(2nd try at this because I forgot to add 50 coins )

Two separate polypeptide chains are most commonly covalently linked to each other through disulfide bonds.

A peptide is two or more amino acids that are held together with the help of peptide bonds

A protein chain has two ends: one is the amino terminus (positively charged) and the other one is the carboxy terminus (negatively charged).

Disulfide bonds which are mostly found between the sulfur-containing side chains of cysteines contribute to the formation of the tertiary structure of proteins.

These bonds act like safety pins as they keep the different polypeptide chains held together firmly and give a shape to the protein folding.

If you need to learn more about polypeptide chains, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/17131568

#SPJ4

If each polypeptide adopted only a single, inflexible shape based on its primary structure, the proteins' ability to regulate activity will be impaired.

In such a case, a protein will either be completely active or inactive, based on how they are folded.

Proteins are complex molecules composed of long chains of amino acids.

While protein folding refers to how these linear chains of amino acids are folded to render a biologically active protein.

If there is any abnormality in the folding, there will be no interaction with corresponding molecular partners and the protein will remain inactive which can harm various functions of the body.

If you need to learn more about protein, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/10058019

#SPJ4

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have a variety of functions in motivation and cognition, although it is unclear exactly how these functions link to behaviors associated with addiction.

In this study, we investigated the roles of inhibitory and excitatory G-protein signaling in the processes of cocaine reinforcement, demand, and relapse in male rats by focusing on VTA DA neurons for bidirectional chemogenetic regulation. By employing functionally amazing projections to forebrain limbic regions, designer receptor stimulation of Gq signaling, but no longer Gs signaling, in DA neurons leads to cocaine searching that is more appropriate.

Contrarily, activating inhibitory Gi/o signaling in DA neurons reduced stress-potentiated reinstatement, altered cocaine-seeking and -taking behavioral strategies, and dampened the reinforcing and priming effects of cocaine. Although ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity is fundamentally regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors, it is unclear how this metabotropic signaling affects the intricate roles of dopamine in reward and dependence. Here, we use designer receptors exclusively activated by dressmaker drugs (DREADDs) to modulate dopamine neuron G-protein signaling in a bidirectional manner during a range of cocaine-seeking behaviors, revealing complex, pathway-specific roles in cocaine reward, effortful seeking, and relapse-like behaviors.

Dopamine neurons were triggered by both Gq and Gs activation, however, only Gq stimulation is much more appealing to cocaine seekers. Some types of cocaine seeking were reduced, but not all of them, by Gi/o inhibitory signaling. Results show that VTA dopamine neurons regulate a number of amazing aspects of cocaine addiction- and relapse-related behaviors and they suggest potentially effective novel strategies for doing so.

Learn more about Dopamine neurons here: https://brainly.com/question/9964785

#SPJ4

One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that light microscope can be used to view live specimens.

Light microscopy is the scientific instrument which provides a magnified view of very small objects that are illuminated with visible light which then passes through optical lenses.

On the other hand, the electron microscope is any of theseveral forms of microscope that use a beam of electrons, rather than one of light, and thus has a much greater resolving power.

The electron microscope is known to be way better at viewing structures than the light microscope. However, one major downside of the electron microscope is that it cannot be used to view live specimens unlike the light microscope.

Learn more about microscopy at: https://brainly.com/question/18661784

#SPJ1

C. One ion moves down its gradients will happen to the ions in each compartment as soon as to allow potassium to move.

Ion- An atom or collection of atoms with a positive or negative electric charge as a result of either gaining or losing one or more electrons. Ions are charged subatomic particles (like a free electron). For Example, [tex]K^{+2} , Na^{+}[/tex]

Ionic Gradient- The term "concentration gradient" refers to the differential in an ion's concentration along its two plasma membrane sides. Ions passively go from a medium with a high concentration to one that has a low concentration via open channels.

The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question,

Q. Predict what you think will happen to the ions in each compartment as soon as we allow potassium to move.

a. No net movement of ions.

b. Two ions move down their gradients.

c. One ion moves down its gradients.

To know more about Ionic Gradient, click on the below link,

https://brainly.com/question/2904825

#SPJ4

Answer:

Sink

Explanation:

So here for the explanation when water freezes, it forms crystalline, solid with a lower density. Then it had as a liquid because off this difference in the density, eyes floats on water. Most liquids, such as bending, have a higher density as our solid causing solid benzene to sink in liquid benzene bending is more normal in this behavior.

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Before a cell divides, its DNA is replicated (duplicated.)

Answer:TRUE

Explanation:

Until amputation, there is pain and redness, a change in color and the tissue begins to harden.

Learn more about the Amputation with the help of the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/222259

#SPJ4

When a parent with the genotype aabb mates with a parent who is aabb, the probability of an aabb offspring will be 100 % because it is a homozygous recessive condition.

The genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism. It provides knowledge about the alleles of the gene involved. It also tells if the trait is homozygous or heterozygous, dominant or recessive.

Homozygous recessive refers to the genotype where both the alleles of a gene are of similar type. Being recessive means that these alleles are only expressed when they are together in a homozygous state. With a dominant allele, the effect of recessive allele is completely masked.

To know more about homozygous recessive, here

brainly.com/question/8964169

#SPJ4

yes, Muscularis  mucosa - The stomach and small intestine's mucosa are pulled into undulating folds by a thin layer of smooth muscle that is constantly tensed. The surface area that is available for digestion and absorption is significantly increased by these folds.

The submucosa is located directly beneath the mucosa, as its name suggests. It joins the underlying muscularis to the overlaying mucosa by way of a large layer of dense connective tissue. It has blood and lymphatic vessels (which carry nutrients that have been absorbed), as well as a few submucosal glands that secrete digestive juices. Additionally, it functions as a passageway for the submucosal plexus, a densely branched network of nerves.

These layers compress to encourage mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to the chemicals that aid in digestion, and transport the food along the canal.

To learn more about mucosa:

https://brainly.com/question/14249623

#SPJ4

Background and purpose: Blood stress (BP) is a predictor of concurrent and subsequently measured white-matter hyperintensity (WMH), but longitudinal research of WMH changes and facts in black members is lacking. We hypothesized that WMH development would be (1) strongly associated with BP in blacks and whites and (2) predicted greater strongly with the aid of previously (midlife) or cumulative BP measurements than through measures at older ages.

Methods: Participants have been 983 folks (49% black) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study who underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in 1993-1995 and 2004-2006. Associations between BP (measured at each of 5 visits, in addition to a time-averaged cumulative BP) and progression of WMHs have been analyzed and compared.

Results: Cumulative systolic BP (SBP) used to be the strongest BP predictor of WMH development in adjusted models. Higher cumulative SBP (by 20 mm Hg) was related to the greater progression of WMHs and used to be similar in blacks (2.5 cm(3), P<0.0001) and whites (2.6 cm(3), P<0.0001). Higher cumulative SBP(per 20 mm Hg) was additionally associated with being in the pinnacle quintile of WMH development (adjusted odds ratio=2.0; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.6). Earlier SBP measurements were more desirable predictors of WMH development than have been later SBP measurements, however in blacks only.

Conclusions: In this population-based cohort, cumulative SBP was once a better predictor of WMH progression than SBP from character visits, in both blacks and whites. Earlier BPs had been superior predictors than BPs measured at later time factors in blacks only.

Blood stress is measured the use of two numbers: The first number, known as systolic blood pressure (SBP), measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The 2nd number, known as diastolic blood pressure, measures the strain in your arteries when your coronary heart rests between beats.

Learn more about systolic blood pressure (SBP) here:

https://brainly.com/question/13258891

#SPJ4

The correct answer is because it had the highest affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2, 1A, 1B, and 3 in cell-free Escherichia coli W-7 preparations.

CP-65,207 is a new parenteral penem antibiotic with a broad spectrum that includes gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic microorganisms, with MICs less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml for 90% (MIC90s) of the majority of 1,101 clinical pathogens tested. The compound was 10- to 100-fold more active against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes than cefoxitin and broad-spectrum cephalosporins. For staphylococci, group A streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis, CP-65,207 was less effective than imipenem. CP-65,207 was 100-fold more active than cefoxitin, 5- to 10-fold more active than broad-spectrum cephalosporins, and 2-fold more active than imipenem against members of the family than imipenem against members of the antimicrobial family.

Learn more about antimicrobial agent here :-

https://brainly.com/question/28214712

#SPJ4

Answer: 3- Both osmosis and diffusion move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

In diffusion, there is no membrane involved.

That's why 1 and 2 don't count.

Diffusion and osmosis move from an are of high concentration to low concentration, not low to high, that's why 4 doesn't count either.

hope it helps.

Some let the passage of only certain molecules, even when the concentration gradient is present. Some operate as a one-way control. Others allowed a lot of things to happen.

A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is joined to or connected to an organelle's or cell's membrane.

Depending on how the protein is connected to the membrane, membrane proteins can be divided into two categories.

The plasma membrane contains integral membrane proteins that are permanently ensconced there.

On both the inside and outside of membranes, peripheral membrane proteins can be found, often bound to phospholipids or integral proteins.

Membrane proteins provide a variety of crucial tasks that aid in cell communication, shape maintenance, carrying out changes brought on by chemical messengers, and material transport and sharing.

learn more about membrane protein here

https://brainly.com/question/4707495

#SPJ4

Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is diffusion.

It is due to the concentration gradient that develops between two areas, that molecules move into or out of an area.

In the field of science, diffusion can be described as a process in which molecules tend to move from a region that has a higher concentration of molecules to an area that has a lower concentration of molecules. Such a process occurs along the concentration gradient and hence does not require energy.

The process of diffusion is utterly important in everyday life activities such as the exchange of gases between blood and alveoli occurs due to diffusion. A tea bag immersed in water is able to spread its colour due to diffusion.

To learn more about diffusion, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/94094

#SPJ4

Most of the water in the body is stored in intracellular fluid.

Water is the largest component of water. It makes up 60 % of the body. It is an essential nutrient that is present in plants and animals. Water forms several functions that are essential to life.

Water in the body is distributed the inside the body. It is present in the cells. The intracellular fluid protects the cell in the body. It maintains the temperature and pH of the cells.

Most of the water enters the body while drinking the water. The water present in the digestive and urinary tract is the two/third part of the cells.

The water makes the cells hydrated and maintains osmolarity in the cells. Glucose, sodium ions and some inorganic ions are present in intracellular fluid.

Therefore, most of the water in the body is stored in intracellular fluid.

To learn more about intracellular fluid, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/13954190

#SPJ4

Answer:

active transport

Explanation:

works from a low concentration to a high concentration - against a concentration gradient

when a prairie dog spots a predator, it responds by giving an alarm call, but only when close relatives are near. this is an example of vocalization.

The interaction between prey and a predator, where the energy flow occur called as predation and the organism feed on other organism called as predator and the food means the other organism is called as prey.  

Predators can be carnivores and omnivores like Lions, tigers, sharks, and snakes, all are predators, it can fall prey to other large animals E.g. a snake is a predator to a mouse, but prey to a hawk.

Carnivorous predators directly kill and eat their prey like large animals such as the lion and tiger, they have their own mode of feeding.

Herbivore are plant eating animals like cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and deer; parasites are also under the category of predators which is a host dependent and live, get nutrients from host's body for survival and reproduction.

Learn more about predator, here:

https://brainly.com/question/12410124

#SPJ4

The right response is that "stomata absorb carbon dioxide, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, and xylem transfers water."

Plants manufacture oxygen and sugar-based energy through a process known as photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are ingested by plants during photosynthesis from the soil and atmosphere. In contrast to the carbon dioxide, which is reduced within the plant cell and obtains electrons, water is oxidized within the cell of the plant. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose as a result. Once the oxygen has been returned to the atmosphere, the plant stores energy inside the molecules of glucose.

The xylem and phloem are two vascular components in plants that transport water and nutrients, respectively. The plant's gas exchange is carried out by the stomata (plural: stoma) (which take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen). The green color of the leaves is primarily due to chlorophyll, which is an organelle found in plant cells that is involved in photosynthesis.

To know more about structure of plant visit:

https://brainly.com/question/8574727

#SPJ4

Answer:

Question 1:A

Question 2:B

Question 3:A

Question 4:D

Two major adaptations that were most important in allowing plants to become independent of aquatic habitats are the vascular system and seeds.

In order for plants to survive on land, they need a proper vascular system for the transport of food and water. Also, if not water, then another source should be present for plants for fertilization and protecting their embryos.

The presence of the vascular system is an adaptation that allowed plants to survive in land habitats. The xylem vascular system is responsible for transporting water from the soil to all the other parts of the plant. The phloem vascular bundle is responsible for the transportation of food from the leaves to all other parts of the plant.

The development of seeds in plants allowed a secure method for dispersal as seeds protect the embryos of plants and are also transported through means such as animals, winds etc.

Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:

What are two major plant adaptations that were most important in allowing plants to become independent of aquatic habitats?

a. photosynthesis and symbiotic relationship with fungi

b. vascular system and seeds

c. bilateral symmetry and becoming multicellular organisms

d. spore production and becoming single-celled organisms

To learn more about the vascular system, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/49656

#SPJ4

This mechanism allows the glycogen phosphorylase activity to be the regulated by the concentration of the glucose so that the glycogen is not be broken down when the glucose is already plentiful.

The enzyme that glycogen phosphorylase is fundamentally important in the glucose metabolism. It is catalyzes the release of the glucose monomers from the glycogen and polymer stored in the liver (glycogenolysis). Glycogen is to be broken down by the GP to produce the glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) in the reaction that does not have require ATP Glycogen phosphorylases (GP) catalyzes the degradation of reducing the end of glycogen into the glucose-1-phosphate. It employs the cofactor called as pyridoxal-5' –phosphate, that is be located in the active site and the bound to a K681 residue with the Schiff base linkage.

To know more about glycogen phosphorylase visit:

https://brainly.com/question/13776886

#SPJ4

The given statement is False.

The term "gene" has a variety of meanings in biology. The molecular is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that is transcribed to form a functional RNA, whereas the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of inheritance. Protein-coding genes and non - protein coding genes are the two categories of molecular genes.

DNA is initially transcribed into RNA during gene expression. The RNA may execute a specific function directly or may serve as an intermediary template for a protein. The basis for the acquisition of phenotypic traits is the transfer of genetics to an organism's progeny. These genes that make up several genotypes, which are DNA sequences.

Learn more about gene with the help of the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/14267185

#SPJ4

The extracellular matrix of connective tissues contains fibers called collagen fibers that are elongated and comprised of collagen glycoproteins.

Learn more about the collagen with the help of the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/3105041

#SPJ4

The American society of hematology suggests that osteoblasts can act as a therapeutic target for inhibition of leukemia cell engraftment and disease progression in mice.

Theoretically, the hematological cancers' genesis or development depend on the presence of a favorable microenvironment in the bone marrow niche. It was suggested that leukemic blasts are influenced by osteoblasts, niche elements vital to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity. The study showed that individuals with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia experience a 55% drop in osteoblast counts. Additionally, in mice models of acute leukemia, genetic osteoblast depletion increased the number of circulating blasts and tumor engraftment in the marrow and spleen, which resulted in a greater tumor burden and shorter survival. Hematopoietic lineage/progression may have been changed since myelopoiesis increased, it was accompanied by a decline in B lymphopoiesis, and was impaired by erythropoiesis.

Osteoblast loss was prevented in mice with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pharmaceutical inhibitor of the production of duodenal serotonin, a hormone that reduces the number of osteoblasts. Maintaining the osteoblast pool reduced tumor burden, extended life, and restored normal marrow function. Because inhibition of serotonin receptors alone in leukemic blasts did not impact leukemia development, leukemia prevention was attributed to maintaining osteoblast numbers. These findings imply that osteoblasts are essential for leukemia growth in the bone marrow and may serve as a therapeutic target to make the niche hostile to leukemia blasts.

Learn more about Osteoblasts here:

https://brainly.com/question/15073488

#SPJ4