2. Review information about redox reactions. Describe this term
and specifically what oxidation means and what reduction means.

The patient's issue is likely related to Cranial Nerve III (oculomotor nerve). This nerve is responsible for pupil constriction and movement of the eye muscles.

The oculomotor nerve, often referred to as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates extraocular muscles, which are responsible for most eye movements and eyelid adduction. The nerve also has fibres that innervate the muscles in the intrinsic eye, allowing for pupillary constriction and accommodation (ability to focus on near objects as in reading). The embryonic midbrain's basal plate is the source of the oculomotor nerve. The control of eye movement is likewise mediated by cranial nerves IV.

The oculomotor nerve arises from the third nerve nucleus at the level of the superior colliculus in the midbrain. The third nerve nucleus is placed ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, on the pre-aqueductal grey matter. Then, the red nucleus receives the fibres from the two third nerve nuclei that are laterally situated on either side of the cerebral aqueduct. The oculomotor sulcus, a groove on the lateral wall of the interpeduncular fossa, is where fibres from the red nucleus exit the brainstem and emerge from the brainstem material. At this point, the nerve is covered in a pia mater sheath and contained in an extension from the arachnoid. It travels between the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar regions (below).

the anterior and lateral dura mater to the posterior clinoid process, travelling between the free and connected boundaries of the tentorium cerebelli. and posterior cerebral arteries (above).

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Helminths are parasitic worms that live in the intestines and other parts of the body. They are categorized into three major groups: 1) Nematodes (roundworms), 2) Trematodes (flukes), and 3) Cestodes (tapeworms).
1) Nematodes (roundworms): These are unsegmented worms with cylindrical bodies. They live in the intestines, lungs, and other tissues. An example of a nematode is Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a roundworm that causes ascariasis, a common intestinal infection in humans.
2) Trematodes (flukes): These are flat, leaf-shaped worms that live in the intestines, liver, and other organs. An example of a trematode is Schistosoma, which is a fluke that causes schistosomiasis, a disease that affects the urinary and intestinal systems.
3) Cestodes (tapeworms): These are segmented worms that live in the intestines. An example of a cestode is Taenia saginata, which is a tapeworm that causes taeniasis, a disease that can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
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a) The recurrence equation describing reproduction in a bacterium that can reproduce itself by binary fission is A_n = 2A_(n-1)

b)  To calculate how many bacteria there would be after every 30 minutes till 10 hours, we can use the recurrence equation and the initial condition that we found in part (a) and plug them into Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica.

c)  To plot the growth graph for the sequence that satisfies the equations we wrote in part (a), we can use the same recurrence equation and initial condition and plug them into Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica.

d)   To transform the equation that we got in part (a) into an exponential growth equation, we can use the formula  N(t) = Noert

a )The initial condition that corresponds to saying that the first term in the sequence is 1 is:

A_1 = 1

b ) In Wolfram Alpha, we can type in:

RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == 2*a[n - 1], a[1] == 1}, a, {n, 1, 20}]

This will give us the number of bacteria after every 30 minutes till 10 hours (20 terms in the sequence).

c ) In Wolfram Alpha, we can type in:

ListPlot[RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == 2*a[n - 1], a[1] == 1}, a, {n, 1, 20}]]

This will give us a plot of the growth of the bacteria over time.

d ) Where N(t) is the number of bacteria at time t, No is the initial number of bacteria, e is the base of the natural logarithm, and r is the growth rate.

Since the bacteria can reproduce itself by binary fission every 30 minutes, the growth rate is:

r = ln(2)/0.5 = 1.386

So the exponential growth equation is:

N(t) = 1*e^(1.386*t)

And the value of r in the equation is:

r = 1.386

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Based on a drawing of the cuvettes with the cell droplets, a Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACSorter) works by using a laser to excite the cells in the cuvettes, causing them to emit fluorescence.

The fluorescence emitted by the cells is then detected by a series of detectors, which sort the cells into different populations based on their fluorescence characteristics. The cuvette mechanism of a FACSorter differs from that of a FACScan in that the FACSorter uses a series of droplet generators to create small droplets containing single cells,

while the FACScan uses a flow cell to analyze the cells in a stream of fluid. The droplet generators in the FACSorter allow for the cells to be sorted into different populations, while the flow cell in the FACScan allows for the analysis of the cells in a more continuous manner.

Both the FACSorter and FACScan use a laser and detectors to analyze the cells, but the cuvette mechanism in each is different and serves a different purpose.

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Answer:

A. Birth rate and death rates are equal

Explanation:

Since the graph plateaus this means that the number of organisms in the community has reached the carrying capacity. At this point the environment cannot support more organisms.

Keratinocytes: With aging, the turnover rate of keratinocytes decreases, leading to a thinner epidermis and slower wound healing.

Fibroblasts: with aging, the number and activity of fibroblasts decrease, leading to a decrease in collagen and elastin production. This can result in sagging and wrinkled skin.

Collagen/Elastin: with aging, the production of these proteins decreases, leading to a loss of skin elasticity and the formation of wrinkles and fine lines.

Lipids: with aging, the levels of these lipids decrease, leading to dry and flaky skin.

Keratinocytes are the main cells in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, responsible for providing a physical barrier against environmental stressors. As we age, the turnover rate of these cells slows down, resulting in a thinner epidermis and slower wound healing. This can lead to a compromised skin barrier, making the skin more susceptible to damage and infection.

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If the energy we get from a meal was released all at once, it would be disastrous for our bodies, can cause stroke, hyperglycemia and can have other negative consequences.

First, the sudden release of energy would cause a massive increase in body temperature, potentially leading to heat stroke or other heat-related illnesses and will tremendously increase the blood pressure.

Second, the sudden release of energy would also cause a spike in blood sugar levels, which can lead to hyperglycemia and potentially diabetes.

Finally, the sudden release of energy would likely cause damage to our cells and tissues, potentially leading to organ failure or other serious health problems.

In short, it is important for our bodies to release energy slowly and steadily in order to maintain proper functioning and avoid negative health consequences.

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The issue with scientific research prior to modern bioethics that was NOT mentioned by the textbook as being an issue is researchers only cared about making a profit.
So, the correct answer is C.

Before modern bioethics, researchers cared about gaining scientific knowledge and understanding, rather than making a profit. However, the other issues mentioned in the question (a) resulting in a high number of casualties, b) research subjects being often poor or persons of color, and d) researchers not always getting the consent of research subjects were all issues prior to modern bioethics.

Answer: c) Researchers only cared about making a profit.

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The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. It consists of three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.

In glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. The 2 pyruvate molecules then enter the citric acid cycle, where they are further broken down, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain produces a net gain of 32 ATP.
So, for 1 glucose molecule, a total of 36 ATP are produced:
2 ATP from glycolysis
+ 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle
+ 32 ATP from the electron transport chain
= 36 ATP
Therefore, the answer to your question is:
- 36 f ATP (from 1 glucose)
- 36 h ATP (from 1 glucose)
- 36 c ATP (from 1 glucose)
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Prior to introducing a. Segrei, data on the perch height of untouched A. Carolinensis were gathered on the three islands.

In order to account for temporal change, the perch height of both species was measured repeatedly over the course of the experiment's three years. By choosing three different-sized islands—two large, two medium, and two small—and doing the identical experiment on each pair of islands, we can take into account any potential effects of island size.

Just three of the six islands received the introduction of a. Segrei; the other three served as comparison islands to eliminate any possible island-specific impacts.

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The pKa of the C-terminal carboxyl group is 3.6 (as listed on slide 14 of Lecture 2). To calculate the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:


Rearranging the equation to solve for the fraction of protonated species [tex]([HA]/([HA] + [A-])):[/tex]
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{(pKa - pH)} >[/tex]
Plugging in the values for pKa and pH:
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{(3.6-2.5)} > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 10^{1.1} > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) = 12.59 >[/tex]
To convert this fraction to a percentage, we multiply by 100:
[tex]< ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) * 100 = 12.59 * 100 > \\ < ([HA]/([HA] + [A-])) * 100 = 1259 >[/tex]
Therefore, the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5 is 1259%.
To round to 2 decimal points, we can use the following formula:
Therefore, the fraction of the peptide that has the C-terminal carboxyl group protonated at pH 2.5 is 1259.00%.

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DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are enzymes responsible for polymerizing nucleotides during DNA replication and transcription, respectively. Both enzymes use a template strand of DNA to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA or DNA, respectively.

The sequence of the template strand of DNA provides the information needed for DNA or RNA polymerase to know what nucleotides to polymerize.

DNA polymerase reads the sequence of the template strand of DNA and selects the corresponding nucleotide to add to the growing complementary strand. Similarly, RNA polymerase reads the sequence of the template strand of DNA and selects the corresponding ribonucleotide to add to the growing RNA strand.

The nucleotides are selected based on the base-pairing rules, which dictate that adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and with uracil (U) in RNA, and that cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).

Therefore,  By following these rules, the enzymes ensure that the new DNA or RNA strand is complementary to the template strand and that the genetic information is faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next.

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If the left ophthalmic artery demonstrates flow moving toward the transducer while the right demonstrates flow moving away from the transducer, the flow reversal in the left ophthalmic artery could be caused by a condition called ocular ischemic syndrome.

Ocular ischemic syndrome occurs when there is a blockage or narrowing in the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain and the eyes. As a result, blood flow to the eyes is reduced, causing a reversal of flow in the ophthalmic artery. This can lead to symptoms such as blurry vision, pain, and even vision loss. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, as ocular ischemic syndrome can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as atherosclerosis or carotid artery disease.

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The speaker suggests that low protein diets may lead to longer post-partum taboos in West African cultures, while high protein diets may result in shorter taboos.

Post-partum  taboos are cultural conventions or laws that specify when a woman and her husband can resume having  following the birth of a child. Such taboos can last for years in some West African societies, during which the lady may be required to reside with her mother and refrain from having s with her husband. The mother might serve as a mediator between them, and the husband might even marry someone else at this time. Dietary considerations, such as low protein diets, may lengthen taboo periods since the baby is less likely to have access to protein-rich breast milk as a result of such diets. Sexual conduct is regulated by postpartum taboos.

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The correct response is option D

Before Mendel's work on genetics, there was a common misconception that acquired traits could be passed on from one generation to the next. This idea was known as the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, or Lamarckism, named after the biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Lamarck proposed that organisms could acquire new traits during their lifetime through the use or disuse of certain organs, and that these acquired traits could then be passed on to their offspring.

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By asymmetric cell division, fern spore germination creates a rhizoid and protonemal cell, which later evolve into a gametophyte.

The fern life cycle has the benefit of integrating an indeterminate and complicated diploid sporophyte with a sizeable free-living haploid gametophyte, which is more amenable to developmental research than the smaller seed plant gametophyte.

These spores generate a new structure known as the protothallus upon germination.A small, discrete, multicellular gametocytes structure that is separate from the main plant body is known as a protothallus.

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In logistic growth, a citizenry's rate of per capita growth declines as it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's limited resources ( K).

The correct statement is A.

Sheep & harbor seals are a couple of examples from wild populations (Figure 19.6b). Both instances show a population size that briefly exceeds the carrying limit before falling below it.

Logistic is derived from greek Greek logistikos (computational). The terms "logarithmic" and "logistic" were interchangeable in the 1700s. Logistics is now also utilized for the movement & supply of troops because computation is required to determine the supplies an army needs.

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The third reaction in PDH Complex 1 point is needed for the restoration of E3.

So, the correct answer is B.

This reaction involves the transfer of the electrons from the reduced lipoamide to the oxidized FAD cofactor in the E3 component of the PDH complex, which results in the restoration of the E3 component back to its oxidized state. This is an important step in the overall function of the PDH complex, as it is necessary for the continued oxidation of pyruvate and the production of acetyl-CoA.

FAD is a coenzyme in cellular respiration. Enzymes are biocatalysts produced by cells. Enzymes are composed of apoenzymes and prosthetic groups (cofactors).

Answer: B. Restoration of E3.

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All cell types except neurons and muscle cells generate only graded, local potentials, affecting each other through the graded release of neurotransmitters.

Neurons and muscle cells are unique in that they are able to generate action potentials, which are all-or-nothing responses that can travel long distances along the cell membrane. This allows for rapid communication between cells and is essential for processes such as muscle contraction and neural signaling.

Information is transmitted via neurons. They communicate between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system through electrical impulses and chemical signals. The neuron, a specialised cell created to send information to other nerve cells, muscle cells, or gland cells, is the basic functional unit of the brain. Neurons are nervous system cells that communicate information to other nerve, muscle, and gland cells. Axons, dendrites, and a cell body make up the majority of neurons.

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There are many ways in which the human reproductive anatomy can vary, including differences in genital size and shape, the presence or absence of internal reproductive organs, and variations in hormone production and sensitivity. These variations can arise due to a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and developmental processes. In some cases, variations in reproductive anatomy may be associated with differences in reproductive function or fertility.

For example, men with smaller testicles may produce less sperm, while women with certain hormonal imbalances may have difficulty becoming pregnant. In other cases, reproductive anatomy variations may not have any functional impact, but may still be subject to social stigma or prejudice. For example, individuals with intersex traits (who have both male and female reproductive anatomy) may face discrimination or prejudice due to their non-binary status. Despite the many ways in which human reproductive anatomy can vary, it is important to recognize that there is no "normal" or "correct" form of human sexuality. Rather, each person's reproductive anatomy is unique, and should be accepted and respected for its inherent diversity and complexity.

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The name viruses as determined by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) used to classify are type of nucleic acid present and capsid symmetry.

Thus, the correct answers are type of nucleic acid present and capsid symmetry.

The Internаtionаl Committee on Tаxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) clаssifies viruses bаsed on four criteriа: (1) type of nucleic аcid present (DNА or RNА); (2) cаpsid symmetry (helicаl, icosаhedrаl or complex); (3) presence or аbsence of аn envelope; аnd (4) Genome аrchitecture (ssDNА, ssRNА, etc.).

Type of nucleic acid present: Viruses can have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, and this is one of the primary ways that they are classified. Capsid symmetry: The capsid is the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome, and its symmetry can be either icosahedral (20-sided) or helical (spiral-shaped).

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was

Which of the following is (аre) used to clаssify аnd nаme viruses аs determined by the Internаtionаl Committee on Tаxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)?

To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Thus, the correct answers are type of nucleic acid present and capsid symmetry.

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The two fundamental characteristics of viruses are their ability to replicate only within a host cell and their lack of cellular structure.

Viruses are essentially packets of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses may also have a lipid envelope.

Viruses cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes on their own; they require a host cell to replicate and produce new virus particles. Once a virus infects a host cell, it hijacks the cell's machinery to produce more virus particles, which are then released to infect other cells.

Because they lack cellular structure and the ability to carry out life processes, viruses are not considered living organisms.

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Answer: A

Explanation:

the little r would be given to a male which means rY

The rest of the outcomes would be homozygous or heterozygous

The mother is a carrier of the color-deficient gene, but she does not have color-deficient vision herself. The correct option is D: 0.75.

This means that she has one X chromosome with the normal gene (XR) and one X chromosome with the color-deficient gene (Xr). The father does not have a color-deficient vision, so he has two X chromosomes with the normal gene (XR).

The possible genotypes for the child are:

XRY: The child will not have color-deficient vision.

XrY: The child will be color-deficient.

The probability that the child will not have color-deficient vision is 2/3 or 0.75.

The mother has a 2/3 chance of passing on the XR allele to the child.

The father has a 1/1 chance of passing on the XR allele to the child.

The probability of both of these events happening is 2/3 * 1/1 = 2/3.

Therefore, the probability that the child will not have color-deficient vision is 1 - 1/3 = 0.75.

Therefore, option D) 0.75 is correct.

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Answer:

Hippos and whales may look different in many ways, but they are actually each others' closest living relatives—sharing a common ancestor that lived about 55 million years ago.

Two broad concepts exist regarding the action of hormones at the cell membrane, based on the chemical structure/composition (polarity) of the hormone. The respective mechanisms whereby the "signal" is detected and transmitted intracellularly, eventually affecting DNA transcription are the water-soluble hormones and the lipid-soluble hormones.

Water-soluble hormones, such as peptide hormones, are polar and cannot pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Therefore, they bind to a receptor on the cell membrane, which activates a second messenger system within the cell. This second messenger system transmits the signal intracellularly, eventually affecting DNA transcription.

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, are nonpolar and can pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. They bind to an intracellular receptor, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to specific regions of DNA. This binding affects DNA transcription and the expression of specific genes. In summary, water-soluble hormones transmit their signal through a second messenger system on the cell membrane, while lipid-soluble hormones transmit their signal through an intracellular receptor that directly affects DNA transcription.

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Skeletal muscles have the fastest action potentials and contract quickly, while smooth muscles have the slowest action potentials and contract slowly, and cardiac muscles have moderate action potentials and a longer duration of contraction than skeletal muscles.

1. The three types of muscles in the human body are the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The electrical properties of these muscles differ in terms of their action potentials and the speed at which they contract.

2. In terms of the speed and duration of contraction:

Overall, the electrical properties and contraction speed and duration of the three muscles are different, allowing them to perform their specific functions in the body.

Skeletal muscles are used for movement, cardiac muscles are used to pump blood, and smooth muscles are used to control the movement of substances through organs.

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The mammalian cell expression system is a method used in biotechnology to produce recombinant proteins.

The system involves the use of mammalian cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, to produce a specific protein of interest. The protein is typically encoded by a gene that is introduced into the mammalian cells using a plasmid or viral vector.

The application of mammalian cell expression system includes:

1. Production of therapeutic proteins: Mammalian cell expression systems are widely used for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and hormones. These proteins are used for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

2. Drug discovery and development: Mammalian cell expression systems are also used in drug discovery and development. They are used to produce proteins that are used in high-throughput screening assays to identify potential drug candidates.

3. Basic research: Mammalian cell expression systems are used in basic research to study the structure and function of proteins. They are also used to study protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and other aspects of cellular biology.

Overall, the mammalian cell expression system is a valuable tool for the production of recombinant proteins and is widely used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.

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There are differences in the Electron Transport System between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite and Plasmodium falciparum parasites.

In Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite, the electron transport chain is underdeveloped, and it lacks functional complexes I and III, which are part of the ETC.

Instead, this parasite has a simplified ETC consisting of a single NADH dehydrogenase that transfers electrons to the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic group of a disulfide-reducing flavoprotein.

On the other hand, the electron transport chain in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has a modified structure.

Malaria parasites lack many conventional ETC components, and their mitochondrial electron transport chain has some unique features, such as a di-iron protein complex not found in any other eukaryotic ETC.

The respiratory chain is an important part of P. falciparum, driving the formation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis.

However, the entire complex III of the electron transport chain is absent in this parasite.

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Option A. The main reason that the ethics of using grain-based feed are still questionable is because: Growing the grain has its own costs to the environment.

The main reason that the ethics of using grain-based feed for fish farming are still questionable is that growing the grain has its own costs to the environment (option A). While using grain-based feed can reduce pressure on wild fish populations, it can also contribute to environmental problems such as deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. Growing crops for animal feed can require large amounts of water, fertilizer, and energy, and can lead to the conversion of natural habitats such as forests and wetlands into agricultural land.

Additionally, some types of feed crops, such as soy and corn, are often genetically modified or grown with the use of pesticides and herbicides, which can have negative environmental and health impacts. Therefore, while using grain-based feed can be a step towards more sustainable fish farming, it is important to consider the broader environmental impacts of the feed production and distribution process.

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Chargaff’s experiment slime affect the understanding of dna structure as they led to discovery that purine form base pairs with pyrimidines.

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