snell's law:
sin(θc) = n2 / n1
where θc is the critical angle, n1 is the refractive index of the initial medium, and n2 is the refractive index of the final medium.
Calculating the critical angle:
sin(θc) = 1.31 / 1.56
θc ≈ 48.28 degrees
Therefore, the critical angle for light traveling from glass to ice is approximately 48.28 degrees.
For the remaining combinations, the critical angles can be calculated using the same formula:
For light traveling from sugar water (n = 1.49) to ice (n = 1.31):
sin(θc) = 1.31 / 1.49
θc ≈ 51.04 degrees
For light traveling from sapphire (n = 1.77) to sugar water:
sin(θc) = 1.49 / 1.77
θc ≈ 52.56 degrees
For light traveling from ice to sapphire:
sin(θc) = 1.77 / 1.31
θc ≈ 67.98 degrees
Therefore, the critical angles are approximately 51.04 degrees for sugar water to ice, 52.56 degrees for sapphire to sugar water, and 67.98 degrees for ice to sapphire.
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Susan's 10.0 kg baby brother Paul sits on a mat. Susan pulls the mat across the floor using a rope that is angled 30∘ above the floor. The tension is a constant 31.0 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.210.
Use work and energy to find Paul's speed after being pulled 2.90 m .
Paul's speed after being pulled at distance of 2.90 m is approximately 2.11 m/s
Mass of Paul (m) = 10.0 kg
Angle of the rope (θ) = 30°
Tension force (T) = 31.0 N
Coefficient of friction (μ) = 0.210
Distance pulled (d) = 2.90 m
First, let's calculate the work done by the tension force:
Work done by tension force (Wt) = T * d * cos(θ)
Wt = 31.0 N * 2.90 m * cos(30°)
Wt = 79.741 J
Next, let's calculate the work done by friction:
Work done by friction (Wf) = μ * m * g * d
where g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s²)
Wf = 0.210 * 10.0 kg * 9.8 m/s² * 2.90 m
Wf = 57.471 J
The net work done on Paul is the difference between the work done by the tension force and the work done by friction:
Net work done (Wnet) = Wt - Wf
Wnet = 79.741 J - 57.471 J
Wnet = 22.270 J
According to the work-energy principle, the change in kinetic energy (ΔKE) is equal to the net work done:
ΔKE = Wnet
ΔKE = 22.270 J
Since Paul starts from rest, his initial kinetic energy is zero (KE_initial = 0). Therefore, the final kinetic energy (KE_final) is equal to the change in kinetic energy:
KE_final = ΔKE = 22.270 J
We can use the kinetic energy formula to find Paul's final speed (v):
KE_final = 0.5 * m * v²
22.270 J = 0.5 * 10.0 kg * v²
22.270 J = 5.0 kg * v²
Dividing both sides by 5.0 kg:
v² = 4.454
Taking the square root of both sides:
v ≈ 2.11 m/s
Therefore, Paul's speed after being pulled at a distance of 2.90 m is approximately 2.11 m/s.
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Angle of incidence and angle of refraction are always same. True False Question 2 Speed of light in water is higher than spees of light in glycerin True False Question 3 When convex lens form a virtual image? When object is placed between f and 2f When object is placed at focal point When object is placed between focal and center of the lens: When object is placed beyond 2f.
The statement "Angle of incidence and angle of refraction are always the same" is false.
The angles of incidence and refraction are generally different when light passes from one medium to another with different refractive indices. This phenomenon is described by Snell's law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media.
The statement "Speed of light in water is higher than the speed of light in glycerin" is false. The speed of light in a medium depends on its refractive index, which is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium. Glycerin has a higher refractive index than water, which means that light travels slower in glycerin compared to water.
The correct option for when a convex lens forms a virtual image is "When the object is placed between the focal point and 2f." In this scenario, the image formed by the convex lens is virtual, upright, and magnified. When the object is located between the focal point and twice the focal length of the lens, the refracted rays converge to form an image on the same side as the object, resulting in a virtual image.
In conclusion, the angle of incidence and angle of refraction are generally different, the speed of light in water is not higher than the speed of light in glycerin, and a convex lens forms a virtual image when the object is placed between the focal point and twice the focal length.
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A billiard cue hits a 0.4kg ball
initially at rest, the average force of the hit is 20N and it lasts
0.1s. With what speed is the ball propelled?
The ball is propelled with a speed of 5 m/s after being hit by the billiard cue with an average force of 20 N for 0.1 s.
To determine the speed at which the ball is propelled, we can use the equation of motion:
Force = (mass x change in velocity) / time
Rearranging the equation, we have:
Change in velocity = (Force x time) / mass
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Change in velocity = (20 N x 0.1 s) / 0.4 kg
Change in velocity = 5 m/s
Therefore, the ball is propelled with a speed of 5 m/s after being hit by the billiard cue with an average force of 20 N for 0.1 s.
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Pressure drop between two sections of a unifrom pipe carrying water is 9.81 kPa. Then the head loss due to friction is 1.981 m 2.0.1 m 3.10 m 4.1m
For oil flow through a pipe, velocity increases 1. with increase in pressure at a cross section 2, with decrease in area of cross section 3. with increase in area of cross section 4. Does not depend on the area of cross section
For oil flow through a pipe, velocity increases with increase in area of cross section. Option 3 is correct.
To determine the head loss due to friction in a pipe, we can use the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
ΔP = λ * (L/D) * (ρ * V² / 2)
Where:
ΔP is the pressure drop (given as 9.81 kPa)
λ is the friction factor
L is the length of the pipe
D is the diameter of the pipe
ρ is the density of the fluid (water in this case)
V is the velocity of the fluid
We can rearrange the equation to solve for the head loss (H):
H = (ΔP * 2) / (ρ * g)
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²).
Given the pressure drop (ΔP) of 9.81 kPa, we can calculate the head loss due to friction.
H = (9.81 kPa * 2) / (ρ * g)
Now, let's address the second part of your question regarding oil flow through a pipe and how velocity changes with respect to pressure and cross-sectional area.
With an increase in pressure at a cross section: When the pressure at a cross section increases, it typically results in a decrease in velocity due to the increased resistance against flow.
With a decrease in area of the cross section: According to the principle of continuity, when the cross-sectional area decreases, the velocity of the fluid increases to maintain the same flow rate.
With an increase in area of the cross section: When the cross-sectional area increases, the velocity of the fluid decreases to maintain the same flow rate.
The velocity does not depend solely on the area of the cross section. It is influenced by various factors such as pressure, flow rate, and pipe properties.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is option 4: The velocity does not depend on the area of the cross section alone.
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Numerical Response #4 Bats can detect small objects whose size is equal to the wavelength of sound emitted. If a bat emits a 62.0 kHz chirp and the speed of sound is 340 m/s, the size of insect it can detect is a.bc × 10−d m. Enter the values of a, b, c, and d (just digits, no other characters).9. What is the length of a pendulum on the surface of the moon if its period on the moon is 4.8 s? (g on the moon is 1.63 m/s2) A. 1.8 m B. 0.95 m C. 0.82 m D. 0.75 m
Numerical Response #4:
a = 6
b = 2
c = 6
d = 5
The values of a, b, c, and d are 6, 2, 6, and 5 respectively.
To calculate the size of the insect that a bat can detect, we need to use the formula:
Size of object = (Speed of sound / Frequency of chirp) / 2
Given:
Frequency of chirp = 62.0 kHz = 62,000 Hz
Speed of sound = 340 m/s
Plugging in the values:
Size of object = (340 m/s / 62,000 Hz) / 2
Size of object ≈ 0.002741935 m
To express the answer in scientific notation, we can write it as a.bc × 10^(-d):
0.002741935 m ≈ 2.741935 × 10^(-3) m
Comparing the calculated size with the required format:
a = 6
b = 2
c = 6
d = 5
Therefore, the values of a, b, c, and d are 6, 2, 6, and 5 respectively.
The size of the insect that the bat can detect is approximately 2.741935 × 10^(-3) meters.
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Light is travelling from medium A tretractive index 1.4) to medium B (retractive index 1.6. If the incident angle is 32.70 what would be retracted ankle in medium B? Express your answer in degrees
The refractive angle in medium B is 15.22°
The given values are:Medium A has a refractive index of 1.4.Medium B has a refractive index of 1.6.The incident angle is 32.70.The formula for the refractive index is:n1sin θ1 = n2sin θ2Where,n1 is the refractive index of medium A.n2 is the refractive index of medium B.θ1 is the angle of incidence in medium A.θ2 is the angle of refraction in medium B.By substituting the given values in the above formula we get:1.4sin 32.70° = 1.6sin θ2sin θ2 = (1.4sin 32.70°) / 1.6sin θ2 = 0.402 / 1.6θ2 = sin⁻¹(0.402 / 1.6)θ2 = 15.22°The refractive angle in medium B is 15.22°.Hence, the correct option is (D) 15.22°.
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14. If a kid’s pool has a volume of 2 m³, how long should a hose
with a radius of 10 cm take to fill it up if it comes out at 0.15
m/s? What is the volume flow rate from the hose?
The volume flow rate from the hose is approximately 0.00471 cubic meters per second.
To calculate the time, it takes to fill the pool and the volume flow rate from the hose, we can use the formulas related to the volume and flow rate of a cylindrical hose.
First, let's convert the radius of the hose from centimeters to meters:
Radius = 10 cm = 0.1 m
The volume of the pool is given as 2 m³. The volume (V) of a cylinder can be calculated using the formula:
V = πr²h
Where:
V is the volume of the cylinder (pool),
π is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 3.14159,
r is the radius of the hose,
and h is the height of the cylinder (pool).
Since we're solving for time, we can rearrange the formula:
h = V / (πr²)
Now we can substitute the given values:
h = 2 m³ / (π(0.1 m)²)
h ≈ 63.66 m
So, the height of the pool is approximately 63.66 meters.
To calculate the time it takes to fill the pool, we can use the formula:
Time = Distance / Speed
The distance is equal to the height of the pool (h), and the speed is given as 0.15 m/s. Therefore:
Time = 63.66 m / 0.15 m/s
Time ≈ 424.4 seconds
So, it would take approximately 424.4 seconds (or about 7 minutes and 4 seconds) to fill the pool.
Next, let's calculate the volume flow rate from the hose. The volume flow rate (Q) is given by the formula:
Q = A * V
Where:
Q is the volume flow rate,
A is the cross-sectional area of the hose,
and V is the velocity of the water coming out of the hose.
The cross-sectional area (A) of a cylinder is given by:
A = πr²
Substituting the values:
A = π(0.1 m)²
A ≈ 0.03142 m²
Now we can calculate the volume flow rate:
Q = 0.03142 m² * 0.15 m/s
Q ≈ 0.00471 m³/s
Therefore, the volume flow rate from the hose is approximately 0.00471 cubic meters per second.
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A 100-W lamp and a 25-W lamp are each plugged into identical electric outlets. The electrical current through the 100-W lamp is:
A. 2 times greater than that through the 25-W lamp
B. 4 times smaller than that through the 25-W lamp.
C. 4 times greater than that through the 25-W lamp.
d. the same as that through the 25-W lamp.
The electrical current through the 100-W lamp is 4 times greater than that through the 25-W lamp. Option C is correct.
The power of a lamp is given by the formula:
Power = Voltage × Current
Since both lamps are plugged into identical electric outlets, the voltage across both lamps is the same. Let's denote the voltage as V.
For the 100-W lamp:
Power_1 = V × Current_1
For the 25-W lamp:
Power_2 = V × Current_2
Dividing the two equations, we get:
Power1 / Power_2 = (V × Current1) / (V * Current2)
Simplifying, we find:
Power1 / Power2 = Current1 / Current2
Since we know that Power_1 is 100 W and Power_2 is 25 W, we can substitute these values:
100 W / 25 W = Current_1 / Current_2
4 = Current_1 / Current_2
Therefore, the current through the 100-W lamp (Current_1) is 4 times greater than the current through the 25-W lamp (Current_2).
Hence Option C is correct.
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What is the battery current immediately after the switch has
been closed for a long time?
A. 0 A
B. 2 A
C. 4 A
D. 5A
E. Not defined
The battery current immediately after the switch has been closed for a long time is 10A - 5A = 5A. The answer to the given question is option D. 5A.
When the switch is closed for a long time, a steady state has been reached, so the inductor has no voltage drop across it. As a result, the voltage across the resistor is equal to the voltage supplied by the battery. The equivalent resistance is given by the sum of the 2Ω and 6Ω resistors in parallel, which equals 1.2Ω.
The current in the circuit is calculated using Ohm's law:
I= V / R
= 12 / 1.2
= 10 A
Therefore, the battery current immediately after the switch has been closed for a long time is 10A - 5A = 5A.
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The magnetic field in a traveling EM wave has an rms strength of 20.5 nt. v Part A How long does it take to deliver 345 J of energy to 1.05 cm? of a wall that it hits perpendicularly? Express your answer with the appropriate units. Δt = Value Units Submit
It takes approximately 81.02 seconds for the EM wave to deliver 345 J of energy to the 1.05 cm² wall that it hits perpendicularly.
Given:
B = 20.5 × 10^(-9) T
A = 1.1025 × 10^(-8) m²
E = 345 J
c = 2.998 × 10^8 m/s
ε₀ = 8.854 × 10^(-12) F/m
First, let's calculate the power:
P = (1/2) * ε₀ * E² * A * c
P = (1/2) * (8.854 × 10^(-12) F/m) * (345 J)² * (1.1025 × 10^(-8) m²) * (2.998 × 10^8 m/s)
Using the given values, the power P is approximately 4.254 W.
Now, we can calculate the time:
Δt = E / P
Δt = 345 J / 4.254 W
Calculating the division, we find that Δt is approximately 81.02 seconds.
Therefore, it takes approximately 81.02 seconds for the EM wave to deliver 345 J of energy to the 1.05 cm² wall that it hits perpendicularly.
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A particle starts from the origin at t=0.0 s with a velocity of 5.2 i m/s and moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration of (-5.4 i + 1.6 j)m/s?. When the particle achieves
the maximum positive -coordinate, how far is it from the origin?
When the particle achieves the maximum positive y-coordinate, it is at a distance of 0 meters from the origin. This means it is still at the origin in the xy plane, as its x-coordinate remains zero throughout its motion.
The distance of the particle from the origin when it achieves the maximum positive y-coordinate, we need to analyze its motion in the xy plane.
Initial velocity, u = 5.2 i m/s
Acceleration, a = (-5.4 i + 1.6 j) m/s²
We can integrate the acceleration to find the velocity components as a function of time:
v_x = ∫(-5.4) dt = -5.4t + c₁
v_y = ∫1.6 dt = 1.6t + c₂
Applying the initial condition at t = 0, we have:
v_x(0) = 5.2 i m/s = c₁
v_y(0) = 0 j m/s = c₂
Therefore, the velocity components become:
v_x = -5.4t + 5.2 i m/s
v_y = 1.6t j m/s
Next, we integrate the velocity components to find the position as a function of time:
x = ∫(-5.4t + 5.2) dt = (-2.7t² + 5.2t + c₃) i
y = ∫1.6t dt = (0.8t² + c₄) j
Applying the initial condition at t = 0, we have:
x(0) = 0 i m = c₃
y(0) = 0 j m = c₄
Therefore, the position components become:
x = (-2.7t² + 5.2t) i m
y = (0.8t²) j m
To find the maximum positive y-coordinate, we set y = 0.8t² = 0. The time when y = 0 is t = 0.
Plugging this value of t into the x-component equation, we have:
x = (-2.7(0)² + 5.2(0)) i = 0 i m
Therefore, at the time when the particle achieves the maximum positive y-coordinate, it is at a distance of 0 meters from the origin.
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2. Answer "YES" or "NO" to the following: Are they Are the particles Any restriction quantum distinguishable? on the number particles? of particles in each energy Statistics state? (a) Maxwell- Boltzmann (b) Bose- Einstein (c) Fermi- Dirac 3. "The sum of the average occupation numbers of all levels in an assembly is equal to......". (a) Complete the statement in words as well as in symbols. (b) Write down the completed statement using the usual symbols. (c) Verify that this is correct for the assembly displayed in Figure 1. 4. Construct a diagram (table) for the possible macrostates of an assembly of six indistinguishable particles obeying B-E statistics. There are 8 equally-spaced energy levels (the lowest being of zero energy) and the total energy of the system is 7€ (or 7 units).
For particles:
(a) Maxwell-Boltzmann: Yes
(b) Bose-Einstein: No
(c) Fermi-Dirac: No
restrictions on the number of particles in each energy state
(a) Maxwell-Boltzmann: No
(b) Bose-Einstein: No
(c) Fermi-Dirac: Yes, only one particle can occupy each quantum state.
"The sum of the average occupation numbers of all levels in an assembly is equal to..."
(a) Complete statement in words: The sum of the average occupation numbers of all levels in an assembly is equal to the total number of particles in the system.
(b) Completed statement using symbols: Σn= N, where Σ represents the sum, n represents the average occupation number, and N represents the total number of particles in the system.
(c) Verification: The statement holds true for the assembly displayed in .
for the possible states:
In this case, we have six indistinguishable particles and eight equally-spaced energy levels. The lowest energy level has zero energy, and the total energy of the system is 7 units.
The total number of particles in the system should be equal to six, and the sum of the products of energy level and number of particles should be equal to the total energy of the system, which is 7 units.
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2. Answer "YES" or "NO" to the following questions:
a) Maxwell-Boltzmann: Yes, they are distinguishable.
b) Bose-Einstein: No, they are not distinguishable.
c) Fermi-Dirac: No, they are not distinguishable.
There is no restriction on the number of particles in each
energy state.
3. The sum of the average occupation numbers of all levels in an assembly is equal to the total number of particles.
a) In words: The total number of particles is equal to the sum of the average
occupation numbers
of all levels in an assembly.
b) In symbols: N = Σn
c) Figure 1 is not provided. However, the equation is valid for any assembly.
4. Table of possible macrostates of an assembly of six indistinguishable particles obeying B-E statistics, with 8 equally-spaced energy levels (the lowest being of zero energy) and a total energy of 7 units.
The table is as follows:
Energy Level | Number of Particles
0 | 6
1 | 0
2 | 0
3 | 0
4 | 0
5 | 0
6 | 0
7 | 0
Note: There is only one possible
macrostate
for the given conditions. All six particles will occupy the lowest energy level, which has zero energy.
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The sine of an angle in right angled triangle is given by O opposite hypotenuse opposite2 opposite O opposite2+adjacent² Ohypotenuse²-opposite² hypotenuse
The sine of an angle in a right-angled triangle is given by the ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the hypotenuse. Therefore, the correct option among the following options is "Ohypotenuse²-opposite² hypotenuse."
Let's start with a right-angled triangle in which θ is one of the angles. So, the hypotenuse is the side that is opposite to the right angle, and it is the longest side of the triangle. Now, consider that the side that is opposite to the angle θ is O. Thus, the adjacent side is A. The side that is opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse H. Therefore, we have the following terms: Opposite = OAdjacent = OHypotenuse = H. Thus, The sine of θ is given by O/hypotenuse i.e., [tex]O/h = sin θ[/tex]. We also know that [tex]O² + A² = H²[/tex]. Multiplying both sides by [tex]O²,h²O² + h²A² = h²O² + H²A² - h²O² = H²A² - (h²O²)A² = (H² - h²O²)A² = √(H² - h²O²)[/tex]. Since [tex]h²O² = O²[/tex](as O is opposite to θ). Therefore, we get A² = √(H² - O²)² = H² - O². [tex]A² = √(H² - O²)² = H² - O²[/tex]. Hence, the sine of θ is given by: [tex]O/h = sin θO² = h²(sin² θ)h² - O² = h²(cos² θ).[/tex] Thus, by substitution, we get[tex]O/h = sin θO² + A² = H²sin² θ + cos² θ = 1O/h = √(H² - A²)/H[/tex]. Therefore, Ohypotenuse²-opposite² hypotenuse is the sine of an angle in a right-angled triangle.
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A 35-turn circular loop of wire is placed into a magnetic field with initial magnitude 2.9 T. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the loop. Over a period of 0.65 seconds, the strength of the field is decreased to 1.4 T and as the field decreases a 3.5 V emf is induced in the loop. Calculate the diameter of the loop of wire.
The diameter of the circular loop of wire is 0.21 m.
According to Faraday's law, the magnitude of the emf induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate at which the magnetic field changes through the loop. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:ε = -N(ΔΦ/Δt)where ε is the induced emf, N is the number of turns in the coil, and ΔΦ/Δt is the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.Φ = BA, where B is the magnetic field strength and A is the area of the loop. Thus, ΔΦ/Δt = Δ(BA)/Δt = AB(ΔB/Δt)
Therefore,ε = -NAB(ΔB/Δt)
The negative sign in the equation represents Lenz's law, which states that the induced emf produces a current that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the original magnetic field. Now let's use the formula above to calculate the diameter of the circular loop of wire:
Given, N = 35 turns
B₁ = 2.9 T
B₂ = 1.4 T
A = πr²ε = 3.5
VΔt = 0.65 s
We need to find the diameter of the loop, which can be expressed as D = 2r, where r is the radius of the loop.Let's begin by calculating the rate of change of magnetic field.
ΔB/Δt = (B₂ - B₁)/Δt = (1.4 T - 2.9 T)/(0.65 s) = -3.08 T/s
Now we can calculate the induced emf.ε = -NAB(ΔB/Δt) = -35(πr²)(2.9 T)(-3.08 T/s) = 32.4πr² V
Let's equate this to the given value of 3.5 V and solve for r.32.4πr² = 3.5 Vr² = 3.5 V / 32.4πr² = 0.03425 m²
Now we can solve for the diameter of the loop.D = 2r = 2√(0.03425 m²/π) = 0.21 m
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Question 4: For an electromagnetic plane wave, the electric field is given by: E=E0cos(kz+ωt)x^+0y^+0z^ a) Determine the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. b) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field for the given electromagnetic wave B. You may want to use some of the properties of the plane wave approximation and the Poynting vector to avoid doing vector calculus. c) Calculate the Poynting vector (magnitude and direction) associated with this electromagnetic wave. What direction does this vector point? Does this makes sense? d) If the amplitude of the magnetic field was measured to be 2.5∗10−7 T, determine numerical values for the amplitude of the electric field and the Poynting vector.
(a) The direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave is in the positive x-axis direction.
(b) The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field can be found using the relationship between the electric field and magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave.
(c) The Poynting vector S, which represents the direction and magnitude of the electromagnetic wave's energy flow
(a)The direction of propagation is determined by the direction of the wavevector, which in this case is given by k = kz âx. Since the coefficient of âx is positive, it indicates that the wave is propagating in the positive x-axis direction.
(b)According to the wave equation, the magnetic field B is related to the electric field E by B = (1/c) E, where c is the speed of light. Therefore, the magnitude of B is |B| = |E|/c and its direction is the same as the electric field, which is in the x-axis direction.
(c) given by S = E x B. In this case, since the magnetic field B is in the x-axis direction and the electric field E is in the x-axis direction, the cross product E x B will be in the y-axis direction. Therefore, the Poynting vector points in the positive y-axis direction.
(d) Given the amplitude of the magnetic field B as 2.5 x 10⁻⁷ T, we can use the relationship |B| = |E|/c to find the amplitude of the electric field. Rearranging the equation, we have |E| = |B| x c. Plugging in the values, |E| = (2.5 x 10⁻⁷ T) x (3 x 10⁸ m/s) = 7.5 x 10¹ T. The amplitude of the Poynting vector can be calculated using |S| = |E| x |B| = (7.5 x 10¹ T) x (2.5 x 10⁻⁷ T) = 1.875 x 10⁻⁵ W/m².
In summary, for the given electromagnetic wave, the direction of propagation is in the positive x-axis direction, the magnetic field is in the positive x-axis direction, the Poynting vector points in the positive y-axis direction, and the amplitude of the electric field is 7.5 x 10¹ T and the amplitude of the Poynting vector is 1.875 x 10⁻⁵ W/m².
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Question 7 The ideal efficiency for a heat engine operating between temperatures of 2950 K and 318 Kis O a 50% b. 11% Oc 89% d 25% e zero
The ideal efficiency for a heat engine operating between temperatures of 2950 K and 318 Kis O ais approximately 0.0733 or 7.33% answer is: b)7%
The ideal efficiency for a heat engine operating between two temperatures can be calculated using the Carnot efficiency formula:
Efficiency = 1 - (Tc/Th)
where Tc is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir and Th is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir.
Given:
Temperature of the cold reservoir, Tc = 295 K
Temperature of the hot reservoir, Th = 318 K
Calculating the efficiency:
Efficiency = 1 - (Tc/Th)
Efficiency = 1 - (295/318)
Efficiency = 1 - 0.9267
Efficiency = 0.0733
The efficiency is approximately 0.0733 or 7.33%.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
b) 7%
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A standing wave on a string is described by the wave function y(x.t) = (3 mm) sin(4Ttx)cos(30tt). The wave functions of the two waves that interfere to produce this standing wave pattern are:
A standing wave on a string is described by the wave function y(x.t) = (3 mm) sin(4Ttx)cos(30tt). The wave functions of the two waves that interfere to produce this standing wave pattern are Wave 1: (1/2)sin((4πtx) + (30πt)),
Wave 2: (1/2)sin((4πtx) - (30πt))
To determine the wave functions of the two waves that interfere to produce the given standing wave pattern, we can use the trigonometric identity for the product of two sines:
sin(A)cos(B) = (1/2)[sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)]
Given the standing wave wave function y(x, t) = (3 mm) sin(4πtx)cos(30πt), we can rewrite it in terms of the product of sines:
y(x, t) = (3 mm) [(1/2)sin((4πtx) + (30πt)) + (1/2)sin((4πtx) - (30πt))]
Therefore, the wave functions of the two waves that interfere to produce the standing wave pattern are:
Wave 1: (1/2)sin((4πtx) + (30πt))
Wave 2: (1/2)sin((4πtx) - (30πt))
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Which of these features is true of both solar and wind power? a. Intermittent power source that requires a backup energy source b. Produces no greenhouse gas emissions during normal operation c. Supplies a small fraction of global energy demand, but is increasing rapidly d. All of these are correc
The feature that is true of both solar and wind power is (b) Both power sources produce no greenhouse gas emissions during normal operation.
This makes them a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels, which emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gases during combustion.
However, the other options are not completely accurate. Solar and wind power can be intermittent, but this does not necessarily mean that they require a backup energy source. Energy storage technologies, such as batteries or pumped hydro storage, can be used to store excess energy generated during times of high production and release it during times of low production.
Furthermore, while solar and wind power currently supply a small fraction of global energy demand, it is important to note that their usage is increasing rapidly. In fact, renewable energy sources, including solar and wind power, are projected to be the fastest-growing energy source over the next few decades.
In conclusion, solar and wind power's most significant shared feature is their ability to operate without producing greenhouse gas emissions. While they do have other characteristics that are sometimes associated with them, these features are not always completely accurate and may not apply in every circumstance.
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QUESTION 11 10 pont An airplane is flying horizontally at a speed of 321 m/s at an altitude of 347 m. Assume the ground is lovel. Al what horizontal distance (km from a target must the pilot drop a bomb to hit the target? Give his answer to a decimal place,
The pilot needs to drop the bomb at a horizontal distance of approximately 0.3468 km or 346.8 meters from the target to hit it accurately. To hit the target from an airplane flying horizontally at a speed of 321 m/s and an altitude of 347 m
The pilot needs to drop the bomb at a horizontal distance of approximately 21.9 km. This distance is calculated by considering the time it takes for the bomb to reach the ground and the horizontal distance covered by the airplane during that time.
The time it takes for the bomb to reach the ground can be determined using the equation for vertical motion under constant acceleration. Assuming no air resistance and neglecting the time it takes for the bomb to be released, we can use the equation:
h = (1/2) * g * t^2
where h is the initial altitude of the bomb (347 m), g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s^2), and t is the time. Rearranging the equation, we get:
t = sqrt(2h / g)
Substituting the given values, we find that t ≈ sqrt(2 * 347 / 9.8) ≈ 8.45 seconds.
During this time, the airplane would have covered a horizontal distance equal to its speed multiplied by the time:
distance = speed * time = 321 * 8.45 ≈ 2712.45 m ≈ 2.71245 km.
Therefore, to hit the target, the pilot needs to drop the bomb at a horizontal distance of approximately 2.71245 km.
However, since the airplane is already at an altitude of 347 m, the horizontal distance from the target must be adjusted accordingly. Using basic trigonometry, we can calculate the corrected horizontal distance. The horizontal distance is given by:
corrected distance = [tex]\sqrt{(originaldistance)^{2} + (altidue)^{2}}[/tex]
Substituting the values, we get:
corrected distance = sqrt((2.71245)^2 + (347)^2) ≈ sqrt(7.35525625 + 120409) ≈ sqrt(120416.35525625) ≈ 346.8409 m.
Converting this value to kilometers, we get approximately 0.3468 km. Therefore, the pilot needs to drop the bomb at a horizontal distance of approximately 0.3468 km or 346.8 meters from the target to hit it accurately.
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An isolated 240 µF air-filled parallel-plate capacitor is charged to 160 µC. If a dielectric material (K = 3.2) is inserted filling one third of the space between the plates, as shown. Calculate the work done by the external agent in the process.
The work done by the external agent in the process of inserting the dielectric material into the capacitor is 3.84 J.
To calculate the work done by the external agent, we need to consider the change in electric potential energy of the capacitor before and after the insertion of the dielectric material.
1. Initial electric potential energy (U₁):
The initial electric potential energy of the capacitor is given by the formula:
U₁ = (1/2) * C₁ * V₁²,
where C₁ is the initial capacitance and V₁ is the initial voltage.
Given that the capacitance (C₁) is 240 µF and the charge (Q) on the capacitor is 160 µC, we can calculate the initial voltage (V₁) using the formula:
Q = C₁ * V₁,
V₁ = Q / C₁ = (160 µC) / (240 µF) = 2/3 V.
Substituting the values of C₁ and V₁ into the equation for U₁, we have:
U₁ = (1/2) * (240 µF) * (2/3 V)² = 16 µJ.
2. Final electric potential energy (U₂):
After inserting the dielectric material, the capacitance increases. The new capacitance (C₂) can be calculated using the formula:
C₂ = K * C₁,
where K is the dielectric constant.
Since the dielectric material fills one third of the space between the plates, the effective dielectric constant is (2/3) * K. Therefore:
C₂ = (2/3) * K * C₁ = (2/3) * 3.2 * (240 µF) = 512 µF.
The final voltage (V₂) remains the same as the initial voltage.
Now, we can calculate the final electric potential energy (U₂) using the formula:
U₂ = (1/2) * C₂ * V₂² = (1/2) * (512 µF) * (2/3 V)² = 34.13 µJ.
3. Work done by the external agent:
The work done by the external agent is equal to the change in electric potential energy:
W = U₂ - U₁ = 34.13 µJ - 16 µJ = 18.13 µJ = 3.84 J.
Therefore, the work done by the external agent in the process of inserting the dielectric material into the capacitor is 3.84 J.
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A loaded ore car has a mass of 950 kg and rolls on rails with negligible friction. It starts from rest and is pulled up a mine shaft by a cable connected to a winch. The shaft is inclined at 29.5* above the horizontal. The car accelerates uniformly to a speed of 2.40 m/s in 15.0 s and then continues at constant speed. (a) What power must the winch motor provide when the car is moving at constant speed? _______________
(b) What maximum power must the motor provide? _________________ kW (c) What total energy transfers out of the motor by work by the time the car moves off the end of the track, which is of length 1.250 m
__________________
The power required by the winch motor is zero. The maximum power the motor must provide is 9.131 kW. The total amount of energy transferred from the motor to the car through work by the time the car reaches the end of the track is 4,755.94 joules.
(a) Since the car is moving at a constant speed, the power required by the winch motor is zero.
(b) To calculate the maximum power, we need to determine the maximum force exerted on the car during acceleration. The net force acting on the car is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration:
Force = Mass × Acceleration
Force = 950 kg × 4.005 m/s²
Force = 3,804.75 N
Now, we can calculate the maximum power by multiplying the maximum force by the maximum velocity:
Power = Force × Velocity
Power = 3,804.75 N × 2.40 m/s
Power = 9,131.40 W
Power = 9.131 kW
Therefore, the maximum power the motor must provide is 9.131 kW.
(c) To determine the total energy transferred out of the motor by work, we need to calculate the work done on the car during the entire process. The work done is given by the equation:
Work = Force × Distance
Work = 3,804.75 N × 1.250 m
Work = 4,755.94 J
Hence, the total amount of energy transferred from the motor to the car through work by the time the car reaches the end of the track is 4,755.94 joules.
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A 0.44 m length of rope has one fixed end and one free end. A wave moves along the rope at
the speed 350 ms with a frequency of 200Hz at n=1.
(a) Determine the L, if the frequency is doubled?
(b) Determine the length of the string if n= 3?
If the frequency is doubled then length L is approximately 0.4375 m and when n is 3, the length of the string is approximately 0.33 m.
We can use the wave equation:
v = λf
where:
v is the wave speed,
λ is the wavelength,
and f is the frequency.
(a) If the frequency is doubled, the new frequency is 2 * 200 Hz = 400 Hz.
We can use the wave equation to find the new wavelength (λ'):
350 m/s = λ' * 400 Hz
Rearranging the equation:
λ' = 350 m/s / 400 Hz
λ' = 0.875 m
So, the new wavelength is 0.875 m.
To find the new length L,
We can use the equation for the fundamental frequency of a string:
λ = 2L / n
Substituting the new wavelength and the given n = 1:
0.875 m = 2L / 1
Solving for L:
L = 0.875 m / 2
L = 0.4375 m
Therefore, if the frequency is doubled, the length L is approximately 0.4375 m.
(b) For n = 3, we can use the same equation:
λ = 2L / n
Substituting the given wavelength and n = 3:
0.44 m = 2L / 3
Solving for L:
L = (0.44 m * 3) / 2
L = 0.66 m / 2
L = 0.33 m
Therefore, when n = 3, the length of the string is approximately 0.33 m.
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maximum. The slit-screen distance is L=91.2 cm, and a=0.600 mm. What is the wavelength (in nm ) of the incident light? nm
The wavelength of the incident light is 152 nm.
When the intensity pattern is measured by a diffraction pattern created by a double-slit, the maximum intensity is obtained by the center of the pattern. The slit-screen distance L=91.2 cm and a=0.600 mm.
What is the wavelength (in nm ) of the incident light?
The formula to calculate wavelength λ of the incident light is given as
:λ = xL/a
Where, x = 1,
for the maximum So, putting the values in the above formula,
we get: λ = xL/aλ
= (1 × 91.2)/0.600
=152
The wavelength of the incident light is 152 nm.
To calculate the wavelength of incident light, λ using double slit experiment. It is given that the maximum intensity is obtained by the center of the pattern, thus according to the formula derived by Young for the maxima and minima is:
dsinθ = mλ
where, d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle of diffraction, m is the order of diffraction.
By putting the values in the above formula, we get:
mλ = d sin θ
Where, m = 1λ
= d sin θ
The distance between the slits is not given in the question. Hence, we will use another formula,λ = xL/a
Where, x = 1, for the maximum
λ = xL/aλ
= (1 × 91.2)/0.600
=152
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A square of side length 3.0 m is placed on the x axis with its
center at (1.5, 1.5). A circular hole with a 1m radius is drilled
at the location (2, 2). Where is the center of mass of the
square?
To find the center of mass of the square, we need to consider the coordinates of its vertices.
Let's assume that the bottom-left vertex of the square is at (0, 0). Since the side length of the square is 3.0 m, the coordinates of its other vertices are as follows:
Bottom-right vertex: (3.0, 0)
Top-left vertex: (0, 3.0)
Top-right vertex: (3.0, 3.0)
To find the center of mass, we can average the x-coordinates and the y-coordinates of these vertices separately.
Average of x-coordinates:
[tex]\[ \bar{x} = \frac{0 + 3.0 + 0 + 3.0}{4} = 1.5 \][/tex]
Average of y-coordinates:
[tex]\[ \bar{y} = \frac{0 + 0 + 3.0 + 3.0}{4} = 1.5 \][/tex]
Therefore, the center of mass of the square is located at [tex]\((1.5, 1.5)\)[/tex].
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You pull downward with a force of 31 N on a rope that passes over a disk-shaped pulley of mass of 1.4 kg and a radius of 0.075 m. The other end of the rope is attached to a 0.68 kg mass.(1) Find the linear acceleration of the 0.68 kg mass. Express your answer using two significant figures. a = (?) m/s^2
The linear acceleration of the 0.68 kg mass is approximately 14.3 m/s^2. To find the linear acceleration of the 0.68 kg mass, we can use Newton's second law of motion.
That the net force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. In this case, the net force is the difference between the force you apply and the force due to the tension in the rope caused by the pulley's rotation.
Let's denote the linear acceleration of the 0.68 kg mass as a. The force you apply downwards is 31 N. The force due to the tension in the rope can be calculated using the torque equation for a rotating disk:
Tension = (moment of inertia of the pulley) * (angular acceleration of the pulley)
The moment of inertia of a disk-shaped pulley is given by:
I = (1/2) * m * r^2
where m is the mass of the pulley and r is its radius. In this case, m = 1.4 kg and r = 0.075 m.
The angular acceleration of the pulley can be related to the linear acceleration of the 0.68 kg mass. Since the rope is inextensible and fixed to the pulley, the linear acceleration of the mass is equal to the linear acceleration of a point on the pulley's circumference, which can be related to the angular acceleration as follows:
a = r * α
where α is the angular acceleration.
Now, we can write the equation of motion for the 0.68 kg mass:
Net force = m * a
(Force applied - Force due to tension) = m * a
31 N - (tension / 0.075 m) = 0.68 kg * a
To find the tension, we can use the equation for the torque of the pulley:
Tension = (1/2) * m * r^2 * α
Substituting the expression for α and rearranging the equation, we get:
Tension = (1/2) * m * r * (a / r)
Tension = (1/2) * m * a
Substituting this into the equation of motion, we have:
31 N - (1/2) * m * a = 0.68 kg * a
Simplifying the equation and solving for a, we find:
a = (31 N) / (0.68 kg + (1/2) * 1.4 kg)
a ≈ 14.3 m/s^2
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If a light signal and a radio signal were emitted simultaneously from a distant star, the first to reach Earth would be: both at the same time. I know the answer is at the same time, but could you explain why?
The answer to the question of which signal would reach Earth first is that it depends on a number of factors, including the distance to the star, the atmosphere, and the instruments used to detect the signals.
However, in general, light and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum, so if they are emitted simultaneously, they will reach Earth at the same time.
Light and radio waves are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, and they travel at the same speed in a vacuum, which is about 300,000 kilometers per second. So, if a light signal and a radio signal were emitted simultaneously from a distant star, they would both reach Earth at the same time.
However, in the real world, there are a few factors that can cause the two signals to arrive at different times. One factor is the Earth's atmosphere. Light travels through the atmosphere much slower than it does in a vacuum, so the light signal may be slowed down slightly. Radio waves are also slowed down by the atmosphere, but not as much as light.
Another factor is the distance to the star. The farther away the star is, the longer it will take for the signals to reach Earth. So, if the star is very far away, the two signals may arrive at different times, even though they were emitted simultaneously.
Finally, the instruments used to detect the signals can also affect the time it takes for them to be received. For example, a radio telescope may be able to detect radio waves from a star that is too far away for a visible light telescope to see. In this case, the radio signal would arrive at Earth before the light signal.
Overall, the answer to the question of which signal would reach Earth first is that it depends on a number of factors, including the distance to the star, the atmosphere, and the instruments used to detect the signals. However, in general, light and radio waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum, so if they are emitted simultaneously, they will reach Earth at the same time.
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Problem 3. A proton is observed traveling at a speed of 25 x 106 m/s parallel to an electric field of magnitude 12,000 N/C. How long will it take for this proton t negative plate and comes to a stop?
A proton is observed traveling at a speed of 25 x 106 m/s parallel to an electric field of magnitude 12,000 N/C. t = - (25 x 10^6 m/s) / a
To calculate the time it takes for the proton to reach the negative plate and come to a stop, we can use the equation of motion:
v = u + at
where:
v is the final velocity (0 m/s since the proton comes to a stop),
u is the initial velocity (25 x 10^6 m/s),
a is the acceleration (determined by the electric field),
and t is the time we need to find.
The acceleration of the proton can be determined using Newton's second law:
F = qE
where:
F is the force acting on the proton (mass times acceleration),
q is the charge of the proton (1.6 x 10^-19 C),
and E is the magnitude of the electric field (12,000 N/C).
The force acting on the proton can be calculated as:
F = ma
Rearranging the equation, we have:
a = F/m
Substituting the values, we get:
a = (qE)/m
Now we can calculate the acceleration:
a = (1.6 x 10^-19 C * 12,000 N/C) / mass_of_proton
The mass of a proton is approximately 1.67 x 10^-27 kg.
Substituting the values, we can solve for acceleration:
a = (1.6 x 10^-19 C * 12,000 N/C) / (1.67 x 10^-27 kg)
Once we have the acceleration, we can calculate the time using the equation of motion:
0 = 25 x 10^6 m/s + at
Solving for time:
t = - (25 x 10^6 m/s) / a
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If M1 = 3m2, Calculate The Acceleration Of The System, Using The Equation Obtained In Question 1. (Use: G= 9.78 M/S2).
As per the details given in the question, for 1. the acceleration of the system is ( [tex]a_1[/tex] / 2) * g. For 2. the tension in the string is (2/3) * a1 * 9.78 m/[tex]s^2[/tex].
If [tex]m_1[/tex] = 3 [tex]m_2[/tex],
a = ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * ( [tex]m_1[/tex] - m2) / ( [tex]m_1[/tex] + [tex]m_2[/tex])) * g
Since [tex]m_1[/tex] = 3 [tex]m_2[/tex], we can substitute 3 [tex]m_2[/tex] for [tex]m_1[/tex]:
a = ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * (3 [tex]m_2[/tex] - [tex]m_2[/tex]) / (3 [tex]m_2[/tex] + [tex]m_2[/tex])) * g
= ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * 2 [tex]m_2[/tex] / 4 [tex]m_2[/tex]) * g
= ( [tex]a_1[/tex] / 2) * g
The acceleration of the system is ( [tex]a_1[/tex] / 2) * g.
Now, for [tex]m_1[/tex] = 0.50 kg and [tex]m_2[/tex] = 0.10 kg,
T = ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * ( [tex]m_1[/tex] - [tex]m_2[/tex]) / ( [tex]m_1[/tex] + [tex]m_2[/tex])) * g
Substituting the given values:
T = ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * (0.50 - 0.10) / (0.50 + 0.10)) * 9.78
= ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * 0.40 / 0.60) * 9.78
= ( [tex]a_1[/tex] * 2/3) * 9.78
= (2/3) * a1 * 9.78 m/[tex]s^2[/tex].
Thus, the tension in the string is (2/3) * a1 * 9.78 m/[tex]s^2[/tex].
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Determine the entropy of 1500 g of water vapor at 125°C (Specific heat capacity of ice =2090 JkgK-4, water 4200 Jkg +K-1, water vapor steam = 1996 Jkg-4K-1, latent heat of fusion of water = 3.33x105 Jkg - and vaporization is 2260 Jkg:-). (7)
The entropy of 1500 g of water vapor at 125°CThe entropy of 1500 g of water vapor at 125°C can be calculated by using the formula mentioned below:S = mcΔT+ml
Where,S = entropy, m = mass,c = specific heat capacity, ΔT = change in temperature,
l = latent heat of fusion/melting
First, the latent heat of the vaporization of water needs to be calculated:
Q = ml = 2260 Jkg-1.
Therefore, for 1500 g of water vapor, the latent heat of vaporization can be calculated as:
L = Q × m = 2260 Jkg-1 × 1.5 kg= 3.39 × 103 J.
Now, the specific heat capacity of water vapor needs to be calculated using the formula mentioned below:
c = Q/mΔT
Here, the mass of water vapor = 1500 g = 1.5 kg
ΔT = 125°C - 100°C = 25°C = 298 K
So, the specific heat capacity of water vapor = 1996 Jkg-4K-1.
So, the entropy of 1500 g of water vapor at 125°C can be calculated using the formula mentioned above as
S = mcΔT+ml
= (1.5 kg × 1996 Jkg-4K-1 × 298 K) + 3.39 × 103 J
= 8.92 × 105 J/K.
=13.38J/K.
The entropy of 1500 g of water vapor at 125°C is13.38J/K.
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