This is because larger companies are typically considered to be less risky investments than smaller companies, and therefore require a lower rate of return to compensate for this lower level of risk of stock market .
Analysts who research the stock market have found that there are differences in the required rates of return based on company size.
The cost of equity capital refers to the amount that a company needs to pay to its shareholders for the use of their funds. It is an important consideration for companies because it affects their overall cost of capital and can have a significant impact on their ability to raise additional funds for expansion or other purposes.
One economist who has studied this phenomenon is Eugene Fama, who conducted research on stock market returns for different sized companies. Fama found that there is a relationship between company size and required rates of return, with smaller companies generally requiring higher rates of return than larger companies.
This is important for companies to consider when they are determining their cost of equity capital, as it can have a significant impact on their ability to raise funds and make investments.
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Which is easier to identify, risks or assumptions? Why? Which is
harder to manage? Why?
It is generally easier to identify risks than assumptions. This is because risks are often more concrete and observable, whereas assumptions are often more abstract and based on subjective beliefs or opinions.
For example, a risk might be that a project could go over budget, which can be identified through careful analysis of financial data. An assumption, on the other hand, might be that a certain team member will complete their work on time, which is based on a belief about that person's work ethic and may not be as easily observable.
Managing assumptions is generally more difficult than managing risks. This is because assumptions are often based on beliefs or opinions that may be difficult to change or control. For example, if an assumption is made that a certain team member will complete their work on time, but that person consistently misses deadlines, it may be difficult to change their behavior or find a way to manage the situation. On the other hand, risks can often be mitigated or managed through careful planning and risk management strategies.
Overall, it is important to carefully consider both risks and assumptions when planning and managing projects in order to ensure that potential problems are identified and addressed before they become major issues.
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Problem 1: Littlewoods Rule (10 points) A newly created AirRarotonga flight from Rarotonga to Aitutaki has 20 seats. The high fare on the flight is $800 and the restricted/low fare is $300. There is ample demand for the low fare class, but high fare demand is random. Further, the customers who buy low fares buy their tickets well in advance before high fare customers. Assume the demand d for the high fare is distributed according to the following discrete probability distribution: 16 demand al 0 21 31 Probid 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.05 51 0.11 61 02 011 71 81 91 10 11 12131 14 151 0.2 0.15 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.015 0,015 0.01 When answering the following questions, show your calculations. a. Mr. Wright is in charge of the flight booking operations and decides to set a protection level for the high fare. What is the optimal protection level for the high fare? (2 points) b. Suppose a protection level of 8 is chosen. How many high fare passengers does the airline expect to turn away due to a lack of capacity? (2 points) c. Suppose a protection level of 8 is chosen. How many seats are expectedly empty at departure? (2 points) d. Assuming a protection level of 8, what is the total expected revenue for low and high fare passengers? Write down your analytical calculation. (2 points) e. Suggest two reasonable extensions to the optimization model that is underlying Littlewood's rule and motivate your suggestion. What challenges do you expect with these extensions? (2 points)
a.) The rule states that the protection level should be the maximum demand for the high fare class minus one.
b.) The airline can expect to turn away 8 high fare passengers due to lack of capacity.
c.) The airline can expect 12 seats to be empty at departure
d.) The total expected revenue for low and high fare passengers
e.) Additional factors such as seasonality, weather and additional variables.
a. Mr. Wright is in charge of the flight booking operations and decides to set a protection level for the high fare. What is the optimal protection level for the high fare? (2 points)
The optimal protection level for the high fare can be determined by using Littlewood's rule. This rule states that the protection level should be the maximum demand for the high fare class minus one. In this case, the maximum demand for the high fare is 16, therefore the optimal protection level for the high fare is 15.
b. Suppose a protection level of 8 is chosen. How many high fare passengers does the airline expect to turn away due to a lack of capacity? (2 points)
Given a protection level of 8, the airline can expect to turn away 8 high fare passengers due to lack of capacity.
c. Suppose a protection level of 8 is chosen. How many seats are expectedly empty at departure? (2 points)
Given a protection level of 8, the airline can expect 12 seats to be empty at departure (20 total seats - 8 protection level = 12 empty seats).
d. Assuming a protection level of 8, what is the total expected revenue for low and high fare passengers? Write down your analytical calculation. (2 points)
Assuming a protection level of 8, the total expected revenue for low and high fare passengers can be calculated using the following formula:
Expected Revenue = (Low Fare Demand * Low Fare Price) + (High Fare Demand * High Fare Price)
Therefore, the total expected revenue is:
(16 * $300) + (8 * $800) = $7,200
e. Suggest two reasonable extensions to the optimization model that is underlying Littlewood's rule and motivate your suggestion. What challenges do you expect with these extensions? (2 points)
Two reasonable extensions to the optimization model underlying Littlewood's rule are:
1. Taking into account additional factors such as seasonality, weather, or availability of competitors' flights. This would provide more comprehensive insights into the demand for high fare class and would enable the airline to make better decisions about the protection level.
2. Introducing additional variables such as the cost of each additional seat sold beyond the protection level, or the expected lost revenue for each additional seat turned away due to the lack of capacity. This would allow the airline to make more informed decisions when setting the protection level.
The main challenge with these extensions would be obtaining accurate data on all the additional factors, as well as ensuring the accuracy of the calculations.
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Why do you think that load funds offer breakpoints to investors
the more they invest?
Load funds offer breakpoints to investors because it encourages investors to invest more money into the fund. By offering breakpoints, or reduced sales charges, at certain investment levels, investors are incentivized to invest larger amounts in order to take advantage of the reduced fees.
This benefits the load fund because it allows them to attract more assets and generate more income from management fees. Additionally, investors with larger investments in the fund are more likely to stay invested for longer periods of time, providing stability for the fund. Overall, breakpoints are a way for load funds to attract and retain investors with larger amounts of capital.
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Damerly Company (a Utah employer) wants to give a holiday bonus check of $250 to each employee. Since it wants the check amount to be $250, it will need to gross-up the amount of the bonus. Calculate the withholding taxes and the gross amount of the bonus to be made to John Rolen if his cumulative earnings for the year are $46,910. Besides being subject to social security taxes and federal income tax (supplemental rate), a 5.0% Utah income tax must be withheld on supplemental payments.Enter deductions beginning with a minus sign (-).Gross bonus amount $Federal income tax withheld OASDI tax withheld HI tax withheld Utah income tax withheld Take-home bonus check $
The withholding taxes and the gross amount: Gross bonus amount: $250, Federal income tax withheld: -$55, OASDI tax withheld: -$15.50, HI tax withheld: -$3.63, Utah income tax withheld: -$12.50 and Take-home bonus check: $163.37.
To calculate the gross bonus amount for John Rolen, we need to take into account the withholding taxes and the supplemental rate for federal income tax. Here are the steps to calculate the gross bonus amount:
1. Calculate the federal income tax withheld at the supplemental rate of 22%: $250 x 0.22 = $55
2. Calculate the OASDI tax withheld at 6.2%: $250 x 0.062 = $15.50
3. Calculate the HI tax withheld at 1.45%: $250 x 0.0145 = $3.63
4. Calculate the Utah income tax withheld at 5.0%: $250 x 0.05 = $12.50
5. Add up all the withholding taxes: $55 + $15.50 + $3.63 + $12.50 = $86.63
6. Subtract the withholding taxes from the gross bonus amount to get the take-home bonus check: $250 - $86.63 = $163.37
7. To get the gross bonus amount, add the withholding taxes to the take-home bonus check: $163.37 + $86.63 = $250
Therefore, the gross bonus amount for John Rolen is $250, the federal income tax withheld is $55, the OASDI tax withheld is $15.50, the HI tax withheld is $3.63, the Utah income tax withheld is $12.50, and the take-home bonus check is $163.37.
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You should not put all of your eggs in one basket.
Diversification is essential and beneficial to your financial strategy. But to what extent will it be beneficial?
We have discussed the possibility of World War 3 (hopefully not!) as a result of Russia's confrontation with Ukraine. To which risk category does this belong? Do you believe that diversification might completely compensate for the war's investment loss?
Let me know what you think!
The phrase "Don't put all your eggs in one basket" is a metaphor for diversification, which means spreading out your investments among different types of assets or classes (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, etc.).
This mainly aims to minimize the potential risk associated with any one investment.
To what extent diversification will be beneficial will depend on the individual's portfolio, goals, and risk tolerance.
Risk associated with Russia's confrontation with Ukraine would fall into the category of political risk, which is a type of investment risk that arises from changes in a country's political or economic environment that could cause a negative change in the value of investments.
Diversification may not be able to completely compensate for losses related to political risk, but it can help to minimize the impact.
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Analyze how one of the culture typologies explains the culture
and link your explanation to your own organization (or one that you
are familiar with) and Compare and contrast two of the culture
typolo
The culture typologies that can be used to explain the culture include the clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchical typologies.
In a clan culture, the emphasis is on group collaboration and a shared set of values. This could be seen in my organization, XYZ, where people from different departments come together to collaborate on projects and decisions are made with input from all stakeholders.
In contrast, an adhocracy culture focuses on creativity, innovation and risk-taking. This could be seen in my organization ABC, where employees are given the freedom to come up with new ideas and are rewarded for taking risks that lead to successful outcomes.
Comparing these two typologies, we can see that the clan culture focuses on collaboration while the adhocracy culture focuses on innovation. Both can be used to create a successful culture, depending on the needs of the organization.
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1. What is the worst thing that you read about in the stories? .. explain why, and include the quote in your response.
2.Should we stop buying products that are from these sweatshops knowing that the workers are not being treated as well as we would like? Also knowing that these workers would lose their jobs if all people stop buying from these sweatshops? Why or Why Not in 20+ words......
4. List several nations with factory sweatshops which you had not imagined having sweatshops. Why did it surprise you?
5. Which of the "sweatshops" did you feel treated workers with dignity and a decent job? Why was this different than those that were more harsh toward workers? (this may involve culture, owners, or ??? think about the "WHY here" question in your response.
1. The worst thing I read about in the stories was the inhumane working conditions that many of the sweatshop workers are subjected to.
What is inhumane?Inhumane is an adjective that describes behavior or actions which are cruel and lacking in empathy or compassion.
In one story, a woman in a Chinese factory was found to be working for 11 to 12 hours a day with no breaks, for a meager wage of $45 per month. This is quote from the story: “She was working from 8am to 8pm, and sometimes even until 10pm with no breaks. Her wage was only 45 US dollars per month.” This quote highlights the extreme exploitation of workers in these sweatshops and it is truly heartbreaking.
2. We should not stop buying products from sweatshops, as it would only make the situation worse for the workers. If people stop buying from these sweatshops, the workers would lose their jobs and be left with no other source of income. It is important to find ways to improve the working conditions in these sweatshops, while also ensuring that the workers are able to keep their jobs.
4. Some of the nations with factory sweatshops that I had not imagined having sweatshops are France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This surprised me because these countries are usually associated with having high standards of living and well-developed economies. However, it appears that sweatshops are still prevalent in these countries, which is an important reminder that exploitation of workers is still taking place in many parts of the world.
5. One of the sweatshops that treated workers with dignity and a decent job was the garment factory in India. This was different than other sweatshops because the factory owners made sure to provide their workers with a safe and comfortable work environment, and fair wages for their work. They also allowed their workers to unionize, which is something that many other sweatshops do not allow. This showed a commitment to empowering the workers, which is something that many other sweatshops fail to do.
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Consider the following table for a seven-year period: Returns Year U.S. Treasury Bills Inflation Year 1 3.55 % −1.17 % Year 2 3.40 −2.31 Year 3 4.30 −1.21 Year 4 4.72 0.63 Year 5 2.52 −6.45 Year 6 1.40 −9.37 Year 7 1.13 −10.32 Required: What was the average real return for Treasury bills for this time period?
The average real return for Treasury bills for this time period is 7.32%
The average real return for Treasury bills can be calculated by first finding the difference between the return on Treasury bills and the inflation rate for each year, and then finding the average of those differences.
Step 1: Calculate the difference between the return on Treasury bills and the inflation rate for each year.
Year 1: 3.55 - (-1.17) = 4.72
Year 2: 3.40 - (-2.31) = 5.71
Year 3: 4.30 - (-1.21) = 5.51
Year 4: 4.72 - 0.63 = 4.09
Year 5: 2.52 - (-6.45) = 8.97
Year 6: 1.40 - (-9.37) = 10.77
Year 7: 1.13 - (-10.32) = 11.45
Step 2: Find the average of the differences.
(4.72 + 5.71 + 5.51 + 4.09 + 8.97 + 10.77 + 11.45) / 7 = 7.32
Therefore, the average real return for Treasury bills for this time period is 7.32%.
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Why is it important for MNES to understand the compensation practices in other countries? What should the main objective be for a MNE with regard to its compensation policies?pls keep answers very short
In order to attract and retain the lowest-skilled individuals and ensure that the company has a competitive edge in a world that is becoming more and more competitive, compensation is essential.
The Compensation administration component enables one to distinguish between their own compensation practices and those of their competitors while yet providing flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and administration. It offers a toolkit for strategic compensation planning that takes the organization's structure, culture, and pay practices into account.
Compensation management refers to the specialized HR discipline of organizing and managing everything of monetary worth that a business provides to an employee in exchange for their labor. Along with their income, it also includes benefits, bonuses, and prizes.
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Naomi wants to decide the weights of risky and risk-free portfolios in her complete portfolio. The expected return of the risky portfolio is higher than the one of the risk-free portfolio .
a) (3 points) Characterize the optimization problem to derive the optimal weight on the risky portfolio and a safe asset. Hint: How can you derive y∗?
b) (3 points) Suppose that Naomi is risk-neutral, what is the optimal weight of the risky portfolio?
c) (4 points) Suppose instead that Naomi is risk-averse, what is the optimal weight of the risky portfolio?
d) (4 points) The Fed purchases/sells T-bills as an instrument of conventional monetary policies. Suppose the Fed tightens monetary policies and the risk-free rate increases. Should Naomi react to it by increasing or decreasing the weight of risky portfolio? Explain your answer based on your answer in (c)
a) Naomi's optimization problem is to maximize her expected return while minimizing her risk. b) If Naomi is risk-neutral, the optimal weight of the risky portfolio will be 1. c) If Naomi is risk-averse, the optimal weight of the risky portfolio will be less than 1. d) Naomi should react by decreasing the weight of the risky portfolio.
a) Naomi's optimization problem is to maximize her expected return and minimizing her risk. This can be achieved by finding the optimal weight on the risky portfolio (y*) that will maximize her expected return while minimizing her risk. The optimization problem can be characterized as follows:
max E[Rp] = y*E[Rr] + (1-y*)Rf
s.t. σp^2 = y*^2σr^2
Where E[Rp] is the expected return of the complete portfolio, E[Rr] is the expected return of the risky portfolio, Rf is the return of the risk-free portfolio, σp^2 is the variance of the complete portfolio, and σr^2 is the variance of the risky portfolio.
The optimal weight on the risky portfolio (y*) can be derived by taking the derivative of the expected return with respect to y* and setting it equal to zero:
dE[Rp]/dy* = E[Rr] - Rf = 0
y* = (E[Rr] - Rf)/σr^2
b) If Naomi is risk-neutral, the optimal weight of the risky portfolio will be 1, as she will be indifferent to risk and will only care about maximizing her expected return. This means that she will allocate all of her wealth to the risky portfolio.
c) If Naomi is risk-averse, the optimal weight of the risky portfolio will be less than 1, as she will be more concerned about minimizing her risk. The optimal weight will depend on her level of risk aversion, which can be represented by the parameter A. The optimal weight on the risky portfolio for a risk-averse investor can be derived as follows:
y* = (E[Rr] - Rf)/(Aσr^2)
d) If the Fed tightens monetary policies and the risk-free rate increases, Naomi should react by decreasing the weight of the risky portfolio. This is because the increase in the risk-free rate will make the risk-free portfolio more attractive, and Naomi will want to allocate more of her wealth to the risk-free portfolio to take advantage of the higher return. This will result in a decrease in the weight of the risky portfolio. This can be seen in the equation for the optimal weight on the risky portfolio for a risk-averse investor, where an increase in Rf will result in a decrease in y*.
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It is that part of the subscribed capital which has been called up on the shares. It is known as ___
A
Nominal capital
B
Called up capital
C
Susbcribed capital
D
Authorised capital
The correct answer is B. Called up capital.It is that part of the subscribed capital which has been called up on the shares. It is known as Called up capital.
Called up capital is the part of the subscribed capital which has been called up on the shares. It is the amount of money that a company has requested from its shareholders to fund its operations. This is different from nominal capital, which is the total value of the shares that a company is authorized to issue, and subscribed capital, which is the amount of money that shareholders have actually paid for their shares.
Authorized capital, also known as authorized share capital, is the maximum amount of capital that a company is allowed to raise through the sale of its shares.Thus,Called up capital is that part of the subscribed capital which has been called up on the shares.
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An example of a money market instrument is: a. A Treasury- bill.
b. A certificate of deposit. c. A corporate bond. d. A treasury-
bond.
An example of a money market instrument is: b. A certificate of deposit.
Money market instruments are short-term debt securities that are used by corporations, banks, and governments to raise funds. They typically have maturities of one year or less and are considered to be low-risk investments. Examples of money market instruments include:
- Treasury bills: Short-term debt securities issued by the U.S. government with maturities of one year or less.
- Certificates of deposit (CDs): Time deposits offered by banks that pay a fixed interest rate and have a specific maturity date.
- Commercial paper: Short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by corporations to raise funds.
- Banker's acceptances: Short-term, negotiable debt instruments that are guaranteed by a bank.
Among the options provided in the question, a certificate of deposit (CD) is an example of a money market instrument. Treasury bills are also considered money market instruments, but treasury bonds are not, as they have maturities of more than one year. Corporate bonds are also not considered money market instruments, as they typically have maturities of more than one year and are considered to be higher-risk investments.
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2)
Explain about internal and external users of accounting and provide
some examples? The users of managerial accounting lie in which
category?
Internal users of accounting are individuals within the organization who use accounting information for decision making purposes.
Examples of internal users include managers, employees, and owners. External users of accounting are individuals outside of the organization who use accounting information for decision making purposes. Examples of external users include investors, creditors, government agencies, and the general public.
The users of managerial accounting fall into the category of internal users. Managerial accounting is used to provide information to managers within the organization for decision making purposes. This information is not typically shared with external users. Examples of decisions that may be made using managerial accounting information include budgeting, performance evaluation, and product pricing.
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MNO Co. issues zero coupon bonds on the market at a price of $319 per bond. Each bond has a face value of $1,000 payable at maturity in 18 years. The bonds are callable in 12 years at $515 . What is the yield to call for these bonds (in percent)? Answer to two decimals. Assume 1,000 par value and semi annual compounding
The yield to call for these bonds is 17.78%.
To calculate the yield to call for these bonds, we can use the following formula:
Yield to call = (Face value - Bond price) / (Bond price * Years to call)
Plugging in the given values:
Yield to call = ($1,000 - $319) / ($319 * 12)
Yield to call = $681 / $3,828
Yield to call = 0.1778
To convert this to a percentage, we multiply by 100:
Yield to call = 17.78%
To answer to two decimals, we round to the nearest hundredth:
Yield to call = 17.78%
Therefore, the yield to call for these bonds is 17.78%.
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Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision, and relentlessly drive it to completion. Discuss how often should an organisation’s vision/mission be changed in light of strategy evaluation activities.
An organisation's vision/mission should be changed as often as necessary in light of strategy evaluation activities. It is important for a business to stay up to date with changing market conditions and customer needs, and to continuously reassess and adjust its vision/mission accordingly.
It is recommended that an organisation's vision/mission be reviewed at least once a year during the strategy evaluation process. This will ensure that the business stays on track with its goals and is able to adapt to any changes in the market or industry. However, if there are significant changes in the business environment or if the organisation's performance is not meeting expectations, it may be necessary to re-evaluate and adjust the vision/mission more frequently.
In conclusion, an organisation's vision/mission should be changed as often as necessary in light of strategy evaluation activities, but it is important to strike a balance between maintaining stability and making necessary changes. Regular reviews of the vision/mission can help ensure that the business stays on track with its goals and is able to adapt to changing market conditions.
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Perform an Internet search to obtain information about slotting fees. Make a list of at least 5 advantages and 5 disadvantages from a manufacturer's and retailer's perspective.
Slotting fees, also known as listing fees or stocking fees, are charges that retailers demand from manufacturers in exchange for allocating space on their shelves for their products. Here are some advantages and disadvantages from both a manufacturer's and a retailer's perspective:
Advantages for manufacturers:
Increased visibility: Paying slotting fees can help manufacturers secure shelf space for their products, increasing their visibility to consumers.
Improved market share: By gaining access to additional shelf space, manufacturers may increase their market share and sales.
Promotion support: Slotting fees can help manufacturers gain additional promotional support from retailers, such as in-store advertising, end-cap displays, and sales.
Improved product positioning: Paying slotting fees can help manufacturers secure more prominent product placement on store shelves, which can increase product appeal and sales.
Competitive advantage: By securing shelf space, manufacturers may be able to keep their products in front of consumers and outmaneuver competitors who don't pay slotting fees.
Disadvantages for manufacturers:
High cost: Slotting fees can be very expensive, especially for small or new manufacturers, which may struggle to afford them.
Risk of failure: Paying slotting fees is no guarantee of success, and manufacturers may not see the return on investment they were hoping for.
Potential for conflict: Manufacturers may feel pressured to pay slotting fees to maintain relationships with retailers, leading to conflicts of interest and potentially damaging long-term relationships.
Difficulty in predicting ROI: It can be challenging for manufacturers to predict the return on investment for slotting fees, making it difficult to justify the expense.
Exclusivity agreements: Retailers may require exclusivity agreements, meaning that manufacturers cannot sell their products through other retailers or channels, limiting their market reach.
Advantages for retailers:
Additional revenue: Slotting fees generate additional revenue for retailers, helping to offset costs associated with maintaining their stores.
Improved product assortment: By charging slotting fees, retailers can carefully curate their product assortment, ensuring that they offer the products that consumers are most interested in.
Stronger supplier relationships: Retailers may use slotting fees as a way to build stronger relationships with manufacturers and suppliers, improving collaboration and support.
Better product performance: Slotting fees can incentivize manufacturers to put more effort into promoting and advertising their products, leading to better product performance.
Competitive advantage: Retailers can use slotting fees to gain a competitive advantage by securing the best products and brands for their stores.
Disadvantages for retailers:
Limited flexibility: Charging slotting fees can limit the flexibility of retailers, as they may be pressured to keep underperforming products on their shelves to avoid losing the fees.
Risk of supplier conflicts: Demanding slotting fees can put retailers at risk of conflicts with suppliers who refuse to pay or feel the fees are unreasonable.
Inflated prices: Slotting fees can increase product prices, which can be passed on to consumers, potentially leading to negative perceptions of the retailer.
Negative brand image: Retailers charging slotting fees may be viewed negatively by consumers, who may see the practice as exploitative or unfair.
Limited product variety: Charging slotting fees can limit the product variety that retailers offer, as they may only stock products from manufacturers who are willing to pay.
As companies restructure to create greater efficiencies in their operations, there is a greater opportunity for _____________ where management combines specialized tasks in one job, and asking employees to broaden their scope of responsibilities.
Select one:
a. Job enlargement
b. Job simplification
c. Job specialization
d. Job confrontation
The correct response is A. As companies restructure to create greater efficiencies in their operations, there is a greater opportunity for job enlargement where management combines specialized tasks in one job, and asking employees to broaden their scope of responsibilities.
Job enlargement refers to broadening the range of a job's duties and responsibilities, usually while maintaining the same level and perimeter. Job expansion entails combining several organizationally equivalent tasks and adding them to the existing job. The horizontal expansion of job activity is another name for it. Job expansion, according to Hulin and Blood (1968), is the process of empowering individual employees to set their own pace (within bounds) and act as their inspectors, responsible for quality assurance, the ability to correct their errors, ownership of machine setup and maintenance, and freedom of approach. The addition of related jobs is referred described as "horizontal job loading" by Frederick Herzberg.
Hence Job Enlargement is the correct answer.
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What did banks do during the global financial crisis?
During the global financial crisis, banks took several actions to try to mitigate the effects of the crisis on their operations and on the broader economy. Some of these actions included:Tightening lending standards, Seeking government assistance, Reducing interest rates and Selling assets.
Tightening lending standards: Many banks became more cautious about extending credit to individuals. Seeking government assistance: Many banks applied for and received funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
Reducing interest rates: Many banks lowered their interest rates in an attempt to stimulate borrowing and spending. Selling assets: Some banks sold off assets, such as mortgage-backed securities, in an attempt to raise capital and reduce their exposure to risky investments.
Overall, banks played a central role in the global financial crisis, both in terms of contributing to the crisis and in terms of responding to it.
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Read the following scenario before answering the questions that follow.
As the CEO of her company, one of Bethany’s annual priorities is to assist Anthony – her Chief Financial Officer (CFO) – in planning and calculating WorkWizard’s budget for the coming year. Every year, a key part of budgeting involves figuring out how best to divide the budget across potential investment opportunities. Although WorkWizard constantly identifies, and is inundated with, investment opportunities, the limited budget allocated to investments means that each opportunity needs to be carefully assessed. Once this is done, Bethany and her executive committee choose the most appropriate, and most financially-sound investment options, leaving the remainder of WorkWizard’s budget available for any expenses throughout the year.
In the past week, WorkWizard has received the following three investment proposals:
Option 1:
The first investment proposal is from Paper Trail, a company that specialises in utilising print media (such as newspapers, magazines, and flyers) to provide more publicity and exposure to businesses. In its proposal, Paper Trail details WorkWizard’s projected cash flow as a result of using its services over a five-year investment. Following an initial investment capital of R50,000, WorkWizard will receive cash inflows of R11,000 in year one, R7,500 in year two, R10,500 in year three, R12,000 in year four, and R15,000 in the final year.
Option 2:
The second investment proposal is from Data Detectives, a data consulting company comprising data analysts who are outsourced to companies to improve their data analysis capabilities. Through Data Detectives, companies are able to collect data about themselves and their clients, and analyse said data to draw conclusions around how to improve their services. Data Detectives also details WorkWizard’s projected cash flow as a result of using its services over a five-year investment period. Following an initial investment of R100,000, WorkWizard will receive cash inflows of R20,000 in year one, R25,000 in year two, R30,000 in year three, R15,000 in year four, and R40,000 in year five.
Option 3:
The third investment proposal is from The Green Agenda, a company focused on environmental sustainability and ensuring that companies (specifically large companies) remain environmentally conscious and lessen their impact on the environment. The Green Agenda has identified WorkWizard as being one such company that would benefit from its services, which range from introducing recycling initiatives to promoting a paperless workspace. In its proposal, The Green Agenda outlines WorkWizard’s projected cash flow through using its services over a five-year investment. Following an initial investment of R50,000, WorkWizard will receive cash inflows of R8,000 in year one, R10,000 in year two, R13,500 in year three, R16,500 in year four, and R13,000 in the final year as a result of efficiencies gained.
Based on the summaries of the proposals above, it is up to Bethany and her executive committee to decide which investment option to pursue, should any of them prove to be financially viable. In order to complete the necessary calculations, Bethany will be using an interest rate (required rate of return) of 6%. Additionally, Bethany’s CFO informs her that the internal rate of return that they will need for their calculations is also 6%. This is because he believes that they can earn a 6% return by investing in their own shares.
The current investment budget that Bethany and the executive committee have to plan with is limited at R100,000 for local investments. While Bethany may choose to use the budget to invest in one or more of the many investment proposals that WorkWizard is inundated with, she also has the option to invest the money in other investment assets, such as shares, bonds, or an alternative asset class.
Question 1
1.1 If Bethany chooses to reinvest the R100,000 local investment budget (at an internal rate of return of 6%) into purchasing shares in the company, calculate the FV of WorkWizard’s R100,000 investment, over a five-year period. (Max. 5 lines.)
1.2 If Bethany chooses to forego all investments, in favour of receiving a R100,000 cash inflow from one of WorkWizard’s external investors five years from now, what would the PV of that external investment (R100,000) be? (Max. 5 lines.)
Question 2
If you were the CEO of WorkWizard, which of the three investment options outlined in the case study would you choose to invest the R100,000 investment budget in? Your answer should include calculations around the net present value (NPV) of each investment, as well as a recommendation on whether or not to invest based on each option’s NPV and the allocated investment budget. Please note, this question is separate from Question 1. (Max. 30 lines.)
Answer 1.1
If Bethany chooses to reinvest the R100,000 local investment budget (at an internal rate of return of 6%) into purchasing shares in the company, the FV of WorkWizard’s R100,000 investment, over a five-year period would be:
FV = PV * (1 + r)^n
FV = R100,000 * (1 + 0.06)^5
FV = R100,000 * 1.3382255776
FV = R133,822.56
Answer 1.2
If Bethany chooses to forego all investments, in favour of receiving a R100,000 cash inflow from one of WorkWizard’s external investors five years from now, the PV of that external investment (R100,000) would be:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
PV = R100,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5
PV = R100,000 / 1.3382255776
PV = R74,730.16
Answer 2
If I were the CEO of WorkWizard, I would calculate the net present value (NPV) of each investment option to determine which one would be the most financially viable. The NPV of each investment option would be calculated as follows:
Option 1:
NPV = -R50,000 + (R11,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1) + (R7,500 / (1 + 0.06)^2) + (R10,500 / (1 + 0.06)^3) + (R12,000 / (1 + 0.06)^4) + (R15,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5)
NPV = -R50,000 + R10,377.36 + R6,677.01 + R8,838.65 + R9,056.18 + R10,610.36
NPV = -R4,440.44
Option 2:
NPV = -R100,000 + (R20,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1) + (R25,000 / (1 + 0.06)^2) + (R30,000 / (1 + 0.06)^3) + (R15,000 / (1 + 0.06)^4) + (R40,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5)
NPV = -R100,000 + R18,867.92 + R22,241.36 + R25,227.06 + R11,304.23 + R28,267.18
NPV = R5,907.75
Option 3:
NPV = -R50,000 + (R8,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1) + (R10,000 / (1 + 0.06)^2) + (R13,500 / (1 + 0.06)^3) + (R16,500 / (1 + 0.06)^4) + (R13,000 / (1 + 0.06)^5)
NPV = -R50,000 + R7,547.17 + R8,896.68 + R11,368.04 + R12,432.27 + R9,195.43
NPV = -R560.41
Based on the NPV calculations, Option 2 would be the most financially viable investment option, as it has the highest positive NPV of R5,907.75. Therefore, I would choose to invest the R100,000 investment budget in Option 2.
However, it is important to note that the allocated investment budget may not be sufficient to cover the initial investment of R100,000 for Option 2, so additional funding may need to be secured.
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Suppose, on a very tiresome day, you and your friend have decided to visit Tabaq Coffee. While drinking cappuccino you and your friend have come up with an idea to engage in a similar business like this in your locality. In order to draft the ordering process your friend wants to draw a business process model. Now please help your friend to draw a BPMN 2.0 diagram using the following details:
Customer:
Ask baristas for menu.
If a touchless menu is preferred, then scan the QR code available on the table. Otherwise, receive a menu from the barista.
Check if cappuccino coffee is available. Otherwise, select another item.
Place order. Customers may also add cookies to the order.
Get a token for the order and simultaneously, receive a money receipt.
Receive ordered items.
Rate Tabaq coffee shop.
Cashier:
Receive order from customer.
Generate a bill for the selected item.
Receive payment from customer.
Save order for preparation with status set to pending.
Give a token and a money receipt to the customer for the order.
Presenter:
Receive new order.
Prepare food as per the order.
Present to the customer when prepared.
Update order status as delivered.
The process of BPMN diagram begins with a Customer asking a Barista for the menu.
Below is a BPMN 2.0 diagram illustrating the ordering process for Tabaq Coffee:
The process of BPMN diagram begins with a Customer asking a Barista for the menu. If the Customer prefers a touchless menu, they can scan the QR code available on the table. If not, they will receive a menu from the Barista. The Customer then checks if Cappuccino coffee is available, and if not, they select another item. They then place their order, and they may also add cookies to the order. After that, they receive a token for the order and a money receipt. Finally, they receive the ordered items and rate the Tabaq Coffee shop.
The Cashier will then receive the order from the Customer, generate a bill for the selected item, receive payment from the Customer, save the order for preparation with status set to pending, and give a token and a money receipt to the Customer for the order.
Finally, the Presenter will receive the new order, prepare the food as per the order, present it to the Customer when prepared, and update the order status as delivered.
In conclusion, BPMN diagrams can be used to model a wide range of business processes, from simple linear processes to complex workflows with multiple decision points and loops. They provide a clear and concise representation of the process that can be easily understood by both technical and non-technical stakeholders, making them a useful tool for process improvement and communication.
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In an environment with risk-free rate of zero, if Stock A has return of 10% and Beta of 1.0 and stock B has return of 8% with Beta of 0.5, find a zero-beta portfolio and state its return. [Note a negative amount indicates short-selling, which we assume is allowed here]
A zero-beta portfolio is a portfolio that has no systematic risk, which means that its beta is zero. To create a zero-beta portfolio, we can combine two stocks with different betas in such a way that their weighted average beta is zero.
Let's assume that we invest x% in Stock A and (100-x)% in Stock B. The return of the portfolio will be:
Rp = x%*10% + (100-x)%*8%
And the beta of the portfolio will be:
Bp = x%*1.0 + (100-x)%*0.5
To find a zero-beta portfolio, we need to set Bp to zero and solve for x:
0 = x*1.0 + (100-x)*0.5
0.5x = 50
x = 100
So, to create a zero-beta portfolio, we need to invest 100% in Stock A and 0% in Stock B. The return of the portfolio will be:
Rp = 100%*10% + 0%*8% = 10%
Therefore, the zero-beta portfolio has a return of 10%.
Note: In this case, we cannot create a zero-beta portfolio by combining Stock A and Stock B, because their betas have the same sign. If we had a stock with a negative beta, we could create a zero-beta portfolio by investing in both stocks with different weights.
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Suppose that First Meriam decides that Marvin's shares are worth only $0.80 each. The common stock and the number of shareholders are as follows: Extract Common stock 1,000,000 Number of Shareholders 10 a. How many shares will Marvin need to sell to raise the additional $1 million? (Enter your answer in whole number not in millions.) Number of shares = ___
b. What fraction of the firm will Marvin's managers own after the VC investment? (Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.) Percentage of the firm Marvin's managers will own after the VC investment = _____ %
a. Number of shares = 1,250,000. b. Percentage of the firm Marvin's managers will own after the VC investment = 44.44%.
a. To raise the additional $1 million, Marvin will need to sell 1,250,000 shares. This is because $1 million divided by the value of each share ($0.80) is equal to 1,250,000.
Number of shares = 1,250,000
b. To determine what fraction of the firm Marvin's managers will own after the VC investment, we need to find the total number of shares after the investment. This is equal to the original number of shares (1,000,000) plus the number of shares sold to raise the additional $1 million (1,250,000), for a total of 2,250,000 shares.
The fraction of the firm that Marvin's managers will own is equal to the original number of shares (1,000,000) divided by the total number of shares (2,250,000), which is equal to 0.4444 or 44.44%.
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110 PART 2 PORTER'S APPROACH TO INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Michael Porter, an authority on competitive strategy, contends that corporation is mes con cemed with the intensity of competition within its incestry
Michael Porter's approach to industry analysis is based on his ive Forces Fmodel. This model is used to determine the intensity of competition within an industry and to identify the key factors that influence a corporation's ability to compete in the market.
The five forces include:
1. Threat of new entrants: This refers to the ease with which new competitors can enter the market. If there are low barriers to entry, the threat of new entrants is high, and competition within the industry is likely to be intense.
2. Bargaining power of suppliers: This refers to the ability of suppliers to influence the prices of the goods and services they provide. If suppliers have a high degree of bargaining power, they can exert more control over the prices of their products, which can impact the profitability of the corporations within the industry.
3. Bargaining power of buyers: This refers to the ability of buyers to influence the prices of the goods and services they purchase. If buyers have a high degree of bargaining power, they can exert more control over the prices of the products they buy, which can impact the profitability of the corporations within the industry.
4. Threat of substitute products: This refers to the availability of products or services that can be used in place of those offered by the corporations within the industry. If there are many substitute products available, the threat of substitution is high, and competition within the industry is likely to be intense.
5. Rivalry among existing competitors: This refers to the level of competition among the corporations within the industry. If there is a high degree of rivalry, competition within the industry is likely to be intense.
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Question 3
Critically examine the business case and necessary requirements for providing funding for Projects, with specific focus on Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Financing of large and complex infrastructure or similar type of projects.
Discuss what a business case is for SPV ( 250 words )
Introduce NPV, IRR, and DSCR and explain critically why they are best business decision indicators for SPV infrastructure projects. ( 250 words )
Discuss applications/Benefits of NPV. IRR and DSCR in an SPV business case. ( 250 words )
Discuss limitations of NPV. IRR and DSCR in an SPV business case. ( 250 words )
A business case is a document that outlines the reasons for undertaking a project, including the expected benefits, costs, and risks. In the case of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) financing, the business case outlines the rationale for using this specific financing structure for large and complex infrastructure or similar type of projects.
SPV financing involves the creation of a separate legal entity, the SPV, to finance and own the project. The SPV then raises debt and equity financing, and the project's cash flows are used to repay the debt and provide returns to equity investors. The business case for SPV financing typically includes an analysis of the project's expected cash flows and the potential risks and benefits of using this financing structure.
One of the key requirements for providing funding for projects using SPV financing is a strong business case that demonstrates the project's viability and the potential benefits of using this financing structure. This includes an analysis of the project's expected cash flows, the potential risks and benefits of using SPV financing, and the financial metrics used to evaluate the project's viability.
Three of the most commonly used financial metrics for evaluating SPV infrastructure projects are Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR). NPV is a measure of the present value of the project's expected cash flows, taking into account the time value of money. IRR is a measure of the project's expected rate of return, and DSCR is a measure of the project's ability to generate sufficient cash flows to cover its debt service obligations.
These financial metrics are critical for making business decisions about SPV infrastructure projects because they provide an indication of the project's expected financial performance and its ability to generate sufficient cash flows to repay the debt and provide returns to equity investors. NPV, IRR, and DSCR are also important for assessing the potential risks and benefits of using SPV financing, and for determining the appropriate mix of debt and equity financing for the project.
One of the key benefits of using NPV, IRR, and DSCR in an SPV business case is that they provide a quantitative basis for evaluating the project's expected financial performance and its ability to generate sufficient cash flows to repay the debt and provide returns to equity investors. These metrics can also be used to compare different financing options and to assess the potential risks and benefits of using SPV financing.
However, there are also some limitations of using NPV, IRR, and DSCR in an SPV business case. One of the main limitations is that these metrics are based on estimates of future cash flows, which are subject to uncertainty and may not accurately reflect the project's actual performance.
Additionally, these metrics do not take into account non-financial factors, such as the project's social and environmental impacts, which may also be important considerations in the decision-making process.
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Please read the Case-1.2 "The Hokies Lunch Group." from Chapter 1 "Modern Project Management" given in your textbook – Project Management: The Managerial Process 8th edition by Larson and Gray page no: 24-27 also refer to specific concepts you have learned from the chapter to support your answers. Answer the following questions for Part-A, Part-B, Part-C of the case study.2. What are the two important things you learned about working on projects from the case ? Why are they important ? Explain for each part (A,B,C) (2 Marks each for A,B,C) Total (6 Marks).
The case study "The Hokies Lunch Group" from Chapter 1 of Project Management: The Managerial Process 8th edition by Larson and Gray illustrates the importance of understanding the roles and responsibilities of each team member, as well as the importance of effective communication and collaboration.
Part A: In this part, the team learns that communication is an important factor in successful project management. Without clear and effective communication, the team cannot properly assess their roles and tasks. Communication helps to ensure everyone is on the same page and to foster collaboration between team members.
Part B: Here, the team learns that everyone has a role to play in a project and should be mindful of each other’s responsibilities. It is important to recognize and appreciate the different strengths each team member brings to the table, as well as how these skills can benefit the project as a whole.
Part C: The final part of the case highlights the importance of collaboration. Working together to share ideas and come up with creative solutions to problems can help the team succeed. It is also important to listen to everyone’s perspective and be open to constructive criticism.
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A rich relative has bequeathed you a growing perpetuity. The first payment will occur in a year and will be $5,000. Each year after that, you will receive a payment on the anniversary of the last payment that is 2% larger than the last payment. This pattern of payments will go on forever. Assume that the interest rate is 16% per year.
a. What is today's value of the bequest?
b. What is the value of the bequest immediately after the first payment is made?
a. The present value of the bequest is $35,714.29.
b. The value of the bequest immediately after the first payment is made is $40,714.29.
A growing perpetuity is a series of cash flows that grow at a constant rate and are received for an infinite amount of time. The present value of a growing perpetuity can be calculated using the formula:
PV = C / (r - g)
Where PV is the present value, C is the initial cash flow, r is the interest rate, and g is the growth rate.
a. To calculate the present value of the bequest, we can plug in the given values into the formula:
PV = 5000 / (0.16 - 0.02)
PV = 5000 / 0.14
PV = $35,714.29
b. To calculate the value of the bequest immediately after the first payment is made, we can simply add the first payment to the present value:
Value after first payment = PV + C
Value after first payment = 35,714.29 + 5000
Value after first payment = $40,714.29
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The specialty cruise has a pirate theme and goes on fun missions. Cruise members become part of the crew. For this question, use the following business rules:
Cruise ships generate revenue from two sources: ticket sales and onboard purchases made by passengers using pre-loaded cruise cards and wristbands with chips (e.g., alcoholic beverages, casino games, spa services, art auctions, and shore excursions).
The specialty cruise follows a pleasant objective and has a suitable theme. The cruise passenger joins the staff. Use the following business principles to answer this question:
1. The captain and each cruiser have individual IDs.
2. A parrot that can go to another captain is only owned by a captain.
3. On a ship, there are a lot of crew members.
4. Each mission includes one or more ships and a special mission number.
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1. If you are a finance manager, which goal of the firm you will pursue. How can you achieve firm's goal at the same time reduce agency costs. Should you reduce agency cost. 2. What is financial market. show a diagram the function of financial market. what is the investment banking process
3. imagine your parents want to save the cost of your BBA before you admitted in the university. after three years you will be admitted in BBA program of a well known university. now what amout should your parents deposit in a bank account to accumulate BDT 6 lac at 7% interesr rate after 3 years
4. if you buy 10 shares of square pharma each price at 67 taka (total 670 taka) now, and you sell those shares after 2 years at 700, what is the rate of returns
1. As a finance manager, the primary goal of the firm is to maximize its value by increasing profits and decreasing costs.
2. Diagram - Refer explanation
3. To accumulate BDT 6 lac at 7% interest rate after 3 years, your parents will need to deposit BDT 4,62,863 in the bank account.
4. The rate of returns in this scenario is 4.7%.
1. As a finance manager, the primary goal of the firm is to maximize its value by increasing profits and decreasing costs. To reduce agency costs, the finance manager should monitor the firm's financial performance closely and focus on preventing any potential fraud or negligence. Additionally, they should ensure proper utilization of resources and focus on reducing waste and duplication of effort.
2. A financial market is a marketplace where participants trade financial securities and other financial instruments. The diagram below outlines the various functions of the financial market and their functions, such as providing a platform for trading securities, enabling price discovery, facilitating risk transfer, and supporting economic growth.
Financial markets play a critical role in the economy by connecting savers and borrowers and promoting efficient allocation of resources. The investment banking process involves advising the clients on their investments, helping the clients with raising capital, and executing the securities of clients.
3. To accumulate BDT 6 lac at 7% interest rate after 3 years, your parents will need to deposit BDT 4,62,863 in the bank account.
4. The rate of returns in this scenario is 4.7%. This is calculated as follows:
Profit = 700 - 67 = 633
Rate of return = (Profit/ Investment) X 100 = (633/ 670) X 100 = 4.7%.
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X You received no credit for this question in the previous attempt. View previous attempt Physical-world observations are a type of information available to businesses today and include information gathered through Multiple Choice global positioning systems. point of sale information. enterprise resource planning data. customer relationship management systems.
Physical-world observations refer to data obtained from physical sources in the environment, such as global positioning systems (GPS) which track the location of a device, point of sale (POS) which records purchases made by customers, enterprise resource planning (ERP) which stores data from all business processes, and customer relationship management (CRM) systems which track customer interactions.
This type of data is becoming increasingly important as businesses look to better understand the behaviour of their customers, such as their purchases and movements, in order to improve their services.
This data can also be used to identify trends and patterns which can inform decisions and strategies. In this way, physical-world observations can be a powerful tool for businesses seeking to increase their efficiency and profitability.
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Country A has a command economy. The country’s economic plan calls for manufacturing 10,000 new electric heaters for the winter months. However, the winter turns out to be much colder than usual. As a result, the demand for new heaters is higher than the number of heaters available. Many people are forced to get through the winter without an electric heater.
What does this scenario best reveal about command economies?
Command economies are profit driven.
Command economies have difficulty meeting changing needs.
Command economies fail to regulate what goods are produced.
Command economies ignore consumer needs.
This scenario best reveals that the command economies have difficulty meeting changing needs.
What are command economies?Command economies, also known as planned economies, are economic systems in which the government controls all aspects of the economy, including production, distribution, and pricing of goods and services. In a command economy, the government makes all economic decisions and owns all the resources necessary for production. Prices are typically set by the government rather than by the forces of supply and demand. The goal of a command economy is to create a centrally-planned system that distributes resources and goods equitably among the population. However, command economies have historically been associated with inefficiency, poor quality products, and limited consumer choice. They have also been criticized for their lack of responsiveness to changing market conditions and the needs and desires of consumers. Many command economies have since transitioned to market-based systems.
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